Changes in the abundance, composition and species richness of mountain vegetation in relation to summer grazing by reindeer

Journal of Vegetation Science

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 245-254

  Eskelinen, Anu ^a   Oksanen, Jari ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

Author keywords

Bryophyte; Calcareous bedrock; Climate change; Diversity; Graminoid; Lichen; Vegetation change; Vole

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; GRAZING PRESSURE; LIVESTOCK FARMING; MOUNTAIN; PROTECTED AREA; SPECIES RICHNESS; SUMMER; VEGETATION;

ARCTIC; EURASIA; EUROPE; FINLAND; NORTHERN EUROPE; SCANDINAVIA;

BRYOPHYTA; BRYOPHYTES; RANGIFER TARANDUS; TRACHEOPHYTA;

EID: 33746870798     PISSN: 11009233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1658/1100-9233(2006)17[245:CITACA]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Anderson, M.J. & Willis, T.J. 2003. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates: a useful method of constrained ordination for ecology. Ecology 84: 511-525.
2. Anon. 1951-2000. Meteorological yearbook of Finland 51-99, Part 2: Precipitation and snow cover data 1951-1990, 1991-1999. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 1960-2000.
3. Anon. (Association of Finnish Reindeer Herding Cooperatives) 1961-2002. (Statistics kept by the Association are published each year in the second number of the Finnish journal Poromies). Poromies 28(2)-69(2).
4. Anon. (Finnish Meteorological Institute) 2000-2003. (Statistics kept by the Finnish Meteorological Institute are published monthly in the Finnish journal Ilmastokatsaus). Ilmastokatsaus 1-12.
5. Anon. (R Development Core Team) 2004. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org.
6. Austrheim, G. & Eriksson, O. 2001. Plant species diversity and grazing in the Scandinavian mountains - patterns and processes at different spatial scales. Ecography 24: 683-695.
7. Bråthen, K.A. & Oksanen, J. 2001. Reindeer reduce biomass of preferred plant species. J. Veg. Sci. 12: 473-480.
8. Bret-Harte, S.M., García, E.A., Sacré, V.M., Whorley, J.R., Wagner, J.L., Lippert, S.C. & Chapin III, F.S. 2004. Plant and soil responses to neighbour removal and fertilization in Alaskan tussock tundra. J. Ecol. 92: 635-647.
9. Crawley, M.J. 2002. Statistical computing: an introduction to data analysis using S-Plus. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
10. Dahl, E. 1957. Mountain vegetation in South Norway and its relation to the environment. Skr. Nor. Vidensk. Acad. Oslo. I. Mat.-Naturvidensk. kl. 1956: 1-374.
11. den Herder, M., Kytöviita, M.-M. & Niemelä, P. 2003. Growth of reindeer lichens and effects of reindeer grazing on ground cover vegetation in a Scots pine forest and a subarctic heathland in Finnish Lapland. Ecography 26: 3-12.
12. Emanuelsson, U. 1984. Ecological effects of grazing and trampling on mountain vegetation in northern Sweden. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Lund, SE.
13. Eskelinen, A. & Virtanen, R. 2005. Local and regional processes in low-productive mountain plant communities: the roles of seed and microsite limitation in relation to grazing. Oikos 110: 360-368.
14. Grellmann, D. 2002. Plant responses to fertilization and exclusion of grazers on an arctic tundra heath. Oikos 98: 190-204.
15. Hämet-Ahti, L., Suominen, J., Ulvinen, T. & Uotila, P. (eds.) 1998. Retkeilykasvio (Field Flora of Finland), 4th ed.. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museum, Helsinki, FI. (In Finnish.)
16. Heikkinen, H., Jokinen, M., Helle, T. & Tornensis, J. 2005. Poronhoidon todellisuus ja reunaehdot. (The reality and marginal conditions of reindeer herding, in Finnish). In: Jokinen, M. (ed.) Poronhoidon ja suojelun vaikutukset Mallan luonnonpuistossa.(The effects of reindeer herding and conservation in Malla Nature Reserve.), pp. 243-253. Finnish Forest Reseach Institute Reseach Papers 941, METLA, Kolari, FI. (In Finnish.)
17. Helle, T. & Aspi, J. 1983. Effects of winter grazing by reindeer on vegetation. Oikos 40: 337-343.
18. Henry, G.H.R. & Gunn, A. 1991. Recovery of tundra vegetation after overgrazing by caribou in arctic Canada. Arctic 44: 38-42.
19. Henttonen, H. & Wallgren, H. 2001. Rodent dynamics and communities in the birch forest zone of northern Fennoscandia. In: Wielgolaski, F.E. (ed.). Nordic mountain birch ecosystems, pp. 261-278. Man and the biosphere series 27. UNESCO, Paris, FR.
20. Hobbie, S.E., Shevtsova, A. & Chapin III, F.S. 1999. Plant responses to species removal and experimental warming in Alaskan tussock tundra. Oikos 84: 417-434.
21. Järvinen, A. 1987. Basic climatological data on the Kilpisjärvi area, NW Finnish Lapland. Kilpisjärvi Notes 10: 1-16.
22. Jónsdóttir, I.S. 1991. Effects of grazing on a tiller and population dynamics in a clonal sedge (Carex bigelowii). Oikos 62: 177-188.
23. Kalela, O. 1957. Regulation of reproduction rate in subarctic populations of the vole Clethrionomus rufocanus (Sund.). Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A, IV Biol. 34: 1-60.
24. Klanderud, K. & Totland, O. 2005. Simulated climate change altered dominance hierarchies and diversity of an alpine biodiversity hotspot. Ecology 86: 2047-2054.
25. Klein, D.R. 1987. Vegetation recovery patterns following overgrazing by reindeer on St. Matthew Island. J. Range Manage. 40: 336-338.
26. Kotanen, P.M. & Jefferies, R.L. 1987. The leaf and shoot demography of grazed and ungrazed plants of Carex subspathacea. J. Ecol. 75: 961-975.
27. Kumpula, J. 2001. Productivity of the semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus L.) stock and carrying capacity of pastures in Finland during 1960-1990's. Acta Univ. Ouluensis Ser. A 375:1-44.
28. Kumpula, J., Colpaert, A. & Nieminen, M. 2000. Condition, potential recovery rate, and productivity of lichen (Cladonia spp.) ranges in the Finnish reindeer management area. Arctic 53: 152-160.
29. Levy, E.B. & Madden, E.A. 1933. The point method of pasture analysis. N. Z. J. Agricult. 46: 267-279.
30. Manseau, M., Huot, J. & Crete, M. 1996. Effects of summer grazing by caribou on composition and productivity of vegetation: community and landscape level. J. Ecol. 84: 503-513.
31. Mulder, C.P.H. 1999. Vertebrate herbivores and plants in the Arctic and subarctic: effects on individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems. Persp. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2: 29-55.
32. Nordhagen, R. 1943. Sikilsdalen og Norges fjellbeiter. En plantesosiologisk monografi. Bergens Mus. Skr. 22: 1-607.
33. Oksanen, J. 1986. Succession, dominance and diversity in lichen-rich pine forest vegetation in Finland. Holarct. Ecol. 9: 261-266.
34. Oksanen, J. 2004. Vegan: Community ecology package. R package version 1.6-7. http://cc.oulu.fi/~jarioksa/.
35. Oksanen, L. 1978. Lichen grounds of Finnmarksvidda, northern Norway, in relation to summer and winter grazing by reindeer. Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Stat. 14: 64-71.
36. Oksanen, L. & Moen, J. 1994. Species-specific plant responses to exclusion of grazers in three Fennoscandian tundra habitats. Écoscience 1: 31-39.
37. Oksanen, L. & Virtanen, R. 1995. Topographical, altitudinal and regional patterns in continental and suboceanic heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia. Acta Bot. Fenn. 153: 1-80.
38. Olofsson, J. 2001. Influence of herbivory and abiotic factors on the distribution of tall forbs along a productivity gradient: a transplantation experiment. Oikos 94: 351-357.
39. Olofsson, J., Kitti, H., Rautiainen, P., Stark, S. & Oksanen, L. 2001. Effects of summer grazing by reindeer on composition of vegetation, productivity and nitrogen cycling. Ecography 24: 13-24.
40. Olofsson, J., Hulme, P.E., Oksanen, L. & Suominen, O. 2004a. Importance of large and small mammalian herbivores for the plant community structure in the forest tundra ecotone. Oikos 106: 324-334.
41. Olofsson, J., Stark, S. & Oksanen, L. 2004b. Reindeer influence on ecosystem processes in the tundra. Oikos 105: 386-396.
42. Pegau, R. 1970. Succession in two exclosures near Unalakleet, Alaska. Can. Field Nat. 84: 175-177.
43. Pinheiro, J.C. & Bates, D.M. 2000. Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, US.
44. Press, M.C., Potter, J.A., Burke, M.J.W., Callaghan, T.V. & Lee, J.A. 1998. Responses of a subarctic dwarf shrub heath community to simulated environmental change. J. Ecol. 86: 315-327.
45. Rees, M., Condit, R., Crawley, M., Pacala, S. & Tilman, D. 2001. Long-term studies of vegetation dynamics. Science 293: 650-655.
46. Scott, P.A. & Rouse, W.R. 1995. Impacts of increased winter snow cover on upland tundra vegetation: a case example. Climate Res. 5: 25-30.
47. Söderström, L. & Hedenäs, L. 1998. Checklista over Sveriges mossor. Myrinia 8: 58-90.
48. Suominen, O. & Olofsson, J. 2000. Impacts of semi-domesticated reindeer on structure of tundra and forest communities in Fennoscandia: a review. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 37: 233-249.
49. van der Wal, R. & Brooker, R. W. 2004. Mosses mediate grazer impacts on grass abundance in arctic ecosystems. Funct. Ecol. 18: 77-86.
50. van der Wal, R., Brooker, R., Cooper, E. & Langvatn, R. 2001. Differential effects of reindeer on high Arctic lichens. J. Veg. Sci. 12: 705-710.
51. van der Wal, R., Bardgett, R.D., Harrison, K.A. & Stien, A. 2004. Vertebrate herbivores and ecosystem control: cascading effects of faeces on tundra ecosystem. Ecography 27: 242-252.
52. Väre, H., Ohtonen, R. & Oksanen, J. 1995. Effects of reindeer grazing on understorey vegetation in dry Pinus sylvestris forests. J. Veg. Sci. 6: 523-530.
53. Väre, H., Ohtonen, R. & Mikkola, K. 1996. The effects and extent of heavy grazing by reindeer in oligotrophic pine heaths in northeastern Fennoscandia. Ecography 19: 245-253.
54. Venables, W.N. & Ripley, B.D. 2002. Modern applied statistics with S. 4th ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, DE.
55. Virtanen, R. 1998. Impact of grazing and neighbour removal on a heath plant community transplanted onto a snowbed site, NW Finnish Lapland. Oikos 81: 359-367.
56. Virtanen, R. 2000. Effects of grazing on above-ground biomass on a mountain snowbed, NW Finland. Oikos 90: 295-300.
57. Virtanen, R., Dirnböck, T., Dullinger, S., Grabherr, G., Pauli, H., Staudinger, M. & Villar, L. 2003. Patterns in the plant species richness of European high mountain vegetation. In: Nagy, L., Grabherr, G., Körner, Ch. & Thompson, D.B.A. (eds.) Alpine biodiversity in Europe, pp. 149-172. Ecological Studies, Vol. 167. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, DE.
58. Vitikainen, O., Ahti, T., Kuusinen, M., Lommi, S. & Ulvinen, T. 1997. Checklist of lichens and allied fungi of Finland. Norrlinia 6: 1-123.
59. Wielgolaski, F.E. 1975. Comparison of plant structure on grazed and ungrazed tundra meadows. In: Wielgolaski, F.E. (ed.) Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems. Part 1: plants and microorganisms, pp. 86-93. Springer, New York, NY, US.
60. Zimov, S.A., Chuprynin, V.I., Oreshko, A.P., Chapin III, F.S., Reynolds, J.F. & Chapin, M.C. 1995. Steppe-tundra transition: a herbivore-driven biome shift at the end of the Pleistocene. Am. Nat. 146: 765-794.