Direct major- and trace-element analyses of rock varnish by high resolution laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS)

Applied Geochemistry

Volumn 21, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 1410-1431

  Wayne, David M ^a   Diaz, Tammy A ^b   Fairhurst, Robert J ^b   Orndorff, Richard L ^c   Pete, Douglas V ^a  

^a LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^c EASTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPOSITION; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA; LASER ABLATION; MASS SPECTROMETRY; ROCKS; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

AIRBORNE PARTICULATES; ELECTRON MICROPROBE; ROCK VARNISH; TRACE-ELEMENT ANALYSES;

TRACE ELEMENTS;

ELECTRON PROBE ANALYSIS; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA METHOD; MASS SPECTROMETRY; ROCK VARNISH; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SUBSTRATE; TRACE ELEMENT;

FALLON; NEVADA; NORTH AMERICA; SAN JUAN RIVER; UNITED STATES; UTAH;

BRYOPHYTA;

EID: 33746505483     PISSN: 08832927     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.04.005     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Al-Attar L., and Dyer A. Sorption behaviour of uranium on birnessite, a layered manganese oxide. J. Mater. Chem. 12 (2002) 1381-1386
2. 2 sequestration potential beneath large power plants in the Colorado Plateau - Southern Rocky Mountain region, USA. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference on Carbon Sequestration, Alexandria, VA, 5-8 May 2003, pp. 1-13.
3. Arienzo M., Adamo P., Chiarenzelli J., Bianco M.R., and De Martino A. Retention of arsenic on hydrous ferric oxides generated by electrochemical oxidation. Chemosphere 48 (2002) 1009-1018
4. Bao H.M., and Reheis M. Multiple oxygen and sulfur isotopic analyses on water-soluble sulfate in bulk atmospheric deposition from the southwestern United States. J. Geophys. Res., Atmospheres 108 D14 (2003) ACH9-1-9
5. Bao H.M., Michalski G.M., and Thiemens M.H. Sulfate oxygen-17 anomalies in desert varnishes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 (2001) 2029-2036
6. Bargagli R., Monaci F., Borghini F., Bravi F., and Agnorelli C. Mosses and lichens as biomonitors of trace metals. A comparison study on Hypnum cupressiforme and Parmelia caperata in a former mining district in Italy. Environ. Pollut. 116 (2002) 279-287
7. Bargar J.R., Tebo B.M., and Villinski J.E. In situ characterization of Mn(II) oxidation by spores of the marine Bacillus sp. strain SG-1. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64 (2000) 2775-2778
8. Bauman A.J. Desert varnish and marine ferromanganese oxide nodules - Cogeneric phenomena. Nature 259 (1976) 387-388
9. Bleiner D., Plotnikov A., Vogt C., Wetzig K., and Gunther D. Depth profile analysis of various titanium based coatings on steel and tungsten carbide using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma - "time of flight" mass spectrometry. Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 368 (2000) 221-226
10. Bleiner D., Lienemann P., Ulrich A., Vonmont H., and Wichser A. Spatially resolved quantitative profiling of compositionally graded perovskite layers using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 18 (2003) 1146-1153
11. Broecker W.S., and Liu T. Rock varnish: Recorder of desert wetness?. GSA Today Aug. 2001 (2001) 4-10
12. Carignan J., Simonetti A., and Gariepy C. Dispersal of atmospheric lead in northeastern North America as recorded by epiphytic lichens. Atmos. Environ. 36 (2002) 3759-3766
13. Ceburnis D., Sakalysa J., Armolaitis K., Valiulisa D., and Kvietkusa K. In-stack emissions of heavy metals estimated by moss biomonitoring method and snow-pack analysis. Atmos. Environ. 36 (2002) 1465-1474
14. Chester R., Nimmo M., and Corcoran P.A. Rain water-aerosol trace metal relationships at Cap Ferrat: A coastal site in the Western Mediterranean. Mar. Chem. 58 (1997) 293-312
15. Culicov O.A., Frontasyeva M.V., Steinnes E., Okina O.S., Santa Zs., and Todoran R. Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals around the lead and copper-zinc smelters in Baia Mare, Romania, studied by the moss biomonitoring technique, neutron activation analysis and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 254 (2002) 109-115
16. Danihelka P., Volna Z., Jones J.M., and Williams A. Emission of trace toxic metals during pulverized fuel combustion of Czech coals. Int. J. Energy Res. 27 (2003) 1181-1203
17. 2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology, seaspray and human activity. Appl. Geochem. 16 (2001) 137-159
18. Deschamps E., Ciminelli V.S.T., Weidler P.G., and Ramos A.Y. Arsenic sorption onto soils enriched in Mn and Fe minerals. Clays Clay Min. 51 (2003) 197-204
19. Diaz, T., 2004. Investigating chemical variations in rock varnish from the Lahontan Range, Central Nevada. Unpubl. M.S. thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
20. Dong D., Li Y., and Hua X. Investigation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic material in surface coatings and Pb, Cd adsorption to surface coatings developed in different natural waters. Microchem. J. 70 (2001) 25-33
21. Dorn R.I., and Oberlander T.M. Rock varnish. Prog. Phys. Geog. 6 (1982) 317-367
22. Douglas G.R. Manganese-rich rock coatings from Iceland. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 12 (1987) 301-310
23. Dragovich D. Microchemistry of small desert varnish samples, western New South Wales, Australia. Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 23 (1998) 445-453
24. Durrant S.F. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: achievements, problems, prospects. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 14 (1999) 1385-1403
25. Dyer A., Pillinger M., Harjula R., and Amin S. Sorption characteristics of radionuclides on synthetic birnessite-type layered manganese oxides. J. Mater. Chem. 10 (2000) 1867-1874
26. Edwards H.G.M., Moody C.A., Jorge-Villar S.E., and Mancinelli R. Raman spectroscopy of desert varnishes and their rock substrata. J. Raman Spectros. 35 (2004) 475-479
27. Eggins S.M., Kinsley L.P.J., and Shelley J.M.G. Deposition and element fractionation processes during atmospheric pressure laser sampling for analysis by ICP-MS. Appl. Surf. Sci. 127-129 (1998) 278-286
28. Engel C.G., and Sharp R.S. Chemical data on desert varnish. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 69 (1958) 487-518
29. Eppard M., Krumbein W.E., Koch C., Rhiel E., Staley J.T., and Stackebrandt E. Morphological, physiological, and molecular characterization of actinomycetes isolated from dry soil, rocks, and monument surfaces. Arch. Microbiol. 166 (1996) 12-22
30. Falla J., Laval-Gilly Ph., Henryon M., Morlot D., and Ferard J.-F. Biological air quality monitoring: A review. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 64 (2000) 627-644
31. Ferris F.G., Hallberg R.O., Lyven B., and Pedersen K. Retention of strontium, cesium, lead, and uranium by bacterial iron oxides from a subterranean environment. Appl. Geochem. 15 (2000) 1035-1042
32. Figg D.J., Cross J.B., and Brink C. More investigations into elemental fractionation resulting from laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry on glass samples. Appl. Surf. Sci. 127-129 (1998) 287-291
33. Fleisher M., Liu T., Broecker W.S., and Moore W. A clue regarding the origin of rock varnish. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (1999) 103-106
34. Flood, B.E., Allen, C.C., Longazo, T.G., 2003. Microbial fossils detected in desert varnish. In: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIV, Abstr. #1633.
35. Fryer B.J., Jackson S.E., and Longerich H.P. Design, operation, and role of the laser ablation microprobe coupled with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LAM-ICP-MS) in the earth sciences. Can. Mineral. 33 (1995) 303-312
36. Garty J. Lichens and heavy metals in the environment. In: Vernet J.-P. (Ed). Trace Metals in the Environment 2 - Impact of Heavy Metals on the Environment (1992), Elsevier, Amsterdam 55-132
37. Gerdol R., Bragazza L., Marchesinia R., Medicia A., Pedrinia P., Benedetti S., Bovolenta A., and Coppi S. Use of moss (Tortula muralis Hedw.) for monitoring organic and inorganic air pollution in urban and rural sites in Northern Italy. Atmos. Environ. 36 (2002) 4069-4075
38. Getty S.R., Gutzler D.S., Asmerom Y., Shearer C.K., and Free S.J. Chemical signals of epiphytic lichens in southwestern North America; natural versus man-made sources for airborne particulates. Atmos. Environ. 33 (1999) 5095-5104
39. Guillong M., Kuhn H.R., and Gunther D. Application of a particle separation device to reduce inductively coupled plasma-enhanced elemental fractionation in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta B 58 (2003) 211-220
40. Gunther D., Horn I., and Hattendorf B. Recent trends and developments in laser ablation-ICP-mass spectrometry. Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 368 (2000) 4-14
41. Gustafsson J.P. Modelling molybdate and tungstate adsorption to ferrihydrite. Chem. Geol. 200 (2003) 105-115
42. Haack E.A., and Warren L.A. Biofilm hydrous manganese oxyhydroxides and metal dynamics in acid rock drainage. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 4138-4147
43. Harrington C.D., Reneau S.L., Raymond Jr. R., and Krier D.J. Incorporation of volcanic ash into rock varnish, and implications for geochronologic and paleoenvironmental research. EOS Am. Geophys. Union Trans. 71 (1990) 1343
44. Hattendorf B., Latkoczy C., and Gunther D. Laser ablation ICPMS. Anal. Chem. 75 (2003) 341A-347A
45. Hochella M.F., Moore J.N., Putnis C.V., Putnis A., Kasama T., and Eberl D.D. Direct observation of heavy metal - mineral association from the Clark Fork River Superfund Complex: Implications for metal transport and bioavailability. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 1651-1663
46. 210Po: Another clue to the origin of rock varnish?. J. Environ. Radioact. 78 (2004) 331-342
47. Hunt, C.B., 1961. Stratigraphy of Desert Varnish. In: USGS. Prof. Pap. 424-B, Short Papers in the Geologic and Hydrologic Sciences, Articles 1-146, Geological Survey Research 1961, B194-B195.
48. Jochum K.P., Dingwell D.P., Rocholl A., Stoll B., Hofmann A.W., et al. The preparation and preliminary characterization of eight geological MPI-DING reference glasses for in-situ microanalysis. Geostand. Newslett. 24 (2000) 87-133
49. Kanicky V., Novotny I., Musil J., and Mermet J.-M. Depth profiling of thick layers of graded metal-zirconia ceramic coatings using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Appl. Spectros. 51 (1997) 1042-1046
50. Kirchner G., and Daillant O. The potential of lichens as long-term biomonitors of natural and artificial radionuclides. Environ. Pollut. 120 (2002) 145-150
51. 2 by ultraviolet laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at 266 and 193 nm. Spectrochim. Acta B 57 (2002) 1057-1070
52. Kolb, V.M., Philip, A.I., Perry, R.S., 2004. Testing the role of silicic acid and bioorganic materials in the formation of rock coatings. In: Hoover, R.B., Levin, G.V., Rozanov, A. Yu (Eds.), Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology VIII Proceedings of SPIE 5555, pp. 116-125.
53. Krinsley D. Models of rock varnish formation constrained by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Sedimentology 45 (1998) 711-725
54. Krumbein W.E., and Jens K. Biogenic rock varnishes of the Negev Desert (Israel): an ecological study of iron and manganese transformation by cyanobacteria and fungi. Oecologia 50 (1981) 25-38
55. Kuhlman K.R., Allenbach L.B., Ball C.L., Fusco W.G., LaDuc M.T., Kuhlman G.M., Anderson R.C., Stuecker C.T., Erickson I.T., Benardini J., and Crawford R.L. Enumeration, isolation, and characterization of ultraviolet (UV-C) resistant bacteria from rock varnish in the Whipple Mountains, California. Icarus 174 (2005) 585-595
56. Lee M.R., and Bland P.A. Dating climatic change in hot deserts using desert varnish on meteorite finds. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 206 (2003) 187-198
57. Lico, M.S., Seiler, R.L., 1994. Ground-water quality and geochemistry, Carson Desert, western Nevada. US Geol. Surv. Open-File Rep., pp. 94-131.
58. Lienemann C.-.P., Taillefert M., Perret D., and Gaillard J.-.F. Association of cobalt and manganese in aquatic systems: Chemical and microscopic evidence. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 (1997) 1437-1446
59. Liu T.H., and Broecker W.S. How fast does rock varnish grow?. Geology 28 (2000) 183-186
60. Liu T., Broecker W.S., Bell J.W., and Mandeville C.W. Terminal Pleistocene wet event recorded in rock varnish from Las Vegas Valley, southern Nevada. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 161 (2000) 423-433
61. Liu F., Colombo C., Adams P., He J.Z., and Violante A. Trace elements in manganese-iron nodules from a Chinese alfisol. Soil Soc. Am. J. 66 (2002) 661-670
62. Longerich H.P., Gunther D., and Jackson S.E. Elemental fractionation in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 355 (1996) 538-542
63. Manceau A., Tamura N., Celestre R.S., MacDowell A.A., Geoffroy N., Sposito G., and Padmore H.A. Molecular-scale speciation of Zn and Ni in soil ferromanganese nodules from loess soils of the Mississippi Basin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 75-80
64. Mank A.J.G., and Mason P.R.D. A critical assessment of laser ablation ICP-MS as an analytical tool for depth analysis in silica-based glass samples. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 14 (1999) 1143-1153
65. 4 solubility. Coll. Surf. 25 (1987) 369-385
66. Mason P.R.D., and Mank A.J.G. Depth-resolved analysis in multi-layered glass and metal materials using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 16 (2001) 1381-1388
67. McKeown D.A., and Post J.E. Characterization of manganese oxide mineralogy in rock varnish and dendrites using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Am. Mineral. 86 (2001) 701-713
68. Misaelides P., Katranas T., Godelitsas A., Klewe-Nebenius H., and Anousis I. The chemical behavior of the natural microporous manganese oxide todorokite in actinide (Th, U, Pa) aqueous solutions. Separat. Sci. Technol. 37 (2002) 1109-1121
69. Moffett J.W., and Ho J. Oxidation of cobalt and manganese in seawater via a common microbially catalyzed pathway. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (1996) 3415-3424
70. Moore W.S., Liu T.Z., Broecker W.S., Finkel R.C., and Wright A. Factors influencing Be-7 accumulation on rock varnish. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (2001) 4475-4478
71. Nagy L.A., Rigali M.J., Jones W.D., Krinsley D.H., and Sinclair N.A. Rock varnish in the Sonoran Desert: Microbiologically mediated accumulation of manganiferous sediments. Sedimentology 38 (1991) 1153-1171
72. Neaman A., Mouele F., Trolard F., and Bourrie G. Improved methods for selective dissolution of Mn oxides: Applications for studying trace element associations. Appl. Geochem. 19 (2004) 973-979
73. Neff H. Analysis of Mesoamerican plumbate pottery surfaces by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). J. Archaeolog. Sci. 30 (2003) 21-35
74. Nelson Y.M., and Lion L.W. Formation of biogenic manganese oxides and their influence on the scavenging of toxic trace metals. In: Selim H.M., and Kingerly W.L. (Eds). Geochemical and Hydrological Reactivity of Heavy Metals in Soils (2003), Lewis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 169-186
75. Nodelman I.G., Pisupati S.V., Falcone Miller S., and Scaroni A.W. Partitioning behavior of trace elements during pilot-scale combustion of pulverized coal and coal-water slurry fuel. J. Hazard. Mater. 74 (2000) 47-59
76. Ohata M., Iwasaki Y., Furuta N., and Brenner I.B. Studies on laser defocusing effects on laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry using emission signals from laser-induced plasma. Spectrochim. Acta B 57 (2002) 1713-1725
77. Ouvrard S., de Donato P., Simonnot M.O., Begin S., Ghanbaja J., Alnot M., Duval Y.B., Lhote F., Barres O., and Sardin M. Natural manganese oxide: Combined analytical approach for solid characterization and arsenic retention. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 2715-2724
78. Palumbo B., Angelone M., Bellanca A., Dazzi C., Hauser S., Neri R., and Wilson J. Influence of inheritance and pedogenesis on heavy metal distribution in soils of Sicily, Italy. Geoderma 95 (2000) 247-266
79. Palumbo B., Bellanca A., Neri R., and Roe M.J. Trace metal partitioning in Fe-Mn nodules from Sicilian soils, Italy. Chem. Geol. 173 (2001) 257-269
80. Perry R.S., and Adams J. Desert varnish: Evidence of cyclic deposition of manganese. Nature 276 (1978) 489-491
81. Perry, R.S., Kolb, V.M., 2004. Biological and organic constituents of desert varnish: review and new hypotheses. In: Hoover, R.B., Rozanov, A. Yu. (Eds.), Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology VII, Proceedings of SPIE 5163, pp. 202-217.
82. Perry R.S., Dodsworth J., Staley J.T., and Gillespie A. Molecular analyses of microbial communities in rock coatings and soils from Death Valley California. Astrobiology 2 (2002) 539
83. Petrunic B.M., and Al T.A. Mineral/water interactions in tailings from a tungsten mine, Mount Pleasant, New Brunswick. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 2469-2483
84. Post J.E. Manganese oxide minerals: Crystal structures and economic and environmental significance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 3447-3454
85. Potter R.M., and Rossman G.R. Desert varnish: The importance of clay minerals. Science 196 (1977) 1446-1448
86. Probst, L.W., Allen, C.C., Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Clemett, S.J., Longazo, T.G., Nelman-Gonzalez, M.A., Sams, C., 2002. Desert varnish - Preservation of biofabrics and implications for Mars. In: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIII, Abstr. #1764.
87. Querol X., Umana J.C., Alastuey A., Bertrana C., Lopez-Soler A., and Plana F. Extraction of water-soluble impurities from fly ash. Energy Sources 22 (2000) 733-750
88. Querol X., Umana J.C., Alastuey A., Ayora C., Lopez-Soler A., and Plana F. Extraction of soluble major and trace elements from fly ash in open and closed leaching systems. Fuel 80 (2001) 801-813
89. Raymond Jr. R., Reneau S.L., and Harrington C.D. Elemental relationships in rock varnish as seen with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray elemental line profiling. Scann. Microsc. 5 (1991) 37-46
90. Reimann C., and de Caritat P. Intrinsic flaws of element enrichment factors (EFs) in environmental geochemistry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 5084-5091
91. Reimann C., Kalushina G., de Caritat P., and Niskavaara H. Multi-element, multi-medium regional geochemistry in the European arctic: element concentration, variation, and correlation. Appl. Geochem. 16 (2001) 759-780
92. 2 area in Northern Europe. Sci. Total Environ. 278 (2001) 87-112
93. Reimann C., Niskavaara H., Kashulina G., Filzmoser P., Boyd R., Volden T., Tomilina O., and Bogatyrev I. Critical remarks on the use of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) for monitoring of airborne pollution. Environ. Pollut. 113 (2001) 41-57
94. Reneau S.L. Manganese accumulation in rock varnish on a desert piedmont, Mojave Desert, California, and application to evaluating varnish development. Quat. Res. 40 (1993) 309-317
95. Reneau S.L., Hagan R.C., Harrington C.D., and Raymond Jr. R. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of rock varnish chemistry for cation-ratio dating: An examination of electron beam penetration depths. Scann. Microsc. 5 (1991) 47-54
96. Reneau S.L., Raymond R., and Harrington C. Elemental relationships in rock varnish stratigraphic layers, Cima volcanic field, California: Implications for varnish development and the interpretation of varnish chemistry. Am. J. Sci. 292 (1992) 684-723
97. Rizzio E., Bergamaschi L., Valcuvia M.G., Profumo A., and Gallorini M. Trace element determination in lichens and in the airborne particulate matter for the evaluation of the atmospheric pollution in a region of northern Italy. Environ. Int. 26 (2001) 543-549
98. Rodushkin I., and Axelsson M.D. Application of double focusing sector field ICP-MS for multielemental characterization of human hair and nails. Part III. Direct analysis by laser ablation. Sci. Total Environ. 305 (2003) 23-39
99. Rodushkin I., Axelsson M.D., Malinovsky D., and Baxter D.C. Analyte- and matrix-dependent chemical response variations in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Part 1: The roles of plasma and ion sampling conditions. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 17 (2002) 1223-1230
100. Rodushkin I., Axelsson M.D., Malinovsky D., and Baxter D.C. Analyte- and matrix-dependent chemical response variations in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Part 2: Implications for multi-element analyses. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 17 (2002) 1231-1239
101. Russo R.E., Mao X., Liu H., Gonzalez J., and Mao S.S. Laser ablation in analytical chemistry - a review. Talanta 57 (2002) 425-451
102. Schilling J.S., and Lehman M.E. Bioindication of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in the Southeastern US using the moss Thuidium delicatulum. Atmos. Environ. 36 (2002) 1611-1618
103. Seiler R.L., Stollenwerk K.G., and Garbarino J.R. Factors controlling tungsten concentrations in ground water, Carson Desert, Nevada. Appl. Geochem. 20 (2005) 423-441
104. Speakman R.J., and Neff H. Evaluation of painted pottery from the Mesa Verde region using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Am. Antiquity 67 (2002) 137-144
105. Spilde, M.N., Boston, P.J., Northup, D.E., 2002. Subterranean manganese deposits in caves: Analogies to rock varnish. In: Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. with Prog, Paper No. 216-13.
106. St. Clair S.B., St. Clair L.L., Weber D.J., Mangelson N.F., and Eggett D.L. Element accumulation patterns in foliose and fruticose lichens from rock and bark substrates in Arizona. The Bryologist 105 (2002) 415-421
107. Tani Y., Miyata N., Iwahori K., Soma M., Tokuda S., Seyama H., and Theng B.K.G. Biogeochemistry of manganese oxide coatings on pebble surfaces in the Kikukawa River System, Shizuoka, Japan. Appl. Geochem. 18 (2003) 1541-1554
108. Tani Y., Ohashi M., Miyata N., Seyama H., Iwahori K., and Soma M. Sorption of Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) on biogenic manganese oxides produced by a Mn-oxidizing fungus, strain KR21-2. J. Env. Sci. Health - Part A, Toxic/Hazard. Subst. & Environ. Engin. A 39 (2004) 2641-2660
109. Taylor-George S., Palmer F.E., Staley J.T., Borns D.J., Curtiss B., and Adams J.B. Fungi and bacteria involved in desert varnish formation. Microbial Ecol. 9 (1983) 227-245
110. Tebo B.M., Bargar J.R., Clement B.G., Dick G.J., Murray K.J., Parker D., Verity R., and Webb S.M. Biogenic manganese oxides: Properties and mechanisms of formation. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 32 (2004) 287-328
111. Thiagarajan N., and Lee C.-T.A. Trace element evidence for the origin of desert varnish by direct aqueous atmospheric deposition. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 224 (2004) 131-141
112. Tsikritzis L.I., Ganatsios S.S., Duliu O.G., and Sawidis T.D. Heavy metals distribution in some lichens, mosses, and trees in the vicinity of lignite power plants from West Macedonia, Greece. J. Trace Microprobe Tech. 20 (2002) 395-413
113. Wayne, D.M., Diaz, T.A., Orndorff, R.L., 2004. Atmospheric inputs of heavy metals and lead isotopes to rock varnish revealed by high-resolution laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In: Abstract of Papers of the 227th ACS National Meeting; March 28 to April 1, 2004; Anaheim, CA, American Chemical Society, 227, Pt. 2,U93.
114. Weiss D., Shotyk W., Kramers J.D., and Gloor M. Sphagnum mosses as archives of recent and past atmospheric lead deposition in Switzerland. Atmos. Environ. 33 (1999) 3751-3763
115. Weis P., Beck H.P., and Gunther D. Characterizing ablation and aerosol generation during elemental fractionation on absorption modified lithium tetraborate glasses using LA-ICP-MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 381 (2005) 212-224
116. Welch, A.H., 1994. Ground-water quality and geochemistry in Carson and Eagle Valleys, western Nevada and eastern California. US Geol. Surv. Open - File Rep. pp. 93-133.
117. Welch, A.H., Lico, M.S., 1988. Arsenic in an alluvial - lacustrine aquifer, Carson Desert, western Nevada. In: Ragone S.E., (Ed.), US Geological Survey Program on Toxic Water - Groundwater Contamination, October 1985, Proceedings of the US Geological Survey Open - File Rep. 86-481, E13-E18.
118. Welch A.H., and Lico M.S. Factors controlling As and U in shallow ground water, southern Carson Desert, Nevada. Appl. Geochem. 13 (1998) 521-539
119. Wesley M.L., and Hicks B.B. A review of the current status of knowledge on dry deposition. Atmos. Environ. 34 (2000) 2261-2282
120. Yan R., Gauthier D., and Flamant G. Volatility and chemistry of trace elements in a coal combustor. Fuel 80 (2001) 2217-2226
121. Zack T., Kronz A., Foley S.F., and Rivers T. Trace element abundances in rutiles from eclogites and associated garnet mica schists. Chem. Geol. 184 (2002) 97-122
122. Zhang Zh.H., Chai Z.F., Mao X.Y., and Chen J.B. Biomonitoring trace element atmospheric deposition using lichens in China. Environ. Pollut. 120 (2002) 157-161
123. Zschau T., Getty S.J., Gries C., Asmerom Y., Zambrano A., and Nash III T.H. Historical and current atmospheric deposition to the epilithic lichen Xanthoparmelia in Maricopa County, Arizona. Environ. Pollut. 125 (2003) 21-30