Crustacea in Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice: Distribution, Diet and Life History Strategies

Advances in Marine Biology

Volumn 51, Issue , 2006, Pages 197-315

  Arndt, Carolin E ^a,b,c,d   Swadling, Kerrie M ^a,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY CENTRE IN SVALBARD   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^d World Climate Research Programme   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ICE; SEA WATER;

CRUSTACEAN; HABITAT; LIFE HISTORY; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; SEA ICE;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL DISEASE; ANTARCTICA; ARCTIC; BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; CLASSIFICATION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CRUSTACEA; DEMOGRAPHY; DIET; ENVIRONMENT; PHYSIOLOGY; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; SEA;

ANIMALS; ANTARCTIC REGIONS; ARCTIC REGIONS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; CRUSTACEA; DEMOGRAPHY; DIET; ENVIRONMENT; ICE; OCEANS AND SEAS; REPRODUCTION; SEAWATER;

ARCTIC OCEAN; SOUTHERN OCEAN;

AMPHIPODA; CALANOIDA; CETACEA; COPEPODA; CRUSTACEA; CYCLOPOIDA; EUPHAUSIIDAE; HARPACTICOIDA;

EID: 33746934188     PISSN: 00652881     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2881(06)51004-1     Document Type: Review

References (333)

1. Aarset A.V. AMERIEZ 1986: Under-ice fauna from the Weddell Sea-responses to low temperature and osmotic stress. Antarctic Journal of the United States 22 (1987) 170-171
2. Aarset A.V. The ecophysiology of under-ice fauna. Polar Research 10 (1991) 309-324
3. Aarset A.V., and Aunaas T. Osmotic responses to hyposmotic stress in the amphipods Gammarus wilkitzkii, Onisimus glacialis and Parathemisto libellula from Arctic waters. Polar Biology 7 (1987) 189-193
4. Aarset A.V., and Aunaas T. Metabolic responses of the sympagic amphipods Gammarus wilkitzkii and Onisimus glacialis to acute temperature variations. Marine Biology 107 (1990) 433-438
5. Aarset A.V., and Torres J.J. Cold resistance and metabolic responses to salinity variations in the amphipod Eusirus antarcticus and the krill Euphausia superba. Polar Biology 9 (1989) 491-497
6. Aarset A.V., and Zachariassen K.E. Low temperature tolerance and osmotic regulation of the amphipod Gammarus oceanicus from Spitsbergen waters. Polar Research 6 (1988) 35-41
7. Abu-Rezq T.W., Yule A.B., and Teng S.K. Ingestion, fecundity, growth rates and culture of the harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe furcata, in the laboratory. Hydrobiologia 347 (1997) 109-118
8. Ackley S.F., and Sullivan C.W. Physical controls on the development and characteristics of Antarctic sea ice biological communities-a review and synthesis. Deep-Sea Research I 41 (1994) 1583-1604
9. Albers C.S., Kattner G., and Hagen W. The composition of wax esters, triacylglycerols and phospholipids in Arctic and Antarctic copepods: Evidence of energetic adaptations. Marine Chemistry 55 (1996) 347-358
10. Andriashev A.P. The problem of the life community associated with the Antarctic fast ice. In: Currie R.I. (Ed). "Symposium on Antarctic Oceanography" (1968), W Heffer & Son, Cambridge 147-155
11. Arndt C.E. Feeding ecology of the Arctic ice-amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii-physiological, morphological and ecological studies. Reports on Polar and Marine Research 405 (2002) 1-74
12. Arndt C.E. Ecosystem dynamics in arctic sea ice: The impact of physical and biological processes on the occurrence and distribution of sympagic amphipods (2004), University Centre on Svalbard, Norway Ph.D. Thesis
13. Arndt C.E., and Beuchel F. Life cycle and population dynamics of the Arctic sympagic amphipods Onisimus nanseni SARS and O. glacialis SARS (Grammaridea: Lysianassidae). Polar Biology 29 (2006) 239-248
14. Arndt C.E., and Pavlova O. Origin and fate of ice fauna in the Fram Strait and Svalbard area. Marine Ecology Progress Series 301 (2005) 55-66
15. Arndt C.E., Kanapathippillai P., Kluge R., and Krapp R. Abundance of sympagic amphipods north of Svalbard considering the ice conditions. In: Lønne O.J. (Ed). "Report of AB-310 Course at UNIS 2000" (2000), Longyearbyen 1-23. Available at www.unis.no
16. Arndt C.E., Fernandez-Leborans G., Seuthe L., Berge J., and Gulliksen B. Ciliated epibionts on the Arctic sympagic amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii as indicators for sympago-benthic coupling. Marine Biology 147 (2005) 643-652
17. Arndt C.E., Berge J., and Brandt A. Mouthpart-atlas of Arctic sympagic amphipods-trophic niche separation based on mouthpart morphology and feeding ecology. Journal of Crustacean Biology 25 (2005) 401-412
18. Arrigo K.R. Primary production in sea ice. In: Thomas D.N., and Dieckmann G.S. (Eds). "Sea Ice: An Introduction to Its Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Ecology" (2003), Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 143-183
19. Atkinson A. Life cycle strategies of epipelagic copepods in the Southern Ocean. Journal of Marine Systems 15 (1998) 289-311
20. Atkinson A., and Snÿder R. Krill-copepod interactions at South Georgia, Antarctica, I. Omnivory by Euphausia superba. Marine Ecology Progress Series 160 (1997) 63-76
21. Atkinson A., Meyer B., Stübing D., Hagen W., Schmidt K., and Bathmann U.V. Feeding and energy budgets of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba at the onset of winter-II. Juveniles and adults. Limnology and Oceanography 47 (2002) 953-966
22. Atkinson A., Siegel V., Pakhomov E., and Rothery P. Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature 432 (2004) 100-103
23. Auel H., and Werner I. Feeding, respiration and life history of the hyperiid amphipod Themisto libellula in the Arctic marginal ice zone of the Greenland Sea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 296 (2003) 183-197
24. Auel H., Harjes M., da Rocha R., Stübing D., and Hagen W. Lipid biomarkers indicate different ecological niches and trophic relationships of the Arctic hyperiid amphipods Themisto abyssorum and T. libellula. Polar Biology 25 (2002) 374-383
25. Auel H., Klages M., and Werner I. Respiration and lipid content of the Arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus overwintering 1 m above seafloor at 2300 m water depth in the Fram Strait. Polar Biology 143 (2003) 275-282
26. Averintzev V.G. Cryopelagic life at Franz Josef Land. "Environment and Ecosystems of the Frans Josef Land (Archipelago and Shelf)" (1993), Apatity, Kola Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Science 171-186
27. Barnard J.L. Epipelagic and under-ice Amphipoda of the central Arctic Basin. Scientific Studies at Fletcher's Ice Island T-3, 1952-1955. Geophysical Research Paper 63 (1959) 115-153
28. Bates S.S. Amnesic shellfish poisoning: Domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms. Aqua Info Aquaculture Notes 16 (2004) 1-4
29. Bathmann U.V., Makarov R.R., Spiridonov V.A., and Rohardt G. Winter distribution and overwintering strategies of the Antarctic copepod species Calanoides acutus, Rhincalanus gigas and Calanus propinquus (Crustacea, Calanoida) in the Weddell Sea. Polar Biology 13 (1993) 333-346
30. Bayly I.A.E. The occurrence of Paralabidocera antarctica (I. C. Thompson) (Copepoda: Calanoida: Acartiidae) in an Antarctic saline lake. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 29 (1978) 817-824
31. Bergmans M., Dahms H.-U., and Schminke H.K. An r-strategist in Antarctic pack ice. Oecologia 86 (1991) 305-309
32. Beuchel F., and Lønne O.J. Population dynamics of the sympagic amphipods Gammarus wilkitzkii and Apherusa glacialis in sea ice north of Svalbard. Polar Biology 25 (2002) 241-250
33. Beuchel F., Borgå K., Karlsson S., and Lilleøkdal G. Distribution of the sympagic fauna at three different locations north of Svalbard. In: Lønne O.J. (Ed). "Report of AB-310 course at UNIS 1998" (1998), Longyearbyen 1-31. Available at www.unis.no
34. Blome D., and Riemann F. Antarctic sea ice nematodes, with description of Geomonhystera glaciei sp. nov. (Monhysteridae). Mitteilung des Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum Instituts 96 (1999) 15-20
35. Boysen-Ennen E., and Piatkowski U. Meso- and macrozooplankton communities in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biology 9 (1988) 17-35
36. Boysen-Ennen E., Hagen W., Hubold G., and Piatkowski U. Zooplankton biomass in the ice-covered Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Marine Biology 111 (1991) 227-235
37. Bradford J.M. Sea ice organisms and their importance to the Antarctic ecosystem (Review). Antarctic Record 1 (1978) 43-50
38. Bradstreet M.S.W. Occurrence, habitat use, and behavior of seabirds, marine mammals, and arctic cod at the Pond Inlet ice edge. Arctic 35 (1982) 28-40
39. Bradstreet M.S.W., and Cross W.E. Trophic relationships at high Arctic ice edges. Arctic 35 (1982) 1-12
40. Brierley A.S., and Thomas D.N. Ecology of Southern Ocean pack ice. Advances in Marine Biology 43 (2002) 171-277
41. Brierley A.S., Demer D.A., Watkins J.L., and Hewitt R.P. Concordance of interannual fluctuations in acoustically estimated densities of Antarctic krill around South Georgia and Elephant Island: Biological evidence of same-year teleconnections across the Scotia Sea. Marine Biology 134 (1999) 675-681
42. Brierley A.S., Fernandez P.G., Brandon M.A., Armstrong F., Millard N.W., McPhail S.D., Stevenson P., Pebody M., Perrett J., Squires M., Bone D.G., and Griffiths G. Antarctic krill under sea ice: Elevated abundance in a narrow band just south of ice edge. Science 295 (2002) 1890-1892
43. Brinton E., and Townsend A.W. Development rates and habitat shifts in the Antarctic neritic euphausiid Euphausia crystallorophias, 1986-87. Deep Sea Research 38 (1991) 1195-1211
44. Brodsky K.A., and Zvereva J.A. Paralabidocera separabilis sp. n. and P. antarctica (J. C. Thompson) (Copepoda, Calanoida) from Antarctica. Crustaceana 31 (1976) 233-240
45. Budd W.F., and Wu X. Modelling long term global and Antarctic changes resulting from increased greenhouse gases. In: Meighen P.J. (Ed). "Coupled Climate Modelling". Australia, Research Report 69 (1998), Bureau of Meteorology, Canberra 71-74
46. Bunt J.S. Diatoms of Antarctic sea ice as agents of primary production. Nature 199 (1963) 1255-1257
47. Bunt J.S., and Wood E.J.F. Microalgae and Antarctic sea-ice. Nature 199 (1963) 1254-1255
48. Burghart S.E., Hopkins T.L., Vargo G.A., and Torres J.J. Effects of a rapidly receding ice edge on the abundance, age structure and feeding of three dominant calanoid copepods in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biology 22 (1999) 279-288
49. Cairns A.A. The zooplankton of Tanquary Fjord, Ellesmere Island, with special reference to the calanoid copepods. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 24 (1967) 555-568
50. Carey Jr. A.G. Marine ice fauna: Arctic. In: Horner R.A. (Ed). "Sea Ice Biota" (1985), CRC Press, Florida 173-190
51. Carey Jr. A.G. The ice fauna in the shallow southwestern Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean. Journal of Marine Systems 3 (1992) 225-236
52. Carey Jr. A.G., and Montagna P.A. Arctic sea ice faunal assemblage: First approach to description and source of the underice meiofauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series 8 (1982) 1-8
53. Comiso J.C. A rapidly declining perennial sea ice cover in the Arctic. Geophysical Research Letters 29 (2002) 17.1-17.4
54. Comiso J.C. Large-scale characteristics and variability of the global sea ice cover. In: Thomas D.N., and Dieckmann G.S. (Eds). "Sea Ice: An Introduction to Its Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Ecology" (2003), Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 112-142
55. Conover R.J., and Huntley M. Copepods in ice-covered seas-distribution, adaptations to seasonally limited food, metabolism, growth patterns and life cycle strategies in polar seas. Journal of Marine Systems 2 (1991) 1-41
56. Conover R.J., and Siferd T.D. Dark-season survival strategies of coastal zone zooplankton in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic 4 (1993) 303-311
57. Conover R.J., Herman A.W., Preusenberg S.S., and Harris L.R. Distribution of and feeding by the copepod Pseudocalanus under fast ice during the arctic spring. Science 232 (1986) 1245-1247
58. Conover R.J., Bedo A.W., Hermann A.W., Head E.J.H., Harris L.R., and Horne E.P.W. Never trust a copepod-some observations on their behaviour in the Canadian Arctic. Bulletin of Marine Science 43 (1988) 650-662
59. Conover R.J., Harris L.R., and Bedo A.W. Copepods in cold oligotrophic waters-how do they cope?. Bulletin of the Plankton Society of Japan 38 (1991) 177-199
60. Corkett C.J., and McLaren I.A. The biology of Pseudocalanus. Advances in Marine Biology 15 (1978) 1-231
61. Costanzo G., Zagami G., Crescenti N., and Granata A.I. Naupliar development of Stephos longipes (Copepoda: Calanoida) from the annual sea ice of Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Journal of Crustacean Biology 22 (2002) 855-860
62. Cota G., Legendre L., Gosselin M., and Ingram R.G. Ecology of bottom ice algae: I. Environmental controls and variability. Journal of Marine Systems 2 (1991) 257-278
63. Cross W.E. Under-ice biota at the Pond Inlet ice edge and in adjacent fast ice areas during spring. Arctic 35 (1982) 13-27
64. Dahms H.-U., and Quian P.-Y. Life histories of the Harpacticoida (Copepoda, Crustacea): A comparison with meiofauna and macrofauna. Journal of Natural History 38 (2004) 1725-1734
65. Dahms H.-U., Bergmans M., and Schminke H.K. Distribution and adaptations of sea ice inhabiting Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Marine Ecology 11 (1990) 207-226
66. Dalpadado P., Borkner N., Bogstad B., and Mehl S. Distribution of Themisto (Amphipoda) spp. in the Barents Sea and predator-prey interactions. Journal of Marine Science 58 (2001) 876-895
67. Daly K.L. Overwintering development, growth, and feeding of larval Euphausia superba in the Antarctic marginal ice zone. Limnology and Oceanography 35 (1990) 1564-1576
68. Daly K.L. Overwintering, growth and development of larval Euphausia superba: An interannual comparison under varying environmental conditions west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Deep-Sea Research II 51 (2004) 2139-2168
69. Daly K.L., and Macaulay M.C. Influence of physical and biological mesoscale dynamics on the seasonal distribution and behaviour of Euphausia superba in the Antarctic marginal ice zone. Marine Ecology Progress Series 79 (1991) 37-66
70. Dauby P., Scailteur Y., and De Broyer C. Trophic diversity within the eastern Weddell Sea amphipod community. Hydrobiologia 443 (2001) 69-86
71. De Broyer C., Scailteur Y., Chapelle G., and Rauschert M. Diversity of epibenthic habitats of gammaridean amphipods in the eastern Weddell Sea. Polar Biology 24 (2001) 744-753
72. de la Mare W.K. Abrupt mid-twentieth-century decline in Antarctic sea-ice extent from whaling records. Nature 389 (1997) 57-60
73. Delgado J.R., Jaña R., and Marin V. Testing hypotheses on life-cycle models for Antarctic calanoid copepods, using qualitative, winter, zooplankton samples. Polar Biology 20 (1998) 74-76
74. Demers S., Legendre L., Maestrini S., Rochet M., and Ingram R.G. Nitrogenous nutrition of sea-ice microalgae. Polar Biology 9 (1989) 377-383
75. Dhargalkar V.K., Burton H.R., and Kirkwood J.M. Animal associations with the dominant species of shallow water macrophytes along the coastline of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Hydrobiologia 165 (1988) 141-150
76. Dieckmann G.S., and Hellmer H.H. The importance of sea ice: An overview. In: Thomas D.N., and Dieckmann G.S. (Eds). "Sea Ice: An introduction to Its Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Ecology" (2003), Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 1-22
77. Dieckmann G.S., Arrigo K.R., and Sullivan C.W. A high-resolution sampler for nutrient and chlorophyll a profiles of the sea ice platelet layer and underlying water column below fast ice in polar oceans: Preliminary results. Marine Ecology Progress Series 80 (1992) 291-300
78. Diel S. Zur Lebensgeschichte dominanter Copepodenarten (Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis, C. hyperboreus, Metridia longa) in der Framstraße. Reports on Polar Research 88 (1991) 133
79. Drobysheva S.S. Degree of isolation of Thysanoessa inermis (Krøyer) and Th. raschii (M. Sars) (Crustacea, Euphausiacea) populations in the southern Barents Sea. International Council for Exploration of the Sea 19 (1982) 21 CM/1982 L:
80. Duquense S., Riddle M.J., Schulz K.L., and Liess M. Effects of contaminants in the Antarctic environment-potential of the gammarid crustacean Paramoera walkeri as a biological indicator for Antarctic ecosystems based on toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper and cadmium. Aquatic Toxicology 49 (2000) 131-143
81. Eiane K., and Daase M. Observations of mass mortality of Themisto libellula (Amphipoda, Hyperidae). Polar Biology 25 (2002) 396-398
82. Eicken H., and Lange M.A. Development and properties of sea ice in the coastal regime of the southeastern Weddell Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 94 (1989) 8193-8206
83. Einarsson H. Euphausiacea. I. Northern Atlantic species. Dana Report (1945) No. 27
84. El-Sayed S.Z. Biological aspects of the pack ice ecosystem. In: Deacon G.E.R. (Ed). "Symposium on Antarctic Ice and Water Masses" (1971), Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Cambridge 35-54
85. Evans F. Seasonal density and production estimates of the commoner planktonic copepods of Northumberland coastal waters. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 5 (1977) 223-241
86. Everson I. "Krill: Biology, Ecology and Fisheries" (2000), Blackwell, Oxford
87. Falk-Petersen S., Sargent J.R., and Tande K. Food pathways and life strategy in relation to the lipid composition of sub-Arctic zooplankton. Polar Biology 8 (1987) 115-120
88. Falk-Petersen S., Hopkins C., and Sargent J.R. Trophic relationships in the pelagic, Arctic food web. In: Barnes M., and Gibson R.N. (Eds). "Trophic Relationships in the Marine Environment". "Proceedings of the 24th European Marine Biological Symposium" (1990), Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen 315-333
89. Falk-Petersen S., Hagen W., Kattner G., Clarke A., and Sargent J.R. Lipids, trophic relationships, and biodiversity in Arctic and Antarctic krill. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 57 (2000) 179-191
90. Feder H.M., and Lewett S.C. Feeding interaction in the eastern Bering Sea with emphasis on the benthos. In: Hood D.W., and Calder J. (Eds). "The eastern Bering Sea shelf: Oceanography and Resources, Vol. II" (1981), University of Washington Press, Seattle 1229-1261
91. Fortier L., Fortier M., and Demers S. Zooplankton and larval fish community development: Comparative study under first-year sea ice at low and high latitudes in the northern hemisphere. Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology 8 (1995) 11-19
92. Fortier M., Fortier L., Hattori H., Saito H., and Legendre L. Visual predators and the diel vertical migration of copepods under Arctic sea ice during the midnight sun. Journal of Plankton Research 23 (2001) 1263-1278
93. Foster B.A. Composition and abundance of zooplankton under the spring sea-ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Polar Biology 8 (1987) 41-48
94. Fransz H.G. Vernal abundance, structure and development of epipelagic copepod populations of the eastern Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biology 9 (1988) 107-114
95. Fraser W.R., and Hofmann E.E. A predator's perspective on causal links between climate change, physical forcing and ecosystem response. Marine Ecology Progress Series 265 (2003) 1-15
96. Frazer T.K., Quetin L.B., and Ross R.M. Abundance, sizes and development of larval krill, Euphausia superba, during winter in ice-covered seas west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Plankton Research 24 (2002) 1067-1077
97. Friedrich C. Ökologische Untersuchungen zur Fauna des arktischen Meereises (Ecological investigations on the fauna of the Arctic sea-ice). Berichte zur Polarforschung 246 (1997) 211
98. Gallienne C.P., and Robins D.B. Is Oithona the most important copepod in the world's oceans. Journal of Plankton Research 23 (2001) 1421-1432
99. Garrison D.L. Antarctic sea ice biota. American Zoologist 31 (1991) 17-33
100. Garrison D.L., and Buck K.R. The biota of Antarctic pack ice in the Weddell Sea and Antarctic Peninsula regions. Polar Biology 10 (1989) 211-219
101. George R.Y., and Paul A.Z. "USC-FSU-Biological Investigations from the Fletcher's Ice Island T-3 on Deep-Sea and Under-Ice Benthos of the Arctic Ocean" (1970), University of Southern California, Department of Biological Sciences, Los Angeles
102. Gibson J.A.E., Swadling K.M., and Burton H.R. Interannual variation in dominant phytoplankton species and biomass near Davis Station, East Antarctica. Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology 10 (1997) 78-90
103. Gloersen P., Campbell W.J., Cavalieri D., Comiso J.C., Parkinson C.L., and Zwally H.J. Satellite passive microwave observations and analysis of arctic and Antarctic sea ice, 1978-1987. Annals of Glaciology 17 (1993) 149-154
104. Golikov A.N., and Scarlato O.A. Comparative characteristics of some ecosystems of the upper regions of the shelf in tropical, temperate and Arctic waters. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24 (1973) 219-234
105. Gonzalez H., and Smetacek V. The possible role of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona in retarding vertical flux of zooplankton material. Marine Ecology Progress Series 113 (1994) 233-246
106. Gradinger R. Integrated abundance and biomass of sympagic meiofauna in Arctic and Antarctic pack ice. Polar Biology 22 (1999) 169-177
107. Gradinger R., and Bluhm B. In-situ observations on the distribution and behavior of amphipods and Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) under the sea ice of the High Arctic Canada Basin. Polar Biology 27 (2004) 595-603
108. Gradinger R., Spindler M., and Henschel D. Development of Arctic sea ice organisms under graded snow cover. Polar Research 10 (1991) 295-307
109. Gradinger R., Friedrich C., and Spindler M. Abundance, biomass and composition of the sea ice biota of the Greenland Sea pack ice. Deep-Sea Research II 46 (1999) 1457-1472
110. Graeve M., Kattner G., and Piepenburg D. Lipids in Arctic benthos: Does the fatty acid and alcohol composition reflect feeding and trophic interactions. Polar Biology 18 (1997) 53-61
111. Grainger E.H., and Hsiao S.I.C. Trophic relationships of the sea ice meiofauna in Frobisher Bay, Arctic Canada. Polar Biology 10 (1990) 283-292
112. Grainger E.H., and Mohammed A.A. High salinity tolerance in sea ice copepods. Ophelia 31 (1990) 177-185
113. Grainger E.H., Mohammed A.A., and Lovrity J.E. The sea ice fauna of the Frobisher Bay, Arctic Canada. Arctic 38 (1985) 23-30
114. Green J.M., and Steele D.H. "Observations on Marine Life Beneath Sea Ice, Resolute Bay, N.W.T. Proceedings of the Circumpolar Conference on Northern Ecology, Ottawa, 1975" (1977), National Research Council Canada
115. Grønvik W., and Hopkins C.C.E. Ecological investigations of the zooplankton community of Balsfjorden, Northern Norway: Generation cycle, seasonal vertical distribution, and seasonal variations in body weight and carbon and nitrogen content of the copepod Metridia longa (Lubbock). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 80 (1984) 93-107
116. Gruzov E.N. Seasonal alterations in coastal communities in the Davis Sea. In: Llano G.A. (Ed). "Adaptations within Antarctic Ecosystems" (1977), Gulf Publishing Co, Houston 263-278
117. Gruzov Y.N., Propp M.V., and Pushkin A.F. Biological associations of coastal areas of the Davis Sea (based on the observations of divers). Soviet Antarctic Expedition Information Bulletin 6 (1967) 523-533
118. Gruzov Y.N., Propp M.V., and Pushkin A.F. Hydrobiological diving work in the Antarctic. Soviet Antarctic Expedition Information Bulletin 6 (1968) 405-408
119. Gulliksen B. Under-ice fauna from Svalbard waters. Sarsia 69 (1984) 17-23
120. Gulliksen B., and Lønne O.J. Distribution, abundance, and ecological importance of marine sympagic fauna in the Arctic. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 188 (1989) 133-138
121. Gulliksen B., and Lønne O.J. Sea ice macrofauna in the Antarctic and the Arctic. Journal of Marine Systems 2 (1991) 53-61
122. Gulliksen B., Palerud R., Brattegard T., and Sneli J.-A. "Distribution of marine benthic macro-organisms at Svalbard (including Bear Island) and Jan Mayen" (1999), Directorate for Nature Management Research Report for DN 1999-4.
123. Günther S., George K.H., and Gleitz M. High sympagic metazoan abundance in platelet layers at Drescher Inlet, Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biology 22 (1999) 82-89
124. Gurjanova E.F. "Beach Hoppers of the Seas of the USSR and Adjacent Waters (Amphipoda: Gammaridea)" (1951), Fauna USSR, Academy of Science of the USSR, Moscow
125. Hagen W. Zur Bedeutung der Lipide im antarktischen Zooplankton (on the significance of lipids in Antarctic zooplankton). Berichte zur Polarforschung 49 (1988) 1-129
126. Hagen W., and Schnack-Schiel S.B. Seasonal lipid dynamics in dominant Antarctic copepods: Energy for overwintering or reproduction?. Deep-Sea Research I 43 (1996) 139-158
127. Hagen W., Kattner G., and Graeve M. Calanoides acutus and Calanus propinquus, Antarctic copepods with different lipid storage modes via wax esters or triacylglycerols. Marine Ecology Progress Series 97 (1993) 135-142
128. Hagen W., Kattner G., Terbrüggen A., and VanVleet E.S. Lipid metabolism of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. Marine Biology 139 (2001) 95-104
129. Hall M.O., and Bell S.S. Meiofauna on the seagrass Thalassia testudinum-population characteristics of harpacticoid copepods and associations with algal epiphytes. Marine Biology 116 (1993) 137-146
130. Hamner W.M., Hamner P.P., Strand S.W., and Gilmer R.W. Behaviour of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba: Chemoreception, feeding, schooling, and molting. Science 220 (1983) 433-435
131. Hamner W.M., Hamner P.P., Obst B.S., and Carleton J.H. Field observations on the ontogeny of schooling of Euphausia superba furciliae and its relationship to ice in Antarctic waters. Limnology and Oceanography 34 (1989) 451-456
132. Harrington S.A., and Thomas P.G. Observations on spawning by Euphausia crystallorophias from waters adjacent to Enderby Land (East Antarctica) and speculations on the early ontogenetic ecology of neritic euphausiids. Polar Biology 7 (1987) 93-95
133. Hempel I., and Hempel G. Field observations on the developmental ascent of larval Euphausia superba (Crustacea). Polar Biology 6 (1986) 121-126
134. Herman Y., and Hopkins D. Arctic Ocean climate in late Cenozoic time. Science 209 (1980) 557-562
135. Hicks G., and Coull B. The ecology of marine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 21 (1983) 67-175
136. Hirche H.-J. Life cycle of the copepod Calanus hyperboreus in the Greenland Sea. Marine Biology 128 (1997) 607-618
137. Hirche H.-J., and Kattner G. Egg production and lipid content of Calanus glacialis in spring: Indication of a food-dependent and food-independent reproductive mode. Marine Biology 117 (1993) 615-622
138. Hirche H.-J., and Niehoff B. Reproduction of the Arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus in the Greenland Sea-field and laboratory observations. Polar Biology 16 (1996) 209-219
139. Hofmann E.E., Wiebe P.H., Costa D.P., and Torres J.J. Integrated ecosystem studies of western Antarctica Peninsula continental shelf waters and related southern ocean regions. Deep-Sea Research II 51 (2004) 1921-2344
140. Holloway G., and Sou T. Is Arctic sea ice rapidly thinning?. Ice and Climate News 1 (2001). Available online at acsys.npolar.no/news/2001/No1_p2.htm
141. Holt E.W., and Tattersall W.M. Preliminary notice of the Schizopoda collected by H.M.S. Discovery in the Antarctic Region. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 (1906) 1-11
142. Hop H., Poltermann M., Lønne O.J., Falk-Petersen S., Krosnes R., and Budgell W.P. Ice amphipod distribution relative to ice density and under-ice topography in the northern Barents Sea. Polar Biology 23 (2000) 357-367
143. Hopkins T.L. Food web of an Antarctic midwater ecosystem. Marine Biology 89 (1985) 197-212
144. Hopkins T. Midwater food web in McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Marine Biology 96 (1987) 93-106
145. Hopkins C.C.E., Tande K.S., Gronvik S., and Sargent J.R. Ecological investigations of the zooplankton community of Balsfjorden, northern Norway: An analysis of growth and overwintering tactics in relation to niche and environment in Metridia longa (Lubbock), Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus), Thysanoessa inermis (Krøyer) and T. rashi (M. Sars). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 82 (1984) 77-99
146. Horner R.A. "Sea Ice Biota" (1985), CRC Press, Florida
147. Horner R., Ackley S.F., Dieckmann G.S., Gulliksen B., Hoshiai T., Legendre L., Melnikov I.A., Reeburgh W.S., Spindler M., and Sullivan C.W. Ecology of sea ice biota 1. Habitat, terminology and methodology. Polar Biology 12 (1992) 417-427
148. Hoshiai T., and Tanimura A. Sea ice meiofauna at Syowa Station, Antarctica. Memoirs of the National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue 44 (1986) 118-124
149. Hoshiai T., Tanimura A., and Watanabe K. Ice algae as food of an Antarctic ice-associated copepod, Paralabidocera antarctica (I. C. Thompson). Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology 1 (1987) 105-111
150. Hoshiai T., Tanimura A., Fukuchi M., and Watanabe K. Feeding by the nototheniid fish, Pagothenia borchgrevinki on the ice-associated copepod, Paralabidocera antarctica. Proceedings of the National Institute of Polar Research Symposium on Polar Biology 2 (1989) 61-64
151. Ikeda T. Preliminary observations on the development of the larvae of Euphausia crystallorophias Holt and Tattersall in the laboratory (extended abstract). Memoirs of the National Institute of Polar Research Special Issue 40 (1986) 183-186
152. Ikeda T., and Dixon P. Body shrinkage as a possible over-wintering mechanism of the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba Dana. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 62 (1982) 143-151
153. Ikeda T., and Kirkwood R. Metabolism and body composition of two euphausiids (Euphausia superba and E. crystallorophias) collected from under the pack-ice off Enderby Land, Antarctica. Marine Biology 100 (1989) 301-308
154. Johnson G.L. Morphology and plate tectonics: The modern polar oceans. In: Bleil U., and Thiede J. (Eds). "Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic" (1990), North Atlantic Treaty Organization, ASI Series C 11-28
155. Johnson M.W., and Olson J.B. The life history and biology of a marine harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe furcata (Baird). Biological Bulletin 95 (1948) 320-332
156. Jones R.H., and Flynn K.J. Nutritional status and diet composition affect the value of diatoms as copepod prey. Science 307 (2005) 1457-1459
157. Ju S.-J., and Harvey H.R. Lipids as markers of nutritional condition and diet in the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba and Euphausia crystallorophias during austral winter. Deep-Sea Research II 51 (2004) 2199-2214
158. Kattner G., and Hagen W. Polar herbivorous copepods-different pathways in lipid biosynthesis. ICES Journal of Marine Science 52 (1995) 329-335
159. Kattner G., and Hagen W. Lipid metabolism of the Antarctic euphausiid Euphausia crystallorophias and its ecological implications. Marine Ecology Progress Series 170 (1998) 203-213
160. Kattner G., Graeve M., and Hagen W. Ontogenetic and seasonal changes in lipid and fatty acid/alcohol compositions of the dominant Antarctic copepods Calanus propinquus, Calanoides acutus and Rhincalanus gigas. Marine Biology 118 (1994) 637-644
161. Kattner G., Albers C., Graeve M., and Schnack-Schiel S.B. Fatty acid and alcohol composition of the small polar copepods, Oithona and Oncaea: Indication on feeding modes. Polar Biology 26 (2003) 666-671
162. In: Kawaguchi S., and Nicol S. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Understanding Living Krill for Improved Management and Stock Assessment. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 36 (2003) 1-307
163. Kern J.C., and Carey Jr. A.G. The faunal assemblage inhabiting seasonal sea ice in the nearshore Arctic Ocean with emphasis on copepods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 10 (1983) 159-167
164. Kirkwood J.M. Zooplankton community dynamics and diel vertical migration in Ellis Fjord, Vestfold Hills, Antarctica (1993), Monash University, Victoria, Australia PhD thesis
165. Kirkwood J.M. The developmental rate of Euphausia crystallorophias larvae in Ellis Fjord, Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Polar Biology 16 (1996) 527-530
166. Kirkwood J.M., and Burton H.R. Three new zooplankton nets designed for under-ice sampling; with preliminary results of collections made from Ellis Fjord, Antarctica during 1985. Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology 1 (1987) 112-122
167. Kittel W., and Ligowski R. Algae found in the food of Euphausia crystallorophias (Crustacea). Polish Polar Research 1 (1980) 129-137
168. Klekowski R.Z., and Weslawski J.M. "Atlas of the Marine Fauna of Southern Spitsbergen". "Invertebrates, Part I" Vol. 2 (1991), Polish Academy of Science, Gdansk
169. Kotwicki L. Benthic Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the Svalbard archipelago. Polish Polar Research 23 (2002) 185-191
170. Krembs C., Mock T., and Gradinger R. A mesocosm study of physical-biological interactions in artificial sea ice: Effects of brine channel surface evolution and brine movement on algal biomass. Polar Biology 24 (2001) 356-364
171. Krembs C., Tuschling K., and Juterzenka K.V. The topography of the ice-water interface-its influence on the colonization of sea ice by algae. Polar Biology 25 (2002) 106-117
172. Kurbjeweit F. Reproduktion und Lebenszyklen dominanter Copepodenarten aus dem Weddellmeer, Antarktis (reproduction and life cycles of dominant copepod species from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica). Berichte zur Polarforschung 129 (1993) 1-238
173. Kurbjeweit F., Gradinger R., and Weissenberger J. The life cycle of Stephos longipes-an example of cryopelagic coupling in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Marine Ecology Progress Series 98 (1993) 255-262
174. Lee R.F. Lipids of arctic zooplankton. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 51 (1975) 263-266
175. Liess M., Champeau O., Riddle M.J., Schulz R., and Duquense S. Combined effects of ultraviolet-B radiation and food shortage on the sensitivity of the Antarctic amphipod Paramoera walkeri to copper. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20 (2001) 2088-2092
176. Loeb V., Siegel V., Holm-Hansen O., Hewitt R., Fraser W., Trivelpiece W., and Trivelpiece S. Effects of sea ice extent and krill or salp dominance on the Antarctic food web. Nature 387 (1997) 897-900
177. Lønne O.J. A diver-operated electric suction sampler for sympagic (= under-ice) invertebrates. Polar Research 6 (1988) 135-136
178. Lønne O.J., and Gulliksen B. On the distribution of sympagic macro-fauna in the seasonally ice covered Barents Sea. Polar Biology 11 (1991) 457-469
179. Lønne O.J., and Gulliksen B. Sympagic macro-fauna from multiyear sea-ice near Svalbard. Polar Biology 11 (1991) 471-477
180. Lubin D., and Massom R. "Polar Remote Sensing: Atmosphere and Polar Oceans" (2005), Springer Praxis Books, Berlin (Germany) and Chichester (UK)
181. MacLellan D.C. The annual cycle of certain calanoid species in West Greenland. Canadian Journal of Zoology 45 (1967) 101-105
182. In: Mangel M., and Nicol S. (Eds). Proceedings of the Second International Krill Symposium, Santa Cruz, California, August 1999. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Supplement 3 (2000) 1-202
183. Marr J.W.S. The natural history and geography of the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana). Discovery Reports 32 (1962) 33-464
184. Marschall H.-P. The overwintering strategy of Antarctic krill under the pack-ice of the Weddell Sea. Polar Biology 9 (1988) 129-135
185. Matthews J.B.L., Hestad L., and Bakke J.L.W. Ecological studies in Korsfjorden, Western Norway. The generations and stocks of Calanus hyperboreus and C. finmarchicus in 1971-1974. Oceanologica Acta 1 (1978) 277-284
186. Mauchline J. The biology of calanoid copepods. Advances in Marine Biology 33 (1998) 1-710
187. Maykut G.A. The ice environment. In: Horner R.A. (Ed). "Sea Ice Biota" (1985), CRC Press, Florida 21-82
188. Mayzaud P., Albessard E., and Cuzin-Roudy J. Changes in lipid composition of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba in the Indian sector of the Antarctic Ocean: Influence of geographical location, sexual maturity stage and distribution among organs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 173 (1998) 149-162
189. McAllen R., and Block W. Aspects of the cryobiology of the intertidal harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus brevicornis (O. F. Müller). Cryobiology 35 (1997) 309-317
190. McConville M.J., Mitchell C., and Wetherbee R. Patterns of carbon assimilation in a microalgal community from annual sea ice, East Antarctica. Polar Biology 4 (1985) 135-141
191. McGrath-Grossi S., Kottmeier S.T., Mo R.L., Taylor G.T., and Sullivan C.W. Sea ice microbial communities. VI. Growth and primary production in bottom ice under graded snow cover. Marine Ecology Progress Series 35 (1987) 153-164
192. McLaren I.A. Population and production ecology of zooplankton in Ogac Lake, a landlocked fjord on Baffin Island. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26 (1969) 1485-1559
193. Melnikov I.A. Ecology of Arctic Ocean cryopelagic fauna. In: Hermann Y.E. (Ed). "The Arctic Seas-Climatology, Oceanography, Geology and Biology" (1989), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 235-256
194. Melnikov I.A. "The Arctic Sea Ice Ecosystem" (1997), Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam
195. Melnikov I.A., and Kulikov A.S. The cryopelagic fauna of the central Arctic Basin. In: Vinogradov M.E., and Melnikov I.A. (Eds). "Biology of the Central Arctic Basin" (1980), Nauka, Moscow 97-111
196. Melnikov I.A., Kolosova E.G., Welch H.E., and Zhitina L.S. Sea ice biological communities and nutrient dynamics in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 49 (2002) 1623-1649
197. Menshenina L.L., and Melnikov I.A. Under-ice zooplankton of the western Weddell Sea. Polar Biology 8 (1995) 126-138
198. Metz C. Seasonal variation in the distribution and abundance of Oithona and Oncaea species (Copepoda, Crustacea) in the southeastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biology 15 (1995) 187-194
199. Metz C. Lebensstrategien dominanter antarktischer Oithonidae (Cyclopoida, Copepoda) und Oncaeidae (Poecilostomatoida, Copepoda) im Bellingshausenmeer. (Life strategies of dominant Antarctic Oithonidae (Cyclopoida, Copepoda) and Oncaeidae (Poecilostomatoida, Copepoda) in the Bellingshausen Sea). Berichte zur Polarforschung 207 (1996) 1-109
200. Metz C. Feeding of Oncaea curvata (Poecilostomatoida, Copepoda). Marine Ecology Progress Series 169 (1998) 229-235
201. Metz C., and Schnack-Schiel S.B. Observations on carnivorous feeding in Antarctic calanoid copepods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 129 (1995) 71-75
202. Meyer B., and Oettl B. Effects of short-term starvation on composition and metabolism of larval Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. Marine Ecology Progress Series 292 (2005) 263-270
203. Meyer B., Atkinson A., Stübing D., Oettl B., Hagen W., and Bathmann U.V. Feeding and energy budgets of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba at the onset of winter-I. Furcilia III larvae. Limnology and Oceanography 47 (2002) 943-952
204. Michel C., Nielsen T.G., Nozais C., and Gosselin M. Significance of sedimentation and grazing by ice micro- and meiofauna for carbon cycling in annual sea ice (northern Baffin Bay). Aquatic Microbial Ecology 30 (2002) 57-68
205. Michels J., and Schnack-Schiel S.B. Feeding in dominant Antarctic copepods-does the morphology of the mandibular gnathobases relate to diet?. Marine Biology 146 (2005) 483-495
206. Mohr J.L., and Tibbs J. Ecology of ice substrates. "Proceedings of the Arctic Basin Symposium, October 1962" (1963), Arctic Institute of North America 245-248
207. Montagna P.A., and Carey Jr. A.G. Distributional notes on Harpacticoida (Crustacea: Copepoda) collected from the Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean). Astarte 11 (1978) 117-122
208. Mueller D.R., Vincent W.F., and Jeffries M.O. Break-up of the largest Arctic ice shelf and associated loss of an epishelf lake. Geophysical Research Letters 30 20 (2003) 2031
209. Mumm N. Zur sommerlichen Verteilung des Mesozooplanktons im Nansen-Becken, Nordpolarmeer. Berichte zur Polarforschung 154 (1991) 1-90
210. Nansen F. "Furthest North" (1897), Archibald Constable & Co, London
211. Nicol S. Krill, Antarctic. In: Nierenberg W. (Ed). "Encyclopedia of Environmental Biology" (1995), Academic Press, San Diego 389-402
212. Nicol S., Pauly T., Bindoff N.L., Wright S., Thiele D., Hosie G.W., Strutton P.G., and Woehler E. Ocean circulation off east Antarctica affects ecosystem structure and sea-ice extent. Nature 406 (2000) 504-507
213. Nicol S., Kitchener J., King R., Hosie G.W., and de la Mare W.K. Population structure and condition of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) off East Antarctica (80-150°E) during the austral summer of 1995/96. Deep-Sea Research II 47 (2000) 2489-2518
214. Nicol S., Virtue P., King R., Davenport S.R., McGaffin A.F., and Nichols P. Condition of Euphausia crystallorophias off East Antarctica in winter in comparison to other seasons. Deep-Sea Research II 51 (2004) 2215-2224
215. Niehoff B., Schnack-Schiel S., Cornils A., and Brichta M. Reproductive activity of two dominant Antarctic copepod species, Metridia gerlachei and Ctenocalanus citer, in late autumn in the eastern Bellingshausen Sea. Polar Biology 25 (2002) 583-590
216. Nordhausen W. Winter abundance and distribution of Euphausia superba, E. crystallorophias, and Thysanoessa macrura in Gerlache Strait and Crystal Sound, Antarctica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 109 (1994) 131-142
217. Norrbin M.F., Olsen R.-E., and Tande K.S. Seasonal variation in lipid class and fatty acid composition of two small copepods in Balsfjorden, northern Norway. Marine Biology 105 (1990) 205-211
218. Nozais C., Gosselin M., Michel C., and Tita G. Abundance, biomass, composition and grazing impact of the sea-ice meiofauna in the North Water, northern Baffin Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 217 (2001) 235-250
219. O'Brien D.P. Direct observations of the behaviour of Euphausia superba and Euphausia crystallorophias (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) under pack ice during the Antarctic spring of 1985. Journal of Crustacean Biology 7 (1987) 437-448
220. Ólafsson E., Ingólfsson A., and Steinarsdóttir M.B. Harpacticoid copepod communities of floating seaweed: Controlling factors and implications for dispersal. Hydrobiologia 453/454 (2001) 189-200
221. Paffenhöfer G.-A. An assessment of the effects of diatoms on planktonic copepods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 227 (2002) 305-310
222. Pakhomov E., and Perissinotto R. Antarctic neritic krill Euphausia crystallorophias: Spatio-temporal distribution, growth and grazing rates. Deep Sea Research I 43 (1996) 59-87
223. Palmisano A.C., and Sullivan C.W. Sea ice microbial communities (SIMCO). 1. Distribution, abundance, and primary production of ice microalgae in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica in 1980. Polar Biology 2 (1983) 171-177
224. Parkinson C.L. Variability of Arctic sea ice: The view from space, an 18-year record. Arctic 53 (2000) 341-358
225. Pasternak A.F., and Schnack-Schiel S.B. Feeding patterns of dominant Antarctic copepods: An interplay of diapause, selectivity, and availability of food. Hydrobiologia 453/454 (2001) 25-36
226. Perissinotto R., Gurney L., and Pakhomov E.A. Contribution of heterotrophic material to diet and energy budget of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. Marine Biology 136 (2000) 129-135
227. Pohnert G. Diatom/copepod interactions in plankton: The indirect chemical defense of unicellular algae. ChemBioChem 6 (2005) 946-959
228. Poltermann M. Biologische und ökologische Untersuchungen zur kryopelagischen Amphipodenfauna des arktischen Meereises. Berichte zur Polarforschung 225 (1997) 170
229. Poltermann M. Abundance, biomass and small-scale distribution of cryopelagic amphipods in the Franz Josef Land area (Arctic). Polar Biology 20 (1998) 134-138
230. Poltermann M. Growth, production and productivity of the Arctic sympagic amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii. Marine Ecology Progress Series 193 (2000) 109-116
231. Poltermann M. Arctic sea ice as feeding ground for amphipods-food sources and strategies. Polar Biology 24 (2001) 89-96
232. Poltermann M., Hop H., and Falk-Petersen S. Life under Arctic sea ice-reproduction strategies of two sympagic (ice-associated) amphipod species, Gammarus wilkitzkii and Apherusa glacialis. Marine Biology 136 (2000) 913-920
233. Proshutinsky A.Y., and Johnson M.A. Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (1997) 12493-12514
234. Quetin L.B., and Ross R.M. Episodic recruitment in Antarctic krill Euphausia superba in the Palmer LTER study region. Marine Ecology Progress Series 259 (2003) 185-200
235. Rakusa-Suszczewski S. The biology of Paramoera walkeri Stebbing (Amphipoda) and the Antarctic sub-fast ice community. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii 19 (1972) 11-36
236. Rakusa-Suszczewski S. The biology and metabolism of Orchomene plebs (Hurley, 1965) (Amphipoda: Gammaridea) from McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biology 1 (1982) 47-54
237. Rakusa-Suszczewski S., and Dominas H. Chemical composition of the Antarctic amphipoda Paramoera walkeri Stebbing and chromatographic analysis of its lipids. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii 21 (1974) 261-268
238. Ray C. Stalking seals under Antarctic ice. Geographic Magazine, London 129 (1966) 54-65
239. Razouls S., Razouls C., and de Bovée F. Biodiversity and biogeography of Antarctic copepods. Antarctic Science 12 (2000) 343-362
240. Reid K., and Croxall J.P. Environmental response of upper trophic-level predators reveals a system change in an Antarctic marine ecosystem. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268 (2001) 377-384
241. Reimnitz E., Clayton J.J., Kempema E.W., Payne J.R., and Weber W.S. Interaction of rising frazil with suspended particles: Tank experiments with application to nature. Cold Regions Science Technology 21 (1993) 117-135
242. Richardson M.G., and Whitaker T.M. An Antarctic fast-ice food chain: Observations on the interaction of the amphipod Pontogeneia antarctica Chevreux with ice-associated micro-algae. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 47 (1979) 107-115
243. Rigor I.G., Wallace J.M., and Colony R.L. On the response of sea ice to the Arctic Oscillation. Journal of Climate 15 (2002) 2648-2668
244. Ross J.C. "A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions" (1847), John Murray, London
245. Ross R.M., and Quetin L.B. Euphausia superba: Fecundity and physiological ecology of its eggs and larvae. Antarctic Journal of the United States 17 (1982) 166-167
246. Ross R.M., and Quetin L.B. How productive are Antarctic krill?. BioScience 36 (1986) 264-269
247. Ross R.M., and Quetin L.B. Energetic cost to develop to the first feeding stage of Euphausia superba Dana and the effect of delays in food availability. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 133 (1989) 103-127
248. Ross R.M., Quetin L.B., Newberger T., and Oakes S.A. Growth and behaviour of larval krill (Euphausia superba) under the ice in late winter 2001 west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Deep-Sea Research II 51 (2004) 2169-2184
249. Rothrock D.A., Yu Y., and Maykut G.A. Thinning of the Arctic ice cover. Geophysical Research Letters 26 (1999) 3469-3472
250. Runge J.A., and Ingram R.G. Underice grazing by planktonic, calanoid copepods in relation to a bloom of ice microalgae in southeastern Hudson Bay. Limnology and Oceanography 33 (1988) 280-286
251. Runge J.A., and Ingram R.G. Under-ice feeding and diel migration by the planktonic copepods Calanus glacialis and Pseudocalanus minutus in relation to the ice algal production cycle in southeastern Hudson Bay. Marine Biology 108 (1991) 217-226
252. Sagar P.M. Life cycle and growth of the Antarctic gammarid amphipod Paramoera walkeri (Stebbing, 1906). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 10 (1980) 259-270
253. Sakshaug E., and Walsh J. Marine biology: Biomass, productivity distributions and their variability in the Barents and Bering Seas. In: Nuttall M., and Callaghan T.V. (Eds). "The Arctic: Environment, People and Policy" (2000), Harwood Academic Publications, Amsterdam 163-196
254. Sainte-Marie B. Foraging of scavenging deep-sea lysianassoid amphipods. In: Rowe G.T., and Pariente V. (Eds). "Deep-Sea Food Chains and the Global Carbon Cycle" (1992), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands 105-124
255. Sargent J.R., and Falk-Petersen S. The lipid biochemistry of calanoid copepods. Hydrobiologia 167/168 (1988) 101-114
256. Sars G.O. Crustacea. In: Nansen F. (Ed). "The Norwegian North Pole Expedition 1893-1896, Scientific Research" Vol. 1 (1900), Bergen Museum, Bergen 1-137
257. Schizas N.V., and Shirley T.C. Seasonal changes in structure of an Alaskan intertidal meiofaunal assemblage. Marine Ecology Progress Series 133 (1996) 115-124
258. Schmidt K., Atkinson A., Stübing D., McClelland J.W., Montoya J.P., and Voss M. Trophic relationships among Southern Ocean copepods and krill: Some uses and limitations of a stable isotope approach. Limnology and Oceanography 48 (2003) 277-289
259. Schnack-Schiel S.B. Aspects of the study of the life cycles of Antarctic copepods. Hydrobiologia 453/454 (2001) 9-24
260. Schnack-Schiel S.B. The macrobiology of sea ice. In: Thomas D.N., and Dieckmann G.S. (Eds). "Sea Ice: An Introduction to Its Physics, Chemsitry, Biology and Ecology" (2002), Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 211-239
261. Schnack-Schiel S.B., and Hagen W. Life cycle strategies and seasonal variations in distribution and population structure of four dominant calanoid copepod species in the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Journal of Plankton Research 16 (1994) 1543-1566
262. Schnack-Schiel S.B., and Mizdalski E. Seasonal variations in distribution and population structure of Microcalanus pygmaeus and Ctenocalanus citer (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the eastern Weddell Sea. Marine Biology 119 (1994) 357-366
263. Schnack-Schiel S.B., Hagen W., and Mizdalski E. A seasonal comparison of Calanoides acutus and Calanus propinquus (Copepoda, Calanoida) in the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 70 (1991) 17-27
264. Schnack-Schiel S.B., Thomas D.N., Dieckmann G.S., Eicken H., Gradinger R., Spindler M., Weissenberger J., Mizdalski E., and Beyer K. Life cycle strategy of the Antarctic calanoid copepod Stephos longipes. Progress in Oceanography 36 (1995) 45-75
265. Schnack-Schiel S.B., Thomas D.N., Dahms H.-U., Haas C., and Mizdalski E. Copepods in Antarctic sea ice. Antarctic Research Series 73 (1998) 173-182
266. Schnack-Schiel S.B., Dieckmann G.S., Gradinger R., Melnikov I.A., Spindler M., and Thomas D.N. Meiofauna in sea ice of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biology 24 (2001) 724-728
267. Schnack-Schiel S.B., Thomas D.N., Haas C., Dieckmann G., and Alheit R. The occurrence of copepods Stephos longipes (Calanoidea) and Drescheriella glacialis (Harpacticoida) in summer sea ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 13 (2001) 150-157
268. Scott C.L., Falk-Petersen S., Sargent J.R., Hop H., Lønne O.J., and Poltermann M. Lipids and trophic interactions of ice fauna and pelagic zooplankton in the marginal ice zone of the Barents Sea. Polar Biology 21 (1999) 65-70
269. Scott C.L., Kwasniewski S., Falk-Petersen S., and Sargent J.R. Lipids and life strategies of Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus in late autumn, Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polar Biology 23 (2000) 510-516
270. Scott C.L., Kwasniewski S., Falk-Petersen S., and Sargent J. Lipids and fatty acids in the copepod Jaschnovia brevis (Jaschnov) and in particulates from Arctic waters. Polar Biology 25 (2002) 65-71
271. Siegel V. Age and growth of Antarctic Euphausiacea (Crustacea) under natural conditions. Marine Biology 96 (1987) 483-495
272. Siegel V. Krill (Euphausiacea) life history and aspects of population dynamics. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57 (2000) 130-150
273. Siegel V., and Loeb V. Length and age at maturity of Antarctic krill. Antarctic Science 6 (1994) 479-482
274. Siegel V., and Loeb V. Recruitment of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba and possible causes for its variability. Marine Ecology Progress Series 123 (1995) 45-56
275. Siegel V., and Harm U. The composition, abundance, biomass and diversity of the epipelagic zooplankton communities of the southern Bellingshausen Sea (Antarctic) with special reference to krill and salps. Archive of Fishery and Marine Research 44 (1996) 115-139
276. Siegel V., Loeb V., and Groger J. Krill (Euphausia superba) density, proportional and absolute recruitment and biomass in the Elephant Island region (Antarctic Peninsula) during the period 1977 to 1997. Polar Biology 19 (1998) 393-398
277. Siferd T.D., Welch H.E., Bergmann M.A., and Curtis M.F. Seasonal distribution of sympagic amphipods near Chesterfield Inlet, N.W.T., Canada. Polar Biology 18 (1997) 16-22
278. Skerratt J.H., Nichols P.D., McMeekin T.A., and Burton H.R. Seasonal and inter-annual changes in planktonic biomass and community structure in eastern Antarctica using signature lipids. Marine Chemistry 51 (1995) 93-113
279. Smetacek V., and Nicol S. Polar ocean ecosystems in a changing world. Nature 437 (2005) 362-368
280. Smith S.L. Egg production and feeding by copepods prior to the spring bloom of phytoplankton in Fram Strait, Greenland Sea. Marine Biology 106 (1990) 59-69
281. Søreide J.E., Hop H., Falk-Petersen S., Gulliksen B., and Hansen E. Macrozooplankton communities and environmental variables in the Barents Sea marginal ice zone in late winter and spring. Marine Ecology Progress Series 263 (2003) 43-64
282. Spindler M. A comparison of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice and the effects of different properties on sea ice biota. In: Bleil U., and Thiede J. (Eds). "Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic" (1990), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands 173-186
283. Steele D.H. Some aspects of the biology of Gammarellus homari (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the Northwestern Atlantic. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29 (1972) 1340-1343
284. Steele D.H., and Steele V.J. The biology of Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the northwestern Atlantic. VIII. Geographic distribution of the northern species. Canadian Journal of Zoology 52 (1974) 1115-1120
285. Steele D.H., and Steele V.J. The biology of Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the northwestern Atlantic. IX. Gammarus wilkitzkii Birula, Gammarus stoerensis Reid, and Gammarus mucronatus Say. Canadian Journal of Zoology 53 (1975) 1105-1109
286. Steinarsdóttir M.B., Ingólfsson A., and Ólafsson E. Seasonality of harpacticoids (Crustacea, Copepoda) in a tidal pool in sub-Arctic south-western Iceland. Hydrobiologia 503 (2003) 211-221
287. Stepnik R. All-year populational studies of Euphausiacea (Crustacea) in the Admiralty Bay (King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctic). Polish Polar Research 3 (1982) 49-68
288. Stevens C.J., Deibel D., and Parrish C.C. Species-specific differences in lipid composition and omnivory indices in Arctic copepods collected in deep water during autumn (North Water Polynya). Marine Biology 144 (2004) 905-915
289. Stockton W.L. Scavenging amphipods from under the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Research 29A (1982) 819-835
290. Stübing D., and Hagen W. On the use of lipid biomarkers in marine food web analyses: An experimental case study on the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. Limnology and Oceanography 48 (2003) 1685-1700
291. Swadling K.M. Influence of seasonal ice formation on life cycle strategies of Antarctic copepods (1998), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia PhD thesis
292. Swadling K.M. Population structure of two Antarctic ice-associated copepods, Drescheriella glacialis and Paralabidocera antarctica, in winter sea ice. Marine Biology 139 (2001) 597-603
293. Swadling K.M., Gibson J.A.E., Ritz D.A., and Nichols P.D. Horizontal patchiness in sympagic organisms of the Antarctic fast ice. Antarctic Science 9 (1997) 399-406
294. Swadling K.M., Gibson J.A.E., Ritz D.A., Nichols P.D., and Hughes D.E. Grazing of phytoplankton by copepods in eastern Antarctic waters. Marine Biology 128 (1997) 39-48
295. Swadling K.M., McPhee A.D., and McMinn A. Spatial distribution of copepods in fast ice of eastern Antarctica. Polar Bioscience 13 (2000) 55-65
296. Swadling K.M., Nichols P.D., Gibson J.A.E., and Ritz D.A. Role of lipid in the life cycles of ice-dependent and ice-independent populations of the copepod Paralabidocera antarctica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 208 (2000) 171-182
297. Swadling K.M., McKinnon A.D., De'ath G., and Gibson J.A.E. Life cycle plasticity and differential growth and development in marine and lacustrine populations of an Antarctic copepod. Limnology and Oceanography 49 (2004) 644-655
298. Tande K.S., and Henderson R.J. Lipid-composition of copepodite stages and adult females of Calanus glacialis in arctic waters of the Barents Sea. Polar Biology 8 (1988) 333-339
299. Tanimura A., Fukuchi M., and Ohtsuka H. Occurrence and age composition of Paralabidocera antarctica (Calanoida, Copepoda) under the fast ice near Syowa Station, Antarctica. NIPR Special Issue 32 (1984) 81-86
300. Tanimura A., Hoshiai T., and Fukuchi M. The life cycle strategy of the ice-associated copepod, Paralabidocera antarctica (Calanoida, Copepoda), at Syowa Station, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 8 (1996) 257-266
301. Tanimura A., Hoshino K., Nonaka Y., Miyamoto Y., and Hattori H. Vertical distribution of Oithona similis and Oncaea curvata (Cyclopoida, Copepoda) under sea ice near Syowa Station in the Antarctic winter. Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology 10 (1997) 134-144
302. Tanimura A., Hoshiai T., and Fukuchi M. Change in habitat of the sympagic copepod Paralabidocera antarctica from fast ice to seawater. Polar Biology 25 (2002) 667-671
303. Thistle D. Harpacticoid copepod emergence at a shelf site in summer and winter: Implications for hydrodynamic and mating hypotheses. Marine Ecology Progress Series 248 (2003) 177-185
304. Thomas D.N., and Dieckmann G.S. "Sea Ice: An introduction to its Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geology." (2003), Blackwell, Oxford
305. Thomas D.N., Lara R.J., Haas C., Schnack-Schiel S.B., Dieckmann G.S., Kattner G., Nöthig E.-M., and Mizdalski E. Biological soup within decaying summer sea ice in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series 73 (1998) 161-171
306. Torres J.J., Aarset A.V., Donnelly J., Hopkins T.L., Lancraft T.M., and Ainley D.G. Metabolism of Antarctic micronektonic Crustacea as a function of depth of occurrence and season. Marine Ecology Progress Series 113 (1994) 207-219
307. Torres J.J., Donnelly J., Hopkins T.L., Lancraft T.M., Aarset A.V., and Ainley D.G. Proximate composition and over-wintering strategies of Antarctic micronektonic Crustacea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 113 (1994) 221-232
308. Tourangeau S., and Runge J.A. Reproduction of Calanus glacialis under ice in spring in southeastern Hudson Bay, Canada. Marine Biology 108 (1991) 227-233
309. Tucker M.J., and Burton H.R. The inshore marine ecosystem off the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Hydrobiologia 165 (1988) 129-139
310. Uye S., Aoto I., and Onbé T. Seasonal population dynamics and production of Microsetella norvegica, a widely distributed but little-studied marine planktonic harpacticoid copepod. Journal of Plankton Research 24 (2002) 143-153
311. Volkman J.K., Jeffrey S.W., Nichols P.D., Rogers G.I., and Garland C.D. Fatty acid and lipid composition of 10 species of microalgae used in mariculture. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 128 (1989) 219-240
312. Vaughan D.G., and Doake C.S.M. Recent atmospheric warming and retreat of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula. Nature 379 (1996) 328-331
313. Vinogradov G.M. Deep-sea near-bottom swarms of pelagic amphipods Themisto: Observations from submersibles. Sarsia 84 (1999) 465-467
314. Wadhams P. "Ice in the Ocean" (2000), Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam
315. Waghorn E.J. Two new species of Copepoda from White Island, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 13 (1979) 459-470
316. Waghorn E.J., and Knox G.A. Summer tide-crack zooplankton at White Island, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 22 (1988) 577-582
317. Ward P., and Shreeve R. Egg hatching times of Antarctic copepods. Polar Biology 19 (1998) 142-144
318. Ward P., Shreeve R.S., and Cripps G.C. Rhincalanus gigas and Calanus simillimus: Lipid storage patterns of two species of copepod in the seasonally ice-free zone of the Southern Ocean. Journal of Plankton Research 18 (1996) 1439-1454
319. Watanabe K. Sub-ice microalgal strands in the Antarctic coastal fast ice near Syowa Station. Japanese Journal of Phycology 36 (1988) 221-229
320. Werner I. Ecological studies on the Arctic under-ice habitat-colonization and processes at the ice-water interface. Berichte aus dem Sonderforschungsbereich 313. Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel 70 (1997) 167
321. Werner I. Grazing of Arctic under-ice amphipods on sea-ice algae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 160 (1997) 93-99
322. Werner I., and Arbizu P.M. The sub-ice fauna of the Laptev Sea and the adjacent Arctic Ocean in summer 1995. Polar Biology 21 (1999) 71-79
323. Werner I., Auel H., and Friedrich C. Carnivorous feeding and respiration of the Arctic under-ice amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii. Polar Biology 25 (2002) 523-530
324. Werner I., Meiners K., and Schünemann H. Copepods in Arctic pack ice and the underlying water column: Living conditions and exchange processes. In: Squire V., and Langhorne P. (Eds). "Ice in the Environment". "Proceedings of the 16th IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2nd-6th December 2002" (2002), International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research, Dunedin, New Zealand 30-40
325. Werner I., Auel H., and Kiki R. Occurrence of Anonyx sarsi (Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea) below Arctic pack ice: An example of cryo-benthic coupling?. Polar Biology 27 (2004) 474-481
326. Weslawski J.M. Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from Svalbard and Franz Josef Land. Distribution and density. Sarsia 79 (1994) 145-150
327. Weslawski J.M., and Legezynska J. Life cycles of some Arctic amphipods. Polish Polar Research 23 (2002) 253-264
328. Weslawski J.M., Kwasniewski S., and Wiktor J. Winter in a Svalbard fiord ecosystem. Arctic 44 (1991) 115-123
329. Weslawski J.M., Kwasniewski S., Wiktor J., and Zajaczkowski M. Observations on the fast ice biota in the fjords of Spitsbergen. Polish Polar Research 14 (1993) 331-342
330. Weslawski J.M., Pedersen G., Petersen S.F., and Porazinski K. Entrapment of macroplankton in an Arctic fjord basin, Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Oceanologia 42 (2000) 57-69
331. Whitaker T.M. Sea ice habitats of Signy Island (South Orkneys) and their primary productivity. In: Llano G.A. (Ed). "Adaptations within Antarctic Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Third SCAR Symposium on Antarctic Biology" (1977), Gulf Publishing Co, Houston 75-82
332. Williams R., Kirkwood J.M., and O'Sullivan D.B. ADBEX I cruise zooplankton data. Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions, Research Notes 31 (1986) 1-108
333. Wing B.L. Ecology of Parathemisto libellula and P. pacifica (Amphipoda: Hyperiida) in Alaskan coastal waters (1976), Northwest Fisheries Center, Seattle NWFC Processed Report