Superantigen gene profile, emm type and antibiotic resistance genes among group A streptococcal isolates from Barcelona, Spain

Journal of Medical Microbiology

Volumn 55, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 1115-1123

  Rivera, Alba ^a,b   Rebollo, Montserrat ^a   Miró, Elisenda ^a   Mateo, Míriam ^a   Navarro, Ferran ^a,b   Gurguí, Mercé ^a   Mirelis, Beatriz ^a,b   Coll, Pere ^a,b  

^a HOSPITAL DE LA SANTA CREU I SANT PAU   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CLINDAMYCIN; DNA; ERYTHROMYCIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; MACROLIDE; PENICILLIN G; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; SUPERANTIGEN; TETRACYCLINE;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SMEZ GENE; SPEA GENE; SPEB GENE; SPEC GENE; SPEF GENE; SPEG GENE; SPEH GENE; SPEI GENE; SPEJ GENE; SPEL GENE; SPEM GENE; SSA GENE; STRAIN IDENTIFICATION; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP A; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION;

ALLELES; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; CIPROFLOXACIN; DRUG RESISTANCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY, MOLECULAR; ERYTHROMYCIN; GENES, BACTERIAL; HOSPITALS; HUMANS; MEDICAL RECORDS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; OFLOXACIN; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SPAIN; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES; SUPERANTIGENS; TETRACYCLINE; URBAN POPULATION; VARIATION (GENETICS);

EID: 33747060797     PISSN: 00222615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46481-0     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Åkesson, P., Rasmussen, M., Mascini, E. & 8 other authors (2004). Low antibody levels against cell wall-attached proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes predispose for severe invasive disease. J Infect Dis 189, 797-804.
2. Alberti, S., García-Rey, C., Dominguez, M. A., Aguilar, L., Cercenado, E., Gobernado, M., García-Perea, A. & The Spanish Surveillance Group for Respiratory Pathogens (2003). Survey of emm gene sequences from pharyngeal Streptococcus pyogenes isolates collected in Spain and their relationship with erythromycin susceptibility. J Clin Microbiol 41, 2385-2390.
3. Albertí, S., Cortés, G., García-Rey, C., Rubio, C., Baquero, F., García-Rodríguez, J. A., Bouza, E., Aguilar, L. & The Spanish Surveillance Group for Respiratory Pathogens (2005). Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngeal isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Spain: mechanisms of resistance and clonal diversity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49, 418-420.
4. Alós, J. I., Aracil, B., Oteo, J., Gómez-Garcés, J. L. & The Spanish Group for the Study of Infection in the Primary Health Care Setting (IAP-SEIMC) (2003). Significant increase in the prevalence of erythromycin-resistant, clindamycin- and miocamycin-susceptible (M phenotype) Streptococcus pyogenes in Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother 51, 333-337.
5. Banks, D. J., Beres, S. B. & Musser, J. M. (2002). The fundamental contribution of phages to GAS evolution, genome diversification and strain emergence. Trends Microbiol 10, 515-521.
6. Basma, H., Norrby-Teglund, A., Guedez, Y., McGeer, A., Low, D. E., El-Ahmedy, O., Schwartz, B. & Kotb, M. (1999). Risk factors in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections: role of protective humoral immunity. Infect Immun 67, 1871-1877.
7. Beall, B., Facklam, R. & Thompson, T. (1996). Sequencing emm-specific PCR products for routine and accurate typing of group A streptococci. J Clin Microbiol 34, 953-958.
8. Bingen, E., Bidet, P., Mihaila-Amrouche, L., Doit, C., Forcet, S., Brahlmi, N., Bouvet, A. & Cohen, R. (2004). Emergence of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes strains in French children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48, 3559-3562.
9. Bohlen, L. M., Muhlemann, K., Dubuis, O., Aebi, C. & Tauber, M. G. (2000). Outbreak among drug users caused by a clonal strain of group A streptococcus. Emerg Infect Dis 6, 175-179.
10. Chatellier, S., Ihendyane, N., Kansal, R. G., Khambaty, F., Basma, H., Norrby-Teglund, A., Low, D. E., McGeer, A. & Kotb, M. (2000). Genetic relatedness and superantigen expression in group A Streptococcus serotype M1 isolates from patients with severe and nonsevere invasive diseases. Infect Immun 68, 3523-3534.
11. Cunningham, M. W. (2000). Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 13, 470-511.
12. de Melo, M. C. N., Sa Figueiredo, A. M. & Ferreira-Carvalho, B. T. (2003). Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and genomic diversity in strains of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated in 1978-1997 in different Brazilian cities. J Med Microbiol 52, 251-258.
13. Descheemaeker, P., Van Loock, F., Hauchecorne, M., Vandamme, P. & Goossens, H. (2000). Molecular characterisation of group A streptococci from invasive and non-invasive disease episodes in Belgium during 1993-1994. J Med Microbiol 49, 467-471.
14. Dicuonzo, G., Fiscarelli, E., Gherardi, G., Lorino, G., Battistoni, F., Landi, S., De Cesaris, M., Petitti, T. & Beall, B. (2002). Erythromycin-resistant pharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes recovered in Italy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46, 3987-3990.
15. Efstratiou, A., Emery, M., Lamagni, T. L., Tanna, A., Warner, M. & George, R. C. (2003). Increasing incidence of group A streptococcal infections amongst injecting drug users in England and Wales. J Med Microbiol 52, 525-526.
16. Facklam, R. F., Martin, D. R., Lovgren, M. & 8 other authors (2002). Extension of the Lancefield classification for group A streptococci by addition of 22 new M protein gene sequence types from clinical isolates: emm103 to emm124. Clin Infect Dis 34, 28-38.
17. Haukness, H. A., Tanz, R. R., Thomson, R. B., Jr & 7 other authors (2002). The heterogeneity of endemic community pediatric group A streptococcal pharyngeal isolates and their relationship to invasive isolates. J Infect Dis 185, 915-920.
18. Ho, P. L., Johnson, D. R., Yue, A. W. Y., Tsang, D. N. C., Que, T. L., Beall, B. & Kaplan, E. L. (2003). Epidemiologic analysis of invasive and noninvasive group A streptococcal isolates in Hong Kong. J Clin Microbiol 41, 937-942.
19. Hoge, C. W., Schwartz, B., Talkington, D. F., Breiman, R. F., MacNeill, E. M. & Englender, S. J. (1993). The changing epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infections and the emergence of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. A retrospective population-based study. JAMA (J Am Med Assoc) 269, 384-389.
20. Igwe, E. I, Shewmaker, P. L., Facklam, R. R., Parley, M. M., van Beneden, C. & Beall, B. (2003). Identification of superantigen genes speM, ssa, and smeZ in invasive strains of β-hemolytic group C and G streptococci recovered from humans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 229, 259-264.
21. Jasir, A., Tanna, A., Noorani, A., Mirsalehian, A., Efstratiou, A. & Schalen, C. (2000). High rate of tetracycline resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes in Iran: an epidemiological study. J Clin Microbiol 38, 2103-2107.
22. Johnson, D. R., Stevens, D. L. & Kaplan, E. L. (1992). Epidemiologic analysis of group A streptococcal serotypes associated with severe systemic infections, rheumatic fever, or uncomplicated pharyngitis. J Infect Dis 166, 374-382.
23. Johnson, D. R., Wotton, J. T., Shet, A. & Kaplan, E. L. (2002). A comparison of group A streptococci from invasive and uncomplicated infections: are virulent clones responsible for serious streptococcal infections? J Infect Dis 185, 1586-1595.
24. Kao, C.-H., Chen, P.-Y., Huang, F.-L. & 10 other authors (2005). Clinical and genetic analysis of invasive and non-invasive group A streptococcal infections in central Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 38, 105-111.
25. Kotb, M., Norrby-Teglund, A., McGeer, A. & 9 other authors (2002). An immunogenetic and molecular basis for differences in outcomes of invasive group A streptococcal infections. Nat Med 8, 1398-1404.
26. Lamagni, T. L., Efstratiou, A., Vuopio-Varkila, J., Jasir, A. & Schalén, C. (2005). The epidemiology of severe Streptococcus pyogenes associated disease in Europe. Euro Surveill 10, 179-184.
27. Léchot, P., Schaad, H. J., Graf, S., Täuber, M. & Mühlemann, K. (2001). Group A streptococcus clones causing repeated epidemics and endemic disease in intravenous drug users. Scand J Infect Dis 33, 41-46.
28. Li, Z., Sakota, V., Jackson, D., Franklin, A. R. & Beall, B. (2003). Array of M protein gene subtypes in 1064 recent invasive group A streptococcus isolates recovered from the active bacterial core surveillance. J Infect Dis 188, 1587-1592.
29. Malhotra-Kumar, S., Lammens, C., Chapelle, S., Mallentjer, C., Weyler, J. & Goossens, H. (2005). Clonal spread of fluoroquinolone non-susceptible Streptococcus pyogenes. J Antimicrob Chemother 55, 320-325.
30. McCormick, J. K., Pragman, A. A., Stolpa, J. C., Leung, D. Y. M. & Schlievert, P. M. (2001). Functional characterization of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin J, a novel superantigen. Infect Immun 69, 1381-1388.
31. Müsser, J. M., Kapur, V., Kanjilal, S. & 11 other authors (1993). Geographic and temporal distribution and molecular characterization of two highly pathogenic clones of Streptococcus pyogenes expressing allelic variants of pyrogenic exotoxin A (scarlet fever toxin). J Infect Dis 167, 337-346.
32. Musser, J. M., Kapur, V., Szeto, J., Pan, X., Swanson, D. S. & Martin, D. R. (1995). Genetic diversity and relationships among Streptococcus pyogenes strains expressing serotype M1 protein: recent intercontinental spread of a subclone causing episodes of invasive disease. Infect Immun 63, 994-1003.
33. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (2003). Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests-eighth informational supplement, Approved standard M2-A8. Wayne, PA: NCCLS.
34. Nelson, K., Schlievert, P. M., Selander, R. K. & Musser, J. M. (1991). Characterization and clonal distribution of four alleles of the speA gene encoding pyrogenic exotoxin A (scarlet fever toxin) in Streptococcus pyogenes. J Exp Med 174, 1271-1274.
35. Ng, L.-K., Martin, I., Alfa, M. & Mulvey, M. (2001). Multiplex PCR for the detection of tetracycline resistant genes. Mol Cell Probes 15, 209-215.
36. Norrby-Teglund, A., Chatellier, S., Low, D. E., McGeer, A., Green, K. & Kotb, M. (2000). Host variation in cytokine responses to super-antigens determine the severity of invasive group A streptococcal infection. Eur J Immunol 30, 3247-3255.
37. Norrby-Teglund, A., Thulin, P., Gan, B. S., Kotb, M., McGeer, A., Andersson, J. & Low, D. E. (2001). Evidence for superantigen involvement in severe group A streptococcal tissue infections. J Infect Dis 184, 853-860.
38. O'Brien, K. L., Beall, B., Barrett, N. L. & 8 other authors (2002). Epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcus disease in the United States, 1995-1999. Clin Infect Dis 35, 268-276.
39. Pan, X.-S. & Fisher, L. M. (1996). Cloning and characterization of the parC and parE genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae encoding DNA topoisomerase IV: role in fluoroquinolone resistance. J Bacteriol 178, 4060-4069.
40. Pérez-Trallero, E, Marimón, J. M., Montes, M., Orden, B. & de Pablos, M. (1999). Clonal differences among erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 5, 235-240.
41. Powis, J., McGeer, A., Duncan, C. & 8 other authors (2005). Prevalence and characterization of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49, 2130-2132.
42. Proft, T., Moffatt, S. L., Weller, K. D., Paterson, A., Martin, D. & Fraser, J. D. (2000). The streptococcal superantigen SMEZ exhibits wide allelic variation, mosaic structure, and significant antigenic variation. J Exp Med 191, 1765-1776.
43. Proft, T., Arcus, V. L., Handley, V., Baker, E. N. & Fraser, J. D. (2001). Immunological and biochemical characterization of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins I and J (SPE-I and SPE-J) from Streptococcus pyogenes. J Immunol 166, 6711-6719.
44. Proft, T., Webb, P. D., Handley, V. & Fraser, J. D. (2003). Two novel superantigens found in both group A and group C Streptococcus. Infect Immun 71, 1361-1369.
45. Reinert, R. R., Lütticken, R., Bryskier, A. & Al-Lahham, A. (2003). Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes in the pediatric population in Germany during 2000-2001. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47, 489-493.
46. Richter, S. S., Heilmann, K. P., Beekmann, S. E., Miller, N. J., Miller, A. L., Rice, C. L., Doern, C. D., Reid, S. D. & Doern, G. V. (2005). Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in the United States, 2002-2003. Clin Infect Dis 41, 599-608.
47. Rivera, A., Rebollo, M., Sánchez, F., Navarro, F., Miró, E., Mirells, B. & Coll, P. (2005). Characterisation of fluoroquinolone- resistant clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes in Barcelona, Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect 11, 759-761.
48. Ruoff, K. L., Whiley, R. A. & Beighton, D. (2003). Streptococcus. In Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th edn, pp. 405-421. Edited by P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller & R. H. Yolken. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
49. Schmitz, F.-J., Beyer, A., Charpentier, E., Normark, B. H., Schade, M., Fluit, A. C., Hafner, D. & Novak, R. (2003). Toxin-gene profile heterogeneity among endemic invasive European group A streptococcal isolates. J Infect Dis 188, 1578-1586.
50. Schwartz, B., Facklam, R. R. & Breiman, R. F. (1990). Changing epidemiology of group A streptococcal infection in the USA. Lancet 336, 1167-1171.
51. Seppälä, H., Nissinen, A., Yu, Q. & Huovinen, P. (1993). Three different phenotypes of erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Finland. J Antimicrob Chemother 32, 885-891.
52. Sierra, J. M., Sánchez, F., Castro, P. & 16 other authors (2006). Group A streptococcal infections in injection drug users in Barcelona, Spain: epidemiologic, clinical, and microbiologic analysis of 3 clusters of cases from 2000 to 2003. Medicine (Baltimore) 85, 139-146.
53. Stevens, D. L. (2002). Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Clin Microbiol Infect 8, 133-136.
54. The Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections (1993). Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Rationale and consensus definition. JAMA (J Am Med Assoc) 269, 390-391.
55. Tyrrell, G. J., Lovgren, M., Forwick, B., Hoe, N. P., Musser, J. M. & Talbot, J. A. (2002). M types of group A streptococcal isolates submitted to the National Centre for Streptococcus (Canada) from 1993 to 1999. J Clin Microbiol 40, 4466-4471.
56. Vlaminckx, B. J. M., Mascini, E. M., Schellekens, J., Schouls, L. M., Paauw, A., Fluit, A. C., Novak, R., Verhoef, J. & Schmitz, F. J. (2003). Site-specific manifestations of invasive group A streptococcal disease: type distribution and corresponding patterns of virulence determinants. J Clin Microbiol 41, 4941-4949.
57. Weber, P., Filipecki, J., Bingen, E., Fitoussi, F., Goldfarb, G., Chauvin, J. P., Reitz, C. & Portier, H. (2001). Genetic and phenotypic characterization of macrolide resistance in group A streptococci isolated from adults with pharyngo-tonsillitis in France. J Antimicrob Chemother 48, 291-294.
58. Zampaloni, C., Cappelletti, P., Prenna, M., Vitali, L. A. & Ripa, S. (2003). emm gene distribution among erythromycin-resistant and -susceptible Italian isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Clin Microbiol 41, 1307-1310.