메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 373-385

Smoke generation inside a burning cigarette: Modifying combustion to develop cigarettes that may be less hazardous to health

Author keywords

Cigarette; Less hazardous; Smoke formation; Tobacco; Toxicity: Pyrolysis

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; DISTILLATION; FILTRATION; HEALTH CARE; MASS TRANSFER; OXYGEN; PYROLYSIS; TOBACCO;

EID: 33746991732     PISSN: 03601285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2006.01.001     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (168)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 0019656277 scopus 로고
    • Product formation mechanisms inside a burning cigarette
    • Baker R.R. Product formation mechanisms inside a burning cigarette. Prog Energy Combust Sci 7 (1981) 135-153
    • (1981) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.7 , pp. 135-153
    • Baker, R.R.1
  • 2
    • 0002873523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoke chemistry
    • Davis D.L., and Nielsen M.T. (Eds), Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK [chapter 12]
    • Baker R.R. Smoke chemistry. In: Davis D.L., and Nielsen M.T. (Eds). Tobacco production, chemistry and technology (1999), Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK 398-439 [chapter 12]
    • (1999) Tobacco production, chemistry and technology , pp. 398-439
    • Baker, R.R.1
  • 3
    • 33746627596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An approach to modelling a burning cigarette
    • Muramatsu M. An approach to modelling a burning cigarette. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 21 (2005) 286-293
    • (2005) Beitr Tabakforsch Int , vol.21 , pp. 286-293
    • Muramatsu, M.1
  • 4
    • 0008376153 scopus 로고
    • Smoking and carcinoma of the lung, preliminary report
    • Doll R., and Hill A.B. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung, preliminary report. Brit Med J 221 (1950) 739-748
    • (1950) Brit Med J , vol.221 , pp. 739-748
    • Doll, R.1    Hill, A.B.2
  • 6
    • 0000939375 scopus 로고
    • Tobacco smoking habits and cancer of the mouth and respiratory system
    • Mills C.A., and Porter M.M. Tobacco smoking habits and cancer of the mouth and respiratory system. Cancer Res 10 (1950) 539-542
    • (1950) Cancer Res , vol.10 , pp. 539-542
    • Mills, C.A.1    Porter, M.M.2
  • 7
    • 0001911502 scopus 로고
    • Tobacco smoking as an etiologic factor in disease. I. Cancer
    • Schrek R., Baker L.A., Ballard G.P., and Dolgoff S. Tobacco smoking as an etiologic factor in disease. I. Cancer. Cancer Res 10 (1950) 49-58
    • (1950) Cancer Res , vol.10 , pp. 49-58
    • Schrek, R.1    Baker, L.A.2    Ballard, G.P.3    Dolgoff, S.4
  • 8
    • 76549257892 scopus 로고
    • Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma. A study of six hundred and eighty-four proved cases
    • Wynder E.L., and Graham E.A. Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma. A study of six hundred and eighty-four proved cases. J Am Med Assoc 143 (1950) 329-336
    • (1950) J Am Med Assoc , vol.143 , pp. 329-336
    • Wynder, E.L.1    Graham, E.A.2
  • 9
    • 0000913497 scopus 로고
    • Experimental production of carcinoma with cigarette tar
    • Wynder E.L., Graham E.A., and Croninger A.B. Experimental production of carcinoma with cigarette tar. Cancer Res 13 (1953) 855-864
    • (1953) Cancer Res , vol.13 , pp. 855-864
    • Wynder, E.L.1    Graham, E.A.2    Croninger, A.B.3
  • 10
    • 27744531987 scopus 로고
    • The presence of polynuclear hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke
    • Cooper R.L., and Lindsey A.J. The presence of polynuclear hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke. Chem Ind (1953) 1205
    • (1953) Chem Ind , pp. 1205
    • Cooper, R.L.1    Lindsey, A.J.2
  • 11
    • 0006429082 scopus 로고
    • 3,4 Benzpyrene and other polycyclic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke
    • Cooper R.L., and Lindsey A.J. 3,4 Benzpyrene and other polycyclic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke. Brit J Cancer 9 (1955) 304-309
    • (1955) Brit J Cancer , vol.9 , pp. 304-309
    • Cooper, R.L.1    Lindsey, A.J.2
  • 12
    • 0004458401 scopus 로고
    • The presence of 3,4 benzpyrene in cigarette smoke
    • Cooper R.L., Lindsey A.J., and Waller R.E. The presence of 3,4 benzpyrene in cigarette smoke. Chem Ind (1954) 1418
    • (1954) Chem Ind , pp. 1418
    • Cooper, R.L.1    Lindsey, A.J.2    Waller, R.E.3
  • 14
    • 0006473040 scopus 로고
    • The role of higher polycyclic hydrocarbons in tobacco carcinogenesis
    • Wynder E., and Hoffmann D. The role of higher polycyclic hydrocarbons in tobacco carcinogenesis. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 3 1 (1959) 74
    • (1959) Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 74
    • Wynder, E.1    Hoffmann, D.2
  • 16
    • 0000119091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference: a half century forum for advances in analytical methodology of tobacco and its products
    • Green C.R., and Rodgman A. The Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference: a half century forum for advances in analytical methodology of tobacco and its products. Recent Adv Tob Sci 22 (1996) 131-304
    • (1996) Recent Adv Tob Sci , vol.22 , pp. 131-304
    • Green, C.R.1    Rodgman, A.2
  • 17
    • 0000701993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leaf chemistry. Basic chemical constituents of tobacco leaf and differences among tobacco types
    • Davis D.L., and Nielsen M.T. (Eds), Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK [chapter 8A]
    • Leffingwell J.C. Leaf chemistry. Basic chemical constituents of tobacco leaf and differences among tobacco types. In: Davis D.L., and Nielsen M.T. (Eds). Tobacco production, chemistry and technology (1999), Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK 265-284 [chapter 8A]
    • (1999) Tobacco production, chemistry and technology , pp. 265-284
    • Leffingwell, J.C.1
  • 18
    • 84855677235 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of gases within the combustion coal of a cigarette
    • Baker R.R., and Kilburn K.D. The distribution of gases within the combustion coal of a cigarette. Beitr Tabakforsch 7 (1973) 79-87
    • (1973) Beitr Tabakforsch , vol.7 , pp. 79-87
    • Baker, R.R.1    Kilburn, K.D.2
  • 19
    • 0001297004 scopus 로고
    • Temperature variation within a cigarette combustion coal during the smoking cycle
    • Baker R.R. Temperature variation within a cigarette combustion coal during the smoking cycle. High Temp Sci 7 (1975) 236-247
    • (1975) High Temp Sci , vol.7 , pp. 236-247
    • Baker, R.R.1
  • 20
    • 0017192911 scopus 로고
    • Gas velocities inside a burning cigarette
    • Baker R.R. Gas velocities inside a burning cigarette. Nature 264 (1976) 167-169
    • (1976) Nature , vol.264 , pp. 167-169
    • Baker, R.R.1
  • 21
    • 0017725853 scopus 로고
    • Combustion and thermal decomposition regions inside a burning cigarette
    • Baker R.R. Combustion and thermal decomposition regions inside a burning cigarette. Combust Flame 30 (1977) 21-32
    • (1977) Combust Flame , vol.30 , pp. 21-32
    • Baker, R.R.1
  • 22
    • 84855657894 scopus 로고
    • Variation of the gas formation regions within a cigarette combustion coal during the smoking cycle
    • Baker R.R. Variation of the gas formation regions within a cigarette combustion coal during the smoking cycle. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 11 (1981) 1-17
    • (1981) Beitr Tabakforsch Int , vol.11 , pp. 1-17
    • Baker, R.R.1
  • 23
    • 0003085026 scopus 로고
    • Variation of sidestream gas formation during the smoking cycle
    • Baker R.R. Variation of sidestream gas formation during the smoking cycle. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 11 (1982) 181-193
    • (1982) Beitr Tabakforsch Int , vol.11 , pp. 181-193
    • Baker, R.R.1
  • 24
    • 0345422325 scopus 로고
    • Generation, size distribution and composition of tobacco smoke aerosols
    • Stöber W. Generation, size distribution and composition of tobacco smoke aerosols. Recent Adv Tob Sci 8 (1982) 3-41
    • (1982) Recent Adv Tob Sci , vol.8 , pp. 3-41
    • Stöber, W.1
  • 25
    • 0003060743 scopus 로고
    • Aerosol studies of cigarette smoke
    • Ingebrethsen B.J. Aerosol studies of cigarette smoke. Recent Adv Tob Sci 12 (1986) 54-142
    • (1986) Recent Adv Tob Sci , vol.12 , pp. 54-142
    • Ingebrethsen, B.J.1
  • 26
    • 4243091079 scopus 로고
    • The physical and chemical nature of tobacco smoke
    • McRae D.D. The physical and chemical nature of tobacco smoke. Recent Adv Tob Sci 16 (1990) 233-323
    • (1990) Recent Adv Tob Sci , vol.16 , pp. 233-323
    • McRae, D.D.1
  • 27
    • 0017518450 scopus 로고
    • The size of soluble aerosol particles as a function of the humidity of the air: application to the human respiratory tract
    • Ferron G.A. The size of soluble aerosol particles as a function of the humidity of the air: application to the human respiratory tract. J Aerosol Sci 8 (1977) 251-267
    • (1977) J Aerosol Sci , vol.8 , pp. 251-267
    • Ferron, G.A.1
  • 28
    • 0006346598 scopus 로고
    • The effect of moisture on the growth of cigarette smoke particles
    • Ishizu Y., Ohta K., and Okada T. The effect of moisture on the growth of cigarette smoke particles. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 10 (1980) 161-168
    • (1980) Beitr Tabakforsch Int , vol.10 , pp. 161-168
    • Ishizu, Y.1    Ohta, K.2    Okada, T.3
  • 29
    • 18844421174 scopus 로고
    • Simulation of the behaviour of a multicomponent droplet in varying atmospheres
    • Schneider W., Anders K., and Frohn A. Simulation of the behaviour of a multicomponent droplet in varying atmospheres. J. Aerosol Sci 19 (1988) 845-848
    • (1988) J. Aerosol Sci , vol.19 , pp. 845-848
    • Schneider, W.1    Anders, K.2    Frohn, A.3
  • 31
    • 0022797397 scopus 로고
    • A review of pyrolysis studies to unravel reaction steps in burning tobacco
    • Baker R.R. A review of pyrolysis studies to unravel reaction steps in burning tobacco. J Anal Appl Pyrol 11 (1987) 555-573
    • (1987) J Anal Appl Pyrol , vol.11 , pp. 555-573
    • Baker, R.R.1
  • 32
    • 21244481615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of complex mixtures - cigarette smoke
    • Borgerding M., and Klus H. Analysis of complex mixtures - cigarette smoke. Exp Toxicol Path 57 (2005) 43-73
    • (2005) Exp Toxicol Path , vol.57 , pp. 43-73
    • Borgerding, M.1    Klus, H.2
  • 33
    • 33746997889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Health, Canada. Proposed tobacco reporting regulations, Schedule 2, Official methods for the collection of emission data on mainstream smoke. Canada Gazette Part II, vol. 133(15); 19 July 2000: p. 1781-4.
  • 34
    • 33746958318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program, 665.200 Testing for mainstream smoke constituents; 2001. Internet website: 〈www.state.ma.us/dph/mtcp/report/smoktox.htm〉
  • 35
    • 1842571577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part I. Flavourings and additives
    • Baker R.R., Pereira da Silva J.R., and Smith G. The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part I. Flavourings and additives. Food Chem Technol 42S (2004) 3-37
    • (2004) Food Chem Technol , vol.42 S , pp. 3-37
    • Baker, R.R.1    Pereira da Silva, J.R.2    Smith, G.3
  • 36
    • 0001091634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tobacco smoke components (Letter to editor)
    • Hoffmann D., and Hoffmann I. Tobacco smoke components (Letter to editor). Beitr Tabakforsch Int 18 (1998) 49-52
    • (1998) Beitr Tabakforsch Int , vol.18 , pp. 49-52
    • Hoffmann, D.1    Hoffmann, I.2
  • 37
    • 33746967079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hoffmann D, Hoffmann I. The changing cigarette: chemical studies and bioassays. In: Burns DM, Benowitz NL, editors. Risks associated with smoking cigarettes with low machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine. Bethesda, MD, USA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute (NCI) monograph, vol. 13; 2001. p. 159-91 [chapter 5].
  • 38
    • 0034917171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The less harmful cigarette: a controversial issue. A tribute to Ernst L Wynder
    • Hoffmann D., Hoffmann I., and El-Bayoumy K. The less harmful cigarette: a controversial issue. A tribute to Ernst L Wynder. Chem Res Toxicol 14 (2001) 767-790
    • (2001) Chem Res Toxicol , vol.14 , pp. 767-790
    • Hoffmann, D.1    Hoffmann, I.2    El-Bayoumy, K.3
  • 39
    • 1842571575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxic chemicals in cigarette mainstream smoke - hazard and hoopla
    • Rodgman A., and Green C.R. Toxic chemicals in cigarette mainstream smoke - hazard and hoopla. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 20 (2003) 481-545
    • (2003) Beitr Tabakforsch Int , vol.20 , pp. 481-545
    • Rodgman, A.1    Green, C.R.2
  • 40
    • 0022272160 scopus 로고
    • Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications
    • Church D.F., and Pryor W.A. Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications. Env Health Persp 64 (1985) 111-126
    • (1985) Env Health Persp , vol.64 , pp. 111-126
    • Church, D.F.1    Pryor, W.A.2
  • 41
    • 0035124228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Where there's smoke
    • Baker R.R., and Proctor C.J. Where there's smoke. Chem Br 37 (2001) 38-41
    • (2001) Chem Br , vol.37 , pp. 38-41
    • Baker, R.R.1    Proctor, C.J.2
  • 42
    • 0342593058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Badger GM. Mode of formation of carcinogens in human environment. In: Symposium on analysis of carcinogenic air pollutants. National Cancer Institute Monograph, vol. 9; 1962. p. 1-16.
  • 43
    • 84970541167 scopus 로고
    • The formation of aromatic hydrocarbons at high temperatures. XXIV. The pyrolysis of some tobacco constituents
    • Badger G.M., Donnelly J.K., and Spotswood T.M. The formation of aromatic hydrocarbons at high temperatures. XXIV. The pyrolysis of some tobacco constituents. Australian J Chem 18 (1965) 1249-1266
    • (1965) Australian J Chem , vol.18 , pp. 1249-1266
    • Badger, G.M.1    Donnelly, J.K.2    Spotswood, T.M.3
  • 44
    • 33646794561 scopus 로고
    • Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XIII. Inhibition of the pyrosynthesis of several selective smoke constituents
    • Rathkamp G., and Hoffmann D. Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XIII. Inhibition of the pyrosynthesis of several selective smoke constituents. Beitr Tabakforsch 5 (1970) 302-306
    • (1970) Beitr Tabakforsch , vol.5 , pp. 302-306
    • Rathkamp, G.1    Hoffmann, D.2
  • 45
    • 0000980275 scopus 로고
    • A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. I. The primary fractions
    • Wynder E.L., and Wright G.F. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. I. The primary fractions. Cancer 10 (1957) 255-271
    • (1957) Cancer , vol.10 , pp. 255-271
    • Wynder, E.L.1    Wright, G.F.2
  • 46
    • 0006438958 scopus 로고
    • A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. VI. The role of precursors
    • Wynder E.L., Wright G.F., and Lam J. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. VI. The role of precursors. Cancer 12 (1959) 1073-1178
    • (1959) Cancer , vol.12 , pp. 1073-1178
    • Wynder, E.L.1    Wright, G.F.2    Lam, J.3
  • 47
    • 0001679938 scopus 로고
    • Pyrolytic origins of major gas phase constituents of cigarette smoke
    • Brunnemann K.D., and Hoffmann D. Pyrolytic origins of major gas phase constituents of cigarette smoke. Recent Adv Tob Sci 8 (1982) 103-140
    • (1982) Recent Adv Tob Sci , vol.8 , pp. 103-140
    • Brunnemann, K.D.1    Hoffmann, D.2
  • 48
    • 0002255631 scopus 로고
    • Analytical studies on N-nitrosamines in tobacco and tobacco smoke
    • Brunnemann K.D., and Hoffmann D. Analytical studies on N-nitrosamines in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Recent Adv Tob Sci 17 (1991) 71-112
    • (1991) Recent Adv Tob Sci , vol.17 , pp. 71-112
    • Brunnemann, K.D.1    Hoffmann, D.2
  • 49
    • 0000980274 scopus 로고
    • A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. II. Dose-response studies
    • Wynder E.L. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. II. Dose-response studies. Cancer 10 (1957) 1193-1200
    • (1957) Cancer , vol.10 , pp. 1193-1200
    • Wynder, E.L.1
  • 50
    • 84965091770 scopus 로고
    • Towards a solution of the tobacco-cancer problem
    • Wynder E.L. Towards a solution of the tobacco-cancer problem. Brit Med J (1957) 1-3
    • (1957) Brit Med J , pp. 1-3
    • Wynder, E.L.1
  • 51
    • 33746955092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Organisation for Standardisation: International Standard ISO 3308. Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine. Definitions and standard conditions. 4th ed. 2000.
  • 52
    • 0011828114 scopus 로고
    • The effect of ventilation on cigarette combustion mechanisms
    • Baker R.R. The effect of ventilation on cigarette combustion mechanisms. Recent Adv Tob Sci 10 (1984) 88-150
    • (1984) Recent Adv Tob Sci , vol.10 , pp. 88-150
    • Baker, R.R.1
  • 54
    • 0348078916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette mainstream smoke: identification, tobacco precursors, control of levels: a review
    • Rodgman A. Studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette mainstream smoke: identification, tobacco precursors, control of levels: a review. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 20 (2001) 361-379
    • (2001) Beitr Tabakforsch Int , vol.20 , pp. 361-379
    • Rodgman, A.1
  • 56
    • 0032801604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking behaviour and compensation: a review of the literature
    • Scherer G. Smoking behaviour and compensation: a review of the literature. Psychopharmocology 145 (1999) 1-20
    • (1999) Psychopharmocology , vol.145 , pp. 1-20
    • Scherer, G.1
  • 57
    • 21244466435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the incidence and consequences of cigarette filter vent blocking among smokers
    • Baker R.R., and Lewis L.S. A review of the incidence and consequences of cigarette filter vent blocking among smokers. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 19 (2001) 209-228
    • (2001) Beitr Tabakforsch Int , vol.19 , pp. 209-228
    • Baker, R.R.1    Lewis, L.S.2
  • 58
    • 0000144046 scopus 로고
    • ® smoking products and its comparison to smoke from flue-cured tobacco. I. Vapor phase analysis
    • ® smoking products and its comparison to smoke from flue-cured tobacco. I. Vapor phase analysis. Beitr Tabakforsch 8 (1976) 415-421
    • (1976) Beitr Tabakforsch , vol.8 , pp. 415-421
    • Vickroy, D.G.1
  • 59
    • 78650584555 scopus 로고
    • ® smoking products and its comparison to smoke from flue-cured tobacco. II. Semi-volatile phase analysis
    • ® smoking products and its comparison to smoke from flue-cured tobacco. II. Semi-volatile phase analysis. Beitr Tabakforsch 8 (1976) 422-429
    • (1976) Beitr Tabakforsch , vol.8 , pp. 422-429
    • Mauldin, R.K.1
  • 60
    • 0344829521 scopus 로고
    • ® smoking products and its comparison to smoke from flue-cured tobacco. III. Particulate phase analysis
    • ® smoking products and its comparison to smoke from flue-cured tobacco. III. Particulate phase analysis. Beitr Tabakforsch 8 (1976) 430-437
    • (1976) Beitr Tabakforsch , vol.8 , pp. 430-437
    • Allen, R.E.1    Vickroy, D.G.2
  • 61
    • 8544274810 scopus 로고
    • Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK
    • Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health. First report: tobacco substitutes and additives in tobacco products (1975), Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK
    • (1975) First report: tobacco substitutes and additives in tobacco products
  • 62
    • 33747002132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical and biological studies on new cigarette prototypes that heat instead of burn tobacco. Winston-Salem, NC, USA: RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company; 1988.
  • 63
    • 0033760787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A safer cigarette? A comparative study. A consensus report, Eclipse expert panel
    • Gardner D.E. A safer cigarette? A comparative study. A consensus report, Eclipse expert panel. Inhal Toxicol 12 Suppl. 5 (2000) 1-58
    • (2000) Inhal Toxicol , vol.12 , Issue.SUPPL. 5 , pp. 1-58
    • Gardner, D.E.1
  • 64
    • 0141592290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 1: overview of technical concepts and summary of findings
    • Patskan G., and Reininghaus W. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 1: overview of technical concepts and summary of findings. J Appl Toxicol 23 (2003) 323-328
    • (2003) J Appl Toxicol , vol.23 , pp. 323-328
    • Patskan, G.1    Reininghaus, W.2
  • 65
    • 0141815463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2: chemical composition of mainstream smoke
    • Stabbert R., Voncken P., Rustemeier K., Haussmann H.J., Roemer E., Patskan G., et al. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2: chemical composition of mainstream smoke. J Appl Toxicol 23 (2003) 329-339
    • (2003) J Appl Toxicol , vol.23 , pp. 329-339
    • Stabbert, R.1    Voncken, P.2    Rustemeier, K.3    Haussmann, H.J.4    Roemer, E.5    Patskan, G.6
  • 66
    • 0141815464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 3: genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of mainstream smoke
    • Tewes F.J., Meisgen T.J., Veltel D.J., Roemer E., and Patskan G. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 3: genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of mainstream smoke. J Appl Toxicol 23 (2003) 341-348
    • (2003) J Appl Toxicol , vol.23 , pp. 341-348
    • Tewes, F.J.1    Meisgen, T.J.2    Veltel, D.J.3    Roemer, E.4    Patskan, G.5
  • 67
    • 12444340879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 4: subchronic inhalation toxicology
    • Terpstra P.M., Teredesai A., Vanscheeuwijck P.M., Verbeeck J., Schepe G., Radtke F., et al. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 4: subchronic inhalation toxicology. J Appl Toxicol 23 (2003) 349-362
    • (2003) J Appl Toxicol , vol.23 , pp. 349-362
    • Terpstra, P.M.1    Teredesai, A.2    Vanscheeuwijck, P.M.3    Verbeeck, J.4    Schepe, G.5    Radtke, F.6
  • 68
    • 33746952422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Patent number 5,803,081; 1998.
  • 69
    • 33746973212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peele DM, Riddick MG, Edwards ME. Formation of tobacco specific nitrosamines in flue-cured tobacco. Proceedings of CORESTA smoke and technology groups' meeting, Innsbruck, Austria, 1999; Paper ST6.
  • 70
    • 33746961608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doolittle DJ, Avalos JT, Bombick BR, Putnam KP, Bombick DW, Nestor, TB, Gentry JS. Biological studies on smoke condensates from cigarettes made with low nitrosamine flue-cured tobacco. Paper presented at CORESTA Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, CORESTA Congress Inf Bull Paper ST23; 2000. p. 168.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.