메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 149, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 203-213

Experimental evidence for density-dependent survival in mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings

Author keywords

Dabbling ducks; Duckling; Model; Population regulation; Waterfowl

Indexed keywords

DENSITY DEPENDENCE; LAKE ECOSYSTEM; POPULATION DENSITY; SURVIVAL; WATERFOWL;

EID: 33747048179     PISSN: 00298549     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0446-8     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (45)

References (82)
  • 1
    • 0000501656 scopus 로고
    • Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle
    • Petran BN, Csáki F (eds), Akadémiai Kiadi, Budapest
    • Akaike H (1973) Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In: Petran BN, Csáki F (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Information Theory. Akadémiai Kiadi, Budapest, pp 267-281
    • (1973) Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Information Theory , pp. 267-281
    • Akaike, H.1
  • 2
    • 3042716892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-annual spatial and numeric dynamics of the white-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala in southern Europe: Seasonality, density dependence and climatic variability
    • Almaraz P, Amat JA (2004) Multi-annual spatial and numeric dynamics of the white-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala in southern Europe: seasonality, density dependence and climatic variability. J Anim Ecol 73:1013-1023
    • (2004) J Anim Ecol , vol.73 , pp. 1013-1023
    • Almaraz, P.1    Amat, J.A.2
  • 4
    • 0000833333 scopus 로고
    • Philopatry, dispersal, and the genetic structure of waterfowl populations
    • Batt BDJ, Afton AD, Anderson MG, Ankney CD, Johnson DH, Kadlec JA, Krapu GL (eds), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minn.
    • Anderson MG, Rhymer JM, Rohwer FC (1992) Philopatry, dispersal, and the genetic structure of waterfowl populations. In: Batt BDJ, Afton AD, Anderson MG, Ankney CD, Johnson DH, Kadlec JA, Krapu GL (eds) Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minn., pp 365-395
    • (1992) Ecology and Management of Breeding Waterfowl , pp. 365-395
    • Anderson, M.G.1    Rhymer, J.M.2    Rohwer, F.C.3
  • 5
    • 0029773722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics with sequential density-dependence
    • Åström M, Lundberg P, Lundberg S (1996) Population dynamics with sequential density-dependence. Oikos 75:174-181
    • (1996) Oikos , vol.75 , pp. 174-181
    • Åström, M.1    Lundberg, P.2    Lundberg, S.3
  • 7
    • 3042574280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limiting factors and population regulation
    • Berryman AA (2004) Limiting factors and population regulation. Oikos 105:667-670
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.105 , pp. 667-670
    • Berryman, A.A.1
  • 8
    • 0001764168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of delayed density dependence: Comment
    • Berryman A, Turchin P (1997) Detection of delayed density dependence: comment. Ecology 78:318-320
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 318-320
    • Berryman, A.1    Turchin, P.2
  • 9
    • 0036949764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population regulation, emergent properties, and a requiem for density dependence
    • Berryman AA, Lima Arce M, Hawkins BA (2002) Population regulation, emergent properties, and a requiem for density dependence. Oikos 99:600-606
    • (2002) Oikos , vol.99 , pp. 600-606
    • Berryman, A.A.1    Lima Arce, M.2    Hawkins, B.A.3
  • 10
    • 0037329329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence, territoriality, and divisibility of resources: From optimality models to population processes
    • Both C, Visser ME (2003) Density dependence, territoriality, and divisibility of resources: from optimality models to population processes. Am Nat 161:326-336
    • (2003) Am Nat , vol.161 , pp. 326-336
    • Both, C.1    Visser, M.E.2
  • 11
    • 0033390422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal compensation of predation and harvesting
    • Boyce MS, Sinclair ARE, White GV (1999) Seasonal compensation of predation and harvesting. Oikos 87:419-426
    • (1999) Oikos , vol.87 , pp. 419-426
    • Boyce, M.S.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2    White, G.V.3
  • 12
    • 0021573175 scopus 로고
    • Tests of compensatory vs. additive hypothesis of mortality in mallards
    • Burnham KP, Anderson DR (1984) Tests of compensatory vs. additive hypothesis of mortality in mallards. Ecology 65:105-112
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 105-112
    • Burnham, K.P.1    Anderson, D.R.2
  • 15
    • 33747077945 scopus 로고
    • Wildlife harvesting
    • Caughley G, Sinclair ARE (eds), Blackwell, Oxford
    • Caughley G, Sinclair ARE (1994) Wildlife harvesting. In: Caughley G, Sinclair ARE (eds) Wildlife ecology and management. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 279-290
    • (1994) Wildlife Ecology and Management , pp. 279-290
    • Caughley, G.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2
  • 16
    • 0000113676 scopus 로고
    • Food availability and the preferences in juvenile mallards
    • Chura NJ (1961) Food availability and the preferences in juvenile mallards. Trans N Am Wildl Nat Res Conf 26:121-134
    • (1961) Trans N Am Wildl Nat Res Conf , vol.26 , pp. 121-134
    • Chura, N.J.1
  • 17
    • 0001872374 scopus 로고
    • Habitat patch size and duck nesting success: The crucial experiments have not been performed
    • Clark RG, Nudds T (1991) Habitat patch size and duck nesting success: the crucial experiments have not been performed. Wildl Soc Bull 19:534-543
    • (1991) Wildl Soc Bull , vol.19 , pp. 534-543
    • Clark, R.G.1    Nudds, T.2
  • 18
    • 3042553395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletons, noise and population growth: The end of an old debate?
    • Coulson T, Rohani P, Pascual M (2004) Skeletons, noise and population growth: the end of an old debate? Trends Ecol Evol 19:359-364
    • (2004) Trends Ecol Evol , vol.19 , pp. 359-364
    • Coulson, T.1    Rohani, P.2    Pascual, M.3
  • 19
    • 0003512852 scopus 로고
    • Cramp S, Simmons KEL (eds), Clarendon Press, Oxford
    • Cramp S, Simmons KEL (eds) (1977) The birds of the western Palearctic, vol 1. Clarendon Press, Oxford
    • (1977) The Birds of the Western Palearctic , vol.1
  • 20
    • 0001550378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brood size manipulation in mallard ducks: Effects on duckling survival and brooding efficiency
    • Dzus EH, Clark RG (1997a) Brood size manipulation in mallard ducks: effects on duckling survival and brooding efficiency. Ecoscience 4:437-445
    • (1997) Ecoscience , vol.4 , pp. 437-445
    • Dzus, E.H.1    Clark, R.G.2
  • 21
    • 0030869076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overland travel, food abundance, and wetland use by mallards: Relationships with offspring survival
    • Dzus EH, Clark RG (1997b) Overland travel, food abundance, and wetland use by mallards: relationships with offspring survival. Wilson Bull 109:504-515
    • (1997) Wilson Bull , vol.109 , pp. 504-515
    • Dzus, E.H.1    Clark, R.G.2
  • 22
    • 0037353180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent breeding success in mallards Anas platyrhynchos on a eutrophic lake
    • Elmberg J (2003) Density-dependent breeding success in mallards Anas platyrhynchos on a eutrophic lake. Wildl Biol 9:67-73
    • (2003) Wildl Biol , vol.9 , pp. 67-73
    • Elmberg, J.1
  • 23
    • 0037907488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breeding success of sympatric dabbling ducks in relation to population density and food resources
    • Elmberg J, Nummi P, Pöysä H, Sjöberg K (2003) Breeding success of sympatric dabbling ducks in relation to population density and food resources. Oikos 100:333-341
    • (2003) Oikos , vol.100 , pp. 333-341
    • Elmberg, J.1    Nummi, P.2    Pöysä, H.3    Sjöberg, K.4
  • 24
    • 14844304020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Within-season sequential density dependence regulates breeding success in mallards Anas platyrhynchos
    • Elmberg J, Gunnarsson G, Pöysä H, Sjöberg K, Nummi P (2005) Within-season sequential density dependence regulates breeding success in mallards Anas platyrhynchos. Oikos 108:582-590
    • (2005) Oikos , vol.108 , pp. 582-590
    • Elmberg, J.1    Gunnarsson, G.2    Pöysä, H.3    Sjöberg, K.4    Nummi, P.5
  • 26
    • 0023480165 scopus 로고
    • Brood territories in buffleheads: Determinants and correlates of territory size
    • Gauthier G (1987) Brood territories in buffleheads: determinants and correlates of territory size. Can J Zool 65:1402-1410
    • (1987) Can J Zool , vol.65 , pp. 1402-1410
    • Gauthier, G.1
  • 27
    • 0036934195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual variability and population regulation: A model of the significance of within-generation density dependence
    • Grimm V, Uchmanski J (2002) Individual variability and population regulation: a model of the significance of within-generation density dependence. Oecologia 131:196-202
    • (2002) Oecologia , vol.131 , pp. 196-202
    • Grimm, V.1    Uchmanski, J.2
  • 28
    • 16844369152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why are there so many empty lakes? Food limits survival of mallard ducklings
    • Gunnarsson G, Elmberg J, Sjöberg K, Pöysä H, Nummi P (2004) Why are there so many empty lakes? Food limits survival of mallard ducklings. Can J Zool 82:1698-1703
    • (2004) Can J Zool , vol.82 , pp. 1698-1703
    • Gunnarsson, G.1    Elmberg, J.2    Sjöberg, K.3    Pöysä, H.4    Nummi, P.5
  • 29
    • 0001913444 scopus 로고
    • Using density manipulation experiments to study population regulation
    • Cappuccino N, Price PW (eds), Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
    • Harrison S, Cappuccino N (1995) Using density manipulation experiments to study population regulation. In: Cappuccino N, Price PW (eds) Populations dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., pp 131-147
    • (1995) Populations Dynamics , pp. 131-147
    • Harrison, S.1    Cappuccino, N.2
  • 30
    • 33747040123 scopus 로고
    • Compensatory mortality in the mallard
    • Hill DA (1983) Compensatory mortality in the mallard. Game Conserv Annu Rev 14:87-92
    • (1983) Game Conserv Annu Rev , vol.14 , pp. 87-92
    • Hill, D.A.1
  • 31
    • 0021576138 scopus 로고
    • Population regulation in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
    • Hill DA (1984) Population regulation in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). J Anim Ecol 53:191-202
    • (1984) J Anim Ecol , vol.53 , pp. 191-202
    • Hill, D.A.1
  • 32
    • 0023528689 scopus 로고
    • Survival of mallard ducklings Anas platyrhynchos and competition with fish for invertebrates on a flooded gravel quarry in England
    • Hill D, Wright R, Street M (1987) Survival of mallard ducklings Anas platyrhynchos and competition with fish for invertebrates on a flooded gravel quarry in England. Ibis 129:159-167
    • (1987) Ibis , vol.129 , pp. 159-167
    • Hill, D.1    Wright, R.2    Street, M.3
  • 33
    • 0000470436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population regulation: Historical context and contemporary challenges of open vs. closed systems
    • Hixon MA, Pacala SW, Sandin SA (2002) Population regulation: historical context and contemporary challenges of open vs. closed systems. Ecology 83:1490-1508
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 1490-1508
    • Hixon, M.A.1    Pacala, S.W.2    Sandin, S.A.3
  • 34
    • 0036105066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditions and limitations on learning in the adaptive management of mallard harvests
    • Johnson FA, Kendall WL, Dubovsky JA (2002) Conditions and limitations on learning in the adaptive management of mallard harvests. Wildl Soc Bull 30:176-185
    • (2002) Wildl Soc Bull , vol.30 , pp. 176-185
    • Johnson, F.A.1    Kendall, W.L.2    Dubovsky, J.A.3
  • 35
    • 0033026188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporally structured density-dependence and population management
    • Jonzén N, Lundberg P (1999) Temporally structured density-dependence and population management. Ann Zool Fenn 36:39-44
    • (1999) Ann Zool Fenn , vol.36 , pp. 39-44
    • Jonzén, N.1    Lundberg, P.2
  • 36
    • 0001215881 scopus 로고
    • Density- and habitat-related recruitment in mallards
    • Kaminski RM, Gluesing EA (1987) Density- and habitat-related recruitment in mallards. J Wildl Manage 51:141-148
    • (1987) J Wildl Manage , vol.51 , pp. 141-148
    • Kaminski, R.M.1    Gluesing, E.A.2
  • 37
    • 0001232813 scopus 로고
    • Cold-hardiness of the newly hatched young in relation to ecology and distribution in ten species of European ducks
    • Koskimies J, Lahti L (1964) Cold-hardiness of the newly hatched young in relation to ecology and distribution in ten species of European ducks. Auk 81:281-307
    • (1964) Auk , vol.81 , pp. 281-307
    • Koskimies, J.1    Lahti, L.2
  • 38
    • 0037553326 scopus 로고
    • Waterfowl point count
    • Koskimies P, Väisänen RA (eds), Zoological Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki
    • Koskimies P, Väisänen R (1991) Waterfowl point count. In: Koskimies P, Väisänen RA (eds) Monitoring bird populations. Zoological Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, pp 41-44
    • (1991) Monitoring Bird Populations , pp. 41-44
    • Koskimies, P.1    Väisänen, R.2
  • 39
    • 0002422278 scopus 로고
    • Foraging ecology and nutrition
    • Batt BDJ, Afton AD, Anderson MG, Ankney CD, Johnson DH, Kadlec JA, Krapu GL (eds) University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minn.
    • Krapu GL, Reinecke KJ (1992) Foraging ecology and nutrition. In: Batt BDJ, Afton AD, Anderson MG, Ankney CD, Johnson DH, Kadlec JA, Krapu GL (eds) Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minn., pp 1-29
    • (1992) Ecology and Management of Breeding Waterfowl , pp. 1-29
    • Krapu, G.L.1    Reinecke, K.J.2
  • 40
    • 0033993813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors limiting Mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes
    • Krapu GL, Pietz PJ, Brandt DA, Cox RR (2000) Factors limiting Mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes. J Wildl Manage 64:553-561
    • (2000) J Wildl Manage , vol.64 , pp. 553-561
    • Krapu, G.L.1    Pietz, P.J.2    Brandt, D.A.3    Cox, R.R.4
  • 41
    • 0031755319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of density and nearest neighbours on simulated waterfowl nests: Can predators recognize high-density nesting patches?
    • Larivière S, Messier F (1998) Effect of density and nearest neighbours on simulated waterfowl nests: can predators recognize high-density nesting patches? Oikos 83:12-20
    • (1998) Oikos , vol.83 , pp. 12-20
    • Larivière, S.1    Messier, F.2
  • 42
    • 0001619868 scopus 로고
    • Mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos L.) during the first days after hatching
    • Marcström V (1966) Mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos L.) during the first days after hatching. Swed Wildl 4:343-368
    • (1966) Swed Wildl , vol.4 , pp. 343-368
    • Marcström, V.1
  • 43
    • 0028573823 scopus 로고
    • Survival of radio-marked mallard ducklings in northeastern California
    • Mauser DM, Jarvis RL, Gilmer DS (1994) Survival of radio-marked mallard ducklings in northeastern California. J Wildl Manage 58:82-87
    • (1994) J Wildl Manage , vol.58 , pp. 82-87
    • Mauser, D.M.1    Jarvis, R.L.2    Gilmer, D.S.3
  • 44
    • 0030618721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent predation by skunks using olfactory search images
    • Nams VO (1997) Density-dependent predation by skunks using olfactory search images. Oecologia 110:440-448
    • (1997) Oecologia , vol.110 , pp. 440-448
    • Nams, V.O.1
  • 46
    • 0026287290 scopus 로고
    • Responses of North American duck populations to exploitation
    • Perrins CM, Lebreton J-D, Hirons GJM (eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Nichols JD (1991) Responses of North American duck populations to exploitation. In: Perrins CM, Lebreton J-D, Hirons GJM (eds) Bird population studies: relevance to conservation and management. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 498-525
    • (1991) Bird Population Studies: Relevance to Conservation and Management , pp. 498-525
    • Nichols, J.D.1
  • 47
    • 0028995960 scopus 로고
    • Managing North American waterfowl in the face of uncertainty
    • Nichols JD, Johnson FA, Williams BK (1995) Managing North American waterfowl in the face of uncertainty. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 26:177-199
    • (1995) Annu Rev Ecol Syst , vol.26 , pp. 177-199
    • Nichols, J.D.1    Johnson, F.A.2    Williams, B.K.3
  • 48
    • 0000334087 scopus 로고
    • The balance of animal populations
    • Nicholson AJ (1933) The balance of animal populations. J Anim Ecol 2:132-178
    • (1933) J Anim Ecol , vol.2 , pp. 132-178
    • Nicholson, A.J.1
  • 49
    • 0037681670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent decline of breeding success in an introduced, increasing mute swan population
    • Nummi P, Saari L (2003) Density-dependent decline of breeding success in an introduced, increasing mute swan population. J Avian Biol 34:105-111
    • (2003) J Avian Biol , vol.34 , pp. 105-111
    • Nummi, P.1    Saari, L.2
  • 50
    • 0033675044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual foraging behaviour indicates resource limitation: An experiment with mallard ducklings
    • Nummi P, Sjöberg K, Pöysä H, Elmberg J (2000) Individual foraging behaviour indicates resource limitation: an experiment with mallard ducklings. Can J Zool 78:1891-1895
    • (2000) Can J Zool , vol.78 , pp. 1891-1895
    • Nummi, P.1    Sjöberg, K.2    Pöysä, H.3    Elmberg, J.4
  • 51
    • 0025659706 scopus 로고
    • Survival of mallard broods on Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge in northcentral Montana
    • Orthmeyer DL, Ball IJ (1990) Survival of mallard broods on Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge in northcentral Montana. J Wildl Manage 54:62-66
    • (1990) J Wildl Manage , vol.54 , pp. 62-66
    • Orthmeyer, D.L.1    Ball, I.J.2
  • 52
    • 0036309060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring density-dependent relationships in demographic parameters in populations of birds at a large spatial scale
    • Paradis E, Baillie SR, Sutherland WJ, Gregory RD (2002) Exploring density-dependent relationships in demographic parameters in populations of birds at a large spatial scale. Oikos 97:293-307
    • (2002) Oikos , vol.97 , pp. 293-307
    • Paradis, E.1    Baillie, S.R.2    Sutherland, W.J.3    Gregory, R.D.4
  • 53
    • 0000429745 scopus 로고
    • Feeding behaviour, feeding habitat utilization, and feeding efficiency of mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos L.) as guided by a domestic duck
    • Pehrsson O (1979) Feeding behaviour, feeding habitat utilization, and feeding efficiency of mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos L.) as guided by a domestic duck. Swed Wildl 10:194-217
    • (1979) Swed Wildl , vol.10 , pp. 194-217
    • Pehrsson, O.1
  • 54
    • 0041312558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting gadwall brood and duckling survival in prairie pothole landscapes
    • Pietz PJ, Krapu GL, Brandt DA, Cox RR Jr (2003) Factors affecting gadwall brood and duckling survival in prairie pothole landscapes. J Wildl Manage 67:564-575
    • (2003) J Wildl Manage , vol.67 , pp. 564-575
    • Pietz, P.J.1    Krapu, G.L.2    Brandt, D.A.3    Cox Jr., R.R.4
  • 55
    • 0023483935 scopus 로고
    • The detection of density-dependence from a series of annual censuses
    • Pollard E, Lakhani KH, Rothery P (1987) The detection of density-dependence from a series of annual censuses. Ecology 68:2046-2055
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 2046-2055
    • Pollard, E.1    Lakhani, K.H.2    Rothery, P.3
  • 56
    • 0034803459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of habitat distribution in breeding mallards: Assessing the applicability of current habitat selection models
    • Pöysä H (2001) Dynamics of habitat distribution in breeding mallards: assessing the applicability of current habitat selection models. Oikos 94:365-373
    • (2001) Oikos , vol.94 , pp. 365-373
    • Pöysä, H.1
  • 57
    • 18844480452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence, regulation and open-closed populations: Insights from the wigeon, Anas penelope
    • Pöysä H, Pesonen M (2003) Density dependence, regulation and open-closed populations: insights from the wigeon, Anas penelope. Oikos 102:358-366
    • (2003) Oikos , vol.102 , pp. 358-366
    • Pöysä, H.1    Pesonen, M.2
  • 59
    • 1542349171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological basis of sustainable harvesting: Is the prevailing paradigm of compenstory mortality still valid?
    • Pöysä H, Elmberg J, Gunnarsson G, Nummi P, Sjöberg K (2004) Ecological basis of sustainable harvesting: is the prevailing paradigm of compenstory mortality still valid? Oikos 104:612-615
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.104 , pp. 612-615
    • Pöysä, H.1    Elmberg, J.2    Gunnarsson, G.3    Nummi, P.4    Sjöberg, K.5
  • 60
    • 0030304897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence: Are we searching at the wrong spatial scale?
    • Ray C, Hastings A (1996) Density dependence: are we searching at the wrong spatial scale? J Anim Ecol 65:556-566
    • (1996) J Anim Ecol , vol.65 , pp. 556-566
    • Ray, C.1    Hastings, A.2
  • 61
    • 0027088204 scopus 로고
    • Is nest predation density dependent? A test using artificial nests
    • Reitsma L (1992) Is nest predation density dependent? A test using artificial nests. Can J Zool 70:2498-2500
    • (1992) Can J Zool , vol.70 , pp. 2498-2500
    • Reitsma, L.1
  • 62
    • 0000175930 scopus 로고
    • Diurnal visibility and activity of blue-winged teal and mallard broods
    • Ringelman JK, Flake LD (1980) Diurnal visibility and activity of blue-winged teal and mallard broods. J Wildl Manage 44:822-829
    • (1980) J Wildl Manage , vol.44 , pp. 822-829
    • Ringelman, J.K.1    Flake, L.D.2
  • 63
    • 0027060840 scopus 로고
    • Mallard brood movements and wetland selection in southwestern Manitoba
    • Rotella JJ, Ratti JT (1992a) Mallard brood movements and wetland selection in southwestern Manitoba. J Wildl Manage 56:508-515
    • (1992) J Wildl Manage , vol.56 , pp. 508-515
    • Rotella, J.J.1    Ratti, J.T.2
  • 64
    • 0027059644 scopus 로고
    • Mallard brood survival and wetland habitat conditions in southwestern Manitoba
    • Rotella JJ, Ratti JT (1992b) Mallard brood survival and wetland habitat conditions in southwestern Manitoba. J Wildl Manage 56:499-507
    • (1992) J Wildl Manage , vol.56 , pp. 499-507
    • Rotella, J.J.1    Ratti, J.T.2
  • 65
    • 0034502984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assesing density dependence using intra-annual counts
    • Ruesink JL (2000) Assesing density dependence using intra-annual counts. Ecology 81:3377-3390
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 3377-3390
    • Ruesink, J.L.1
  • 66
    • 3042602369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochastic population theory faces reality in the laboratory
    • Saether B-E, Engen S (2004) Stochastic population theory faces reality in the laboratory. Trends Ecol Evol 19:351-353
    • (2004) Trends Ecol Evol , vol.19 , pp. 351-353
    • Saether, B.-E.1    Engen, S.2
  • 67
    • 0001978684 scopus 로고
    • Mortality during the breeding season
    • Batt BDJ, Afton AD, Anderson MG, Ankney CD, Johnson DH, Kadlec JA, Krapu GL (eds), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minn.
    • Sargeant AB, Raveling DG (1992) Mortality during the breeding season. In: Batt BDJ, Afton AD, Anderson MG, Ankney CD, Johnson DH, Kadlec JA, Krapu GL (eds) Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minn., pp 396-422
    • (1992) Ecology and Management of Breeding Waterfowl , pp. 396-422
    • Sargeant, A.B.1    Raveling, D.G.2
  • 68
    • 0030804232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brood ecology of mallards and gadwalls nesting on islands in large reservoirs
    • Sayler RD, Willms MA (1997) Brood ecology of mallards and gadwalls nesting on islands in large reservoirs. J Wildl Manage 61:808-815
    • (1997) J Wildl Manage , vol.61 , pp. 808-815
    • Sayler, R.D.1    Willms, M.A.2
  • 69
    • 0002331594 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of prefledgling waterfowl
    • Batt BDJ, Afton AD, Anderson MG, Ankney CD, Johnson DH, Kadlec JA, Krapu GL (eds), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minn.
    • Sedinger JS (1992) Ecology of prefledgling waterfowl. In: Batt BDJ, Afton AD, Anderson MG, Ankney CD, Johnson DH, Kadlec JA, Krapu GL (eds) Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minn., pp 109-127
    • (1992) Ecology and Management of Breeding Waterfowl , pp. 109-127
    • Sedinger, J.S.1
  • 70
    • 0031695054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sampling-variance effects on detecting density dependence from temporal trends in natural populations
    • Shenk TM, White GC, Burnham KP (1998) Sampling-variance effects on detecting density dependence from temporal trends in natural populations. Ecol Monogr 68:445-463
    • (1998) Ecol Monogr , vol.68 , pp. 445-463
    • Shenk, T.M.1    White, G.C.2    Burnham, K.P.3
  • 71
    • 0020401575 scopus 로고
    • Feeding activity of ducks in relation to diel emergence of chironomids
    • Sjöberg K, Danell K (1982) Feeding activity of ducks in relation to diel emergence of chironomids. Can J Zool 60:1383-1387
    • (1982) Can J Zool , vol.60 , pp. 1383-1387
    • Sjöberg, K.1    Danell, K.2
  • 72
    • 0343893610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of mallard ducklings to variation in habitat quality - An experiment of food limitation
    • Sjöberg K, Pöysä H, Elmberg J, Nummi P (2000) Response of mallard ducklings to variation in habitat quality - an experiment of food limitation. Ecology 81:329-335
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 329-335
    • Sjöberg, K.1    Pöysä, H.2    Elmberg, J.3    Nummi, P.4
  • 73
    • 0000714348 scopus 로고
    • The food of mallard ducklings in a wet gravel quarry, and its relation to duckling survival
    • Street M (1977) The food of mallard ducklings in a wet gravel quarry, and its relation to duckling survival. Wildfowl 28:113-125
    • (1977) Wildfowl , vol.28 , pp. 113-125
    • Street, M.1
  • 74
    • 0022891531 scopus 로고
    • Effect of density and concealment on American crow predation of simulated duck nests
    • Sugden LG, Beyersbergen GW (1986) Effect of density and concealment on American crow predation of simulated duck nests. J Wildl Manage 50:9-14
    • (1986) J Wildl Manage , vol.50 , pp. 9-14
    • Sugden, L.G.1    Beyersbergen, G.W.2
  • 75
    • 0020865676 scopus 로고
    • Survival of mallard broods in south-central North Dakota
    • Talent LG, Jarvis RL, Krapu GL (1983) Survival of mallard broods in south-central North Dakota. Condor 85:74-78
    • (1983) Condor , vol.85 , pp. 74-78
    • Talent, L.G.1    Jarvis, R.L.2    Krapu, G.L.3
  • 76
    • 0025250821 scopus 로고
    • Rarity of density-dependence or population regulation with lags?
    • Turchin P (1990) Rarity of density-dependence or population regulation with lags? Nature 344:660-663
    • (1990) Nature , vol.344 , pp. 660-663
    • Turchin, P.1
  • 77
    • 0021537079 scopus 로고
    • Detection of density-dependent effects in annual duck censuses
    • Vickery WL, Nudds TD (1984) Detection of density-dependent effects in annual duck censuses. Ecology 65:96-104
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 96-104
    • Vickery, W.L.1    Nudds, T.D.2
  • 78
    • 0000570737 scopus 로고
    • Density and habitat relationships of blue-winged teal nesting in northwestern Iowa
    • Weller MW (1979) Density and habitat relationships of blue-winged teal nesting in northwestern Iowa. J Wildl Manage 43:367-374
    • (1979) J Wildl Manage , vol.43 , pp. 367-374
    • Weller, M.W.1
  • 79
    • 3042622983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limitation of populations by weather-driven changes in food: A challenge to density-dependent regulation
    • White TCR (2004) Limitation of populations by weather-driven changes in food: a challenge to density-dependent regulation. Oikos 105:664-666
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.105 , pp. 664-666
    • White, T.C.R.1
  • 80
    • 0033453305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Program MARK: Survival estimation from populations of marked animals
    • White GC, Burnham KP (1999) Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study Suppl 46:120-139
    • (1999) Bird Study Suppl , vol.46 , pp. 120-139
    • White, G.C.1    Burnham, K.P.2
  • 81
    • 33747063062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence
    • Wilson EO (ed), Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
    • Wilson EO (2000) Density dependence. In: Wilson EO (ed) Sociobiology - the new synthesis. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp 82-89
    • (2000) Sociobiology - The New Synthesis , pp. 82-89
    • Wilson, E.O.1
  • 82
    • 0027061081 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of density dependence in moths and aphids
    • Woiwod IP, Hanski I (1992) Patterns of density dependence in moths and aphids. J Anim Ecol 61:619-629
    • (1992) J Anim Ecol , vol.61 , pp. 619-629
    • Woiwod, I.P.1    Hanski, I.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.