Al Qaeda's scorecard: A progress report on Al Qaeda's objectives

Studies in Conflict and Terrorism

Volumn 29, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 509-529

  Abrahms, Max ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33746605129     PISSN: 1057610X     EISSN: 15210731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10576100600698527     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. The economist Herbert Simon distinguished between "substantive rationality" and "procedural rationality." The former is based on the actual achievement of goals whereas the latter depends only on the thought process of the actor. Substantive rationality is concerned with the consequences of the decision, whereas procedural rationality makes no claim that the actor correctly perceives the environment. See Herbert Simon, "From Substantive to Procedural Rationality," in Method and Appraisal in Economics Spiro Latsis, ed., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 130-131;
2. Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality, Vol 3 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997), pp. 8-9. In this article, rationality and strategic rationality are used synonymously with Simon's definition of substantive rationality.
3. Robert Pape, "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism," American Political Science Review, 97(3) (August 2003), p. 13.
4. Robert Pape, Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism (New York: Random House, 2005), p. 61.
5. David A. Lake, "Rational Extremism: Understanding Terrorism in the Twenty-first Century, Dialogue-IO," International Organization (Spring 2002), p. 15;
6. Andrew Kydd and Barbara Walter, "Sabotaging the Peace: The Politics of Extremist Violence," International Organization, 56(2)(April 2002), p. 263.
7. Alan Dershowitz, Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenges (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), p. 86.
8. Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), pp. 73-78.
9. Walter Laqueur, "The Futility of Terrorism," Harper's, 252(1510) (March 1976), pp. 99-105.
10. Thomas Schelling, "What Purposes Can 'International Terrorism' Serve?" in Violence, Terrorism, and Justice, R.G. Frey and ChristopherW.Morris, eds., (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 20.
11. Loren Lomasky, "The Political Significance of Terrorism," in Violence, Terrorism, and Justice, 89.
12. Ibid., 90.
13. Daniel L. Byman, "Al-Qaeda As An Adversary: Do We Understand Our Enemy?" World Politics, 56(1) (October 2003), p. 142. Byman's article offers a useful contribution to this lapse in the scholarly literature. In this article, the term Al Qaeda is used in the broadest sense. Its usage is not restricted to terrorists who trained in Afghanistan prior to Operation Enduring Freedom or those who take their directions from the original leadership. Rather, Al Qaeda refers to the loose network of affiliated groups that share bin Laden's objectives.
14. For a detailed explanation of the relationship between Al Qaeda and its affiliates, see Jonathan Schanzer, Al-Qaeda's Armies: Middle East Affiliate Groups and the Next Generation of Terror (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2004).
15. "Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation," 17 March 2003, posted by White House, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03(20030317-7.html), accessed 21 March 2003
16. "Statement by President to the United Nations General Assembly," 10 November 2001, posted by Department of State, at (http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/18967), accessed 3 June 2004.
17. "Presidential Address to a Joint Session of Congress," 23 September 2001, posted by White House, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html), accessed 3 June 2004.
18. "Bush Speech to Military Personnel," 16 February 2002, posted by govrecords.org, at (www.govrecords.org/ pd25fe02-message-on-the-observance-of-eid-al-adha-2002.html), accessed 3 June 2003.
19. See Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979);
20. David Frum and Richard Perle, An End to Evil: How to Win the War on Terror (New York: Random House, 2003).
21. "President Bush Addresses Prayer Service," 14 September 2001, posted by CNN.Com, at (http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/14/bush.memorial/, accessed 5 June 2003)
22. "Presidential Address to the Nation," 11 September 2001, posted by U.S. Department of State, at (http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2002/10992.htm), accessed on 5 June 2004.
23. "Address to the Nation on theWar on Terrorism," 8November 2001, posted by C-Span.org, at (http://www.c-span.org/executive/ bushprogress.asp?Cat=CurrentEvent&Code=Bush Admin), accessed 4 June 2004.
24. "Vice President's Remarks and Q&A at Rossi Luncheon," 26 July 2004, posted by White House, at (http://www.whitehouse.gov./news/releases/2004/07/20040727.html), accessed 2 August 2004.
25. "Total Victory is Only Option in War on Terror, Bush Says," 26 August 2003, posted U.S. Department of State, at (http://www.usembassy.it/file2003_08/alia/a3082601.htm), accessed 4 August 2005.
26. Samuel Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations," Foreign Affairs, 72(3)(Summer 1993), pp. 22-24.
27. Bernard Lewis, "The Roots of Muslim Rage," The Atlantic Monthly, 266(3) (September 1990), p. 60;
28. Jessica Stern has similarly argued that "Religious extremists see themselves as under attack by the global spread of post-Enlightenment values such as secular humanism and the focus on individual liberties." See in Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill (New York: Harper Collins, 2003), p. xviii.
29. Huntington subscribes to the former, whereas Lewis and Bush seem to subscribe to the latter.
30. Huntington and Lewis are more skeptical than Bush of democracy promotion in the Islamic world.
31. 9/11 report, p. xvi.
32. Thomas Friedman, "Commentary: Why Those Angry Men Want to Kill America," New York Times , 25 August 1995
33. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (London: Anchor, 2000) p. 312.
34. Harris Poll, "America Attacked," conducted 19-24 September 2001, at (http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/ allnewsbydate.asp?NewsID-364), accessed 14 July 2005.
35. Quoted in The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (London: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 2004), p. 341.
36. Quoted in The 9/11 Commission Report, p. 2.
37. Ashton Carter, John Deutch, and Philip Zelikow, "Catastrophic Terrorism," Foreign Affairs, 77(6) (November/December 1998), pp. 80-94.
38. Stern has used the terms "eternal" and "spiritual" instead of eschatological to describe the goals of some religious terrorist groups, p. 6.
39. Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror (New York: Random House, 2002), pp. 39-40.
40. Clark McCauley, "Psychological Issues In Understanding Terrorism and the Response to Terrorism, in Psychology of Terrorism: Coping with the Continuing Threat, Chris E. Stout, ed., (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004), p. 42.
41. See, for example, Gavin Cameron, Nuclear Terrorism (Basingstoke, England: Macmillan, 1999), p. 139
42. Terror in the Name of God, p. XX.
43. See, for example, Bruce Hoffman, "Al Qaeda, Trends in Terrorism, and Future Potentialities: An Assessment," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 26(6) (November-December 2003)
44. Rohan Gunaratna, "Al-Qaeda's Trajectory in 2003," Unisci Discussion Paper, May 2003, posted by Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, 8, at (http://www.ucm.es/info/unisci/Rohan.pdf), accessed 6 July 2005
45. Asaf Moghadam, "Palestinian SuicideTerrorism in the Second Intifada," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 26(2) (February/March 2003), pp. 65-92.
46. David Rapoport, "Terrorism," in Routledge Encyclopedia of Government and Politics M. Hawkesworth and M. Kogan, eds. (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 1192.
47. Brian Jenkins, International Terrorism: A New Model of Conflict (Los Angeles: Crescent, 1975), pp. 4-7.
48. Michael Scott Doran, "Somebody Else's Civil War: Ideology, Rage, and the Assault on America," in How Did this Happen Gideon Rose and James F. Hoge Jr., eds (London: Harper Collins, 2001), p. 32.
49. Philip Jenkins, Images of Terror: What We Can and Can't Know About Terrorism (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 2003), p. 53.
50. Alan Cullison, "Inside Al-Qaeda's Hard Drive," Atlantic Monthly, September 2004, p. 58.
51. See Anonymous (Michael Schueur), Imperial Hubris: Why the West Is Losing the War on Terror
52. ibid.,
53. Through Our Enemies Eyes: Osama Bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America (Washington, D.C.: Brassey's Inc., 2003)
54. Richard A. Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror (London: Free Press, 2004).
55. See Imperial Hubris, p. xviii
56. Through Our Enemies Eyes, p. 242;
57. Against All Enemies, pp. 244, 263.
58. For a good list of Al Qaeda's foreign policy objectives, see "Al-Qaeda As An Adversary," pp. 144-145.
59. See, for example, Robert Pape's "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism" and Dying to Win;
60. Stephen Van Evera, "Why U.S. National Security Requires Mideast Peace," April 2005, posted by the MIT Center for International Studies Paper, at (http://web.mit.edu/cis/pdf/Audit_5_05_VanEvera.pdf), accessed 21 July 2005.
61. See Imperial Hubris, p. xviii
62. Through Our Enemies Eyes, p. 242;
63. Against All Enemies, pp. 244, 263.
64. For a more detailed analysis of this communication strategy, see Max Abrahms, "Al-Qaeda's Miscommunication War: The Terrorism Paradox," Terrorism and Political Violence, 17(4) (Fall 2005).
65. "Interview with Osama bin Laden," CNN, interview broadcast 10 May 1997, posted by CNN.com on 10 May 1997, at (http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/binladenintvw-cnn.pdf), accessed 7 August 2005
66. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet's Banner - Meditations on the Jihadist Movement (London: Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 2001)
67. quoted in Oxford Analytica, 14 May 2002
68. at Oxford Analytica, "Middle East/Afghanistan: Al Qaida Threat," 14 May 2002, at (http://www.ciaonet.org/pbei/oxan/oxa05142002.html), accessed on 4 May 2005.
69. For an almost identical statement, see "Al-Qaeda Urges More Attacks, Al-Zawahiri Tape," Agence France Presse, 21May2003, posted by aljazeerah.com at (http://www.aljazeerah.info/News%20archives/ 2003.html), accessed 7 July 2005.
70. "Bin Laden: 'Your security is in your own hands,'" CNN.com, posted 30 October 2004, (http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/10/29/ bin.laden.transcript), accessed 26 August 2005. Transcript based on Al-Jazeera interview broadcast 29 October 2004.
71. "Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders," World Islamic Front, 22 February 1998, posted by the Federation of American Scientists, at (http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm), accessed 26 August 2005.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. See ibid.
75. "Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places," Osama bin Laden, August 1996, posted by PBS.com, at (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html), accessed 6 August 2005
76. "Osama Bin Laden Speech Offers Peace Treaty with Europe, Says Al-Qa'ida 'Will Persist in Fighting' the U.S," Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), Series No. 695, posted on 15 April 2004, at (http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID= SP69504), accessed 20 August 2005. Interview first broadcast on Al-Jazeera, 15 April 2004
77. "Al-Qaeda Urges More Attacks, Al-Zawahiri Tape," Agence France Presse, 21 May 2003, posted by aljazeerah.com at (http://www.aljazeerah.info/News%20archives/2003.html), accessed 7 July 2005.
78. See, for example, "Bin Laden rails against Crusaders and UN," 3 November 2002, posted by BBC.Com, at (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/ monitoring/media reports/1636782.stm), accessed 15 August 2005. Statement first broadcast on 3 November 2002 on Al-Jazeera.
79. See also, "Bin Laden's Warning: Full Text," 7 October 2001, posted by BBC.Com., (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south asia/1585636.stm), accessed 7 July 2005. Statement first broadcast on 7 July 2001 on Al-Jazeera.
80. "Interview: Osama Bin Laden," ABC News interview,May 1998, posted by Public Broadcast Service, at (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/ shows/binladen/who/interview.html), accessed 25 August 2005
81. Ayman Zawahiri quoted by Peter Bergen, Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden (London: Free Press, 2002), p. 208
82. see also "Full Text: Bin Laden's 'Letter to America,'" posted 24 November 2002 by the Guardian, at (http://observer. guardian.co.uk/ worldview/story/0,11581,845725,00html), accessed 25 August 2005. The letter first appeared on the Internet and was then circulated by supporters in Britain.
83. This statement is based on conclusions reported by the Center for Islamic Studies and Research in a book entitled The East Riyadh Operation and Our War with the United States and its Agents published in 2003. The book was translated by FBIS. Excerpts posted by why-war.com, at (http://www.why-war.com/files/2004/01/qaeda_east_riyadh.html), accessed 25 August 2005.
84. "Osama Bin Laden Speech Offers Peace Treaty with Europe, Says Al-Qa'ida 'Will Persist in Fighting' the U.S," Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), Series No. 695, posted 15 April 2004;
85. see also "Bin Ladens' Warning: Full Text," BBC.Com, posted 7 October 2001, at (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south asia/1585636.stm), accessed 20 August 2005
86. "Jihad Against the Jews and the Crusaders, 23 February 1998 article.
87. see my Terrorism and Political Violence article.
88. Berger and Sutphen, How Did this Happen? p. 124.
89. Jane Spencer, "Newsweek Web Exclusive," 11 October 2001, at (msnbc.com/ news/ 641689);
90. see also Dimitri K. Simes, "What War Means," National Interest, Thanksgiving Edition 2001, p. 36.
91. Bin Laden, A Declaration of War by Osama bin Laden, together with leaders of the World Islamic Front for the Jihad Against the Jews and the Crusaders, Afghanistan, 23 February 1998, at (www.fas.org/irp/world/ para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm)
92. for a recent article on the consistency of Al Qaeda's messages, see "Al-Qaeda's Miscommunication War: The Terrorism Paradox."
93. Terror in the Name of God, p. XIX.
94. Quoted in "Blair Appeals to Muslim Leaders to Fight Terror, Associated Press, 20 July 2005, posted by the San Diego Union-Tribune, 21 July 2005, at (http://www.signsonsandiego/uniontrib/20050720/ news_1n20terror.html), access 26 August 2005.
95. Through Our Enemies Eyes, p. X
96. see also Imperial Hubris; Against All Enemies.
97. Through Our Enemies Eyes, p. X.
98. The 9/11 Commission Report, p. 251.
99. Quoted in PhilipWilan and Nick Hopkins, "Bin Laden Letters Order U.S. Massacre," The Guardian, posted 18 October 2001, at (www.guardian.co.uk/waronterror/story/0,1361,576197,00), accessed 23 August 2005.
100. "Views of a Changing world," The Pew Global Attitudes Project, June 2003, at (http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/185.pdf.), accessed 26August 2005. The countries surveyed were Jordan, Pakistan, Lebanon, Morocco, Indonesia, Kuwait, and Turkey.
101. Ibid. Even in Turkey, Israel's closest Muslim ally, only one-third of the respondents believed there was an inherent contradiction between the existence of an Israeli state and Palestinian rights.
102. Elaine Scolino, "Saudi Warns Bush," New York Times, 27 January 2002.
103. Osama bin Laden's two-minute audiotape broadcast 6 October 2002 on Al-Jazeera quoted in Rohan Gunaratna, "Defeating Al Qaeda - The Pioneering Vanguard of the Islamic Movements," in Defeating Terrorism: Shaping theNewSecurity Environment, Russel D. Howard et al., eds., (New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies), p. 26.
104. Bergen's 2002 observation remains true three years later. See Holy War, Inc., p. 226.
105. Quoted in Psychology of Terrorism, p. 51.
106. "Bin Laden: 'Your security is in your own hands,'" 29 October 2004;
107. "Osama Bin Laden Speech Offers Peace Treaty with Europe," 15 April 2004.
108. "Osama Bin Laden Speech Offers Peace Treaty with Europe," 15 April 2004.
109. Dying to Win, Chapter 2.
110. Ibid., 4.
111. See Kenneth Schultz, Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), Introduction.
112. "Arab Public Opinion Survey," Zogby International, March 2003, at (http://www.bsos.umd.edu/sadat/pub/survey2003.htm), accessed 8 August 2005
113. Stephen Van Evera, "Why U.S. National Security Requires Mideast Peace," April 2005, MIT Center for International Studies Paper, at (http://web.mit.edu/cis/pdf/Audit_5_05_VanEvera.pdf), accessed 23 August 2005.
114. Ibid.
115. Pew Global Research Project: See Dying to Win, 244.
116. Pew Global Research Project.
117. For a list of bin Laden interviews to Western journalists in the 1990s see, "Who is bin Laden?" PBS.Org., at (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/ edicts.html), accessed 28 July 2005.
118. From 11 September 2001 through July 2005, bin Laden released 18 videotapes to Al-Jazeera, according to an interview with Bergen on Anderson Cooper 360, CNN, 4 August 2005.
119. "Declaration of War Against the Americans Who Occupy the Land of the Two Holy Mosques."
120. "Interview: Osama Bin Laden," ABC News interview, May 1998.
121. Quoted by Suleiman Abu Gheith in "Why We Fight America," posted by the Middle East Media Research Institute, No. 388, 12 June 2002, at (http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page= archives&Area=sd&ID=SP38802), accessed 22 August 2005. Statement first published in Al-Sharq Al-Awsat (London), 7 June 2002.
122. See, for example, "Bin Laden: 'Your security is in your own hands,'" 29 October 2004
123. Defeating Terrorism: Shaping the New Security Environment, p. 5.
124. Scott Atran, "Mishandling Suicide Terrorism," TheWashington Quarterly, 27(3) (Summer 2004), p. 81.
125. Dying to Win, p. 104
126. for an older database that remains relevant to Al Qaeda's motivations, see these findings see Marc Sageman, Understanding Terrorist Networks (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).
127. The 9/11 Commission Report, p. 251.
128. "Interview: Osama Bin Laden," May 1998
129. see Through Our Enemies Eyes, p. XVIII.
130. See "A Declaration of War Against the Americans occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places: A Message from Osama bin Laden," August 1996
131. Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror (New York: Columbia University Press), p. 73.
132. Inside al-Qaeda, p. 104.
133. The 9/11 Commission Report, pp. 251-252.
134. See Inside al-Qaeda, pp. 9-10.
135. See "How an Al-Qaeda Bigwig Got Nabbed," Time Magazine 25 August 2003, p. 47.
136. See, for example, "Bin Laden: 'Your security is in your own hands,'" 29 October 2004; Imperial Hubris, p. 153.
137. See, for example, George W. Bush, "President's Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly," 12 September 2002, posted by White House, at, (http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020912-1.html), accessed 26 June 2005.
138. See Ron Suskind, The Price of Loyalty: George Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O'Neill (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), pp. 10-15;
139. Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), pp. 82-86.
140. Chaim Kaufman, "Threat Inflation and the Failure of theMarketplace of Ideas: The Selling of the Iraq War," International Security, 29(1) (Summer 2004), p. 31.
141. Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, "Active Duty Military Personnel by Country" (Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense), 1980-2004.
142. Ibid.
143. Operation Desert Storm relied on almost half a million troops.
144. Daniel L. Byman and John R. Wise, "The Persian Gulf in the Coming Decade: Trends, Threats, and Opportunities," Rand Corporation Air Force Paper (Santa Monica, CA: 2002), p. 55.
145. Ibid., p. 43. In September 1991 the U.S. reduced its troops in Saudi Arabia from 541,000 to 37,000. That month, President George H. W. Bush authorized the sale of 72 F-15 aircraft to Saudi Arabia.
146. Dying to Win, pp. 46, 84.
147. "Asia," Strategic Survey, 105(1) (May 2005), pp. 74-75.
148. Carolyn Lochhead, "Bush Insists on U.S. Resolve; U.S. Pledges Boost in Aid to Pakistan," San Francisco Chronicle, 11 November 2001;
149. U.S. Pledges Boost in Aid to Pakistan," San Francisco Chronicle, 11 November 2001
150. "Joint U.S.-Pakistan Statement for President Musharraf's Visit to New York," 10 November 2001, posted by U.S. Department of State, at (www.state.gov/p/sa/rt/index.cfm?docid/6060), accessed 3 July 2005.
151. Aqil Shah, "South Asia Faces the Future: Democracy on Hold in Pakistan," Journal of Democracy 13(1) (January 2002), p. 67.
152. Leon T. Hadar, "Pakistan in America's War against Terrorism: Strategic Ally or Unreliable Client?" CATO Policy Analysis Paper, No. 436, 8 May 2002, p. 3.
153. "Middle East and East Africa," Military Balance, 103(1) (October 2003), p. 118.
154. "Middle East/Gulf," Strategic Survey, 105(1) (May 2005), p. 209.
155. Ibid., 207-212.
156. This figure was calculated by Marc Herold, a University of New Hampshire professor, in "Measuring the Human Cost of the War on Terror," Social Justice News, 26 March 2002, at (http://salt.claritianpubs.org/sjnews/2002/03/sjn0203i.html), accessed 2 August 2005.
157. Figures reported by Iraqbodycount.org, posted 28 July 2005, at (http://www.iraqbodycount.net), accessed 28 July 2005. This organization includes deaths by American forces, Iraqi security services, and terrorist attacks.
158. In July 2005 the Bush administration began employing the phrase GSAVE.
159. See "President Bush Speaks to the United Nations," 10 November 2001, posted by White House, at (http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011110-3.html), accessed 27 August 2005.
160. Brian Glyn Williams, "From 'Secessionist Rebels' to 'Al-Qaeda Shock Brigades': Assessing Russia's Efforts to Extend the Post-September 11th War on Terror to Chechnya," Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 24(1) (2004), p. 199.
161. Quoted in Michael McFaul, U.S. Foreign Policy and Chechnya (Washington: The Century Foundation, 2003), p. 27.
162. Muqtedar Khan, "Prospects for Muslim Democracy: The Role of U.S. Policy," Middle East Policy, X (Fall 2003), posted by Brookings Institution, at (http://www.brookings.edu/views/articles/fellows/ khan20031001.htm), accessed 25 August 2005;
163. Khaled Schmitt, "Russia Killed 1123 Chechen Civilians in 2002: Report," posted by IslamOnline, 23 April 2003, based on an official Russian report carried by the German newspaper Frankfurter Rundschau on 19 April 2003, at (http://www.islamonline.net/english/news/2003-04/19/ article10.shtml).
164. "Palestinians Killed by Israeli Security Forces - Monthly Tables," B'tselem: The Israeli Center for Human Rights," at (http:// www.btselem.org/english.statistics/ palestinians_killed_by_Israeli_security_forces), accessed 3 August 2005.
165. "Prospects for Muslim Democracy."
166. "The US and the Middle East After 11 September," Strategic Survey, 102(1) (May 2002), p. 182.
167. Ibid., 184-185.
168. Pew Research Center, "People and the Press Terrorism Tracking Poll," accession no. 0387997, question no. 018, release date 27 September 2001.
169. Pew Research Center, "People and the Press Terrorism Tracking Poll," accession no. 0387998, question no. 019, release date 27 September 2001.
170. Quoted in Imperial Hubris, p. 22.
171. Bin Laden statement quoted in Defeating Terrorism, p. 26;
172. "Bin Laden: 'Your security is in your own hands,'" 29 October 2004;
173. Imperial Hubris, p. 153.
174. "Bin Laden: 'Your security is in your own hands,'" 29 October 2004.