Wasted density? the impact of Toronto's residential-density-distribution policies on public-transit use and walking

Environment and Planning A

Volumn 38, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 1367-1392

  Filion, Pierre ^a   McSpurren, Kathleen ^a   Appleby, Brad ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PUBLIC TRANSPORT; TRANSPORTATION PLANNING; URBAN TRANSPORT; WALKING;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; ONTARIO; TORONTO;

EID: 33746423021     PISSN: 0308518X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1068/a37414     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. American Planning Association, 1998 The Principles of Smart Development Planning Advisory Report No. 479 (American Planning Association, Chicago, IL)
2. Armstrong J, 1993, "Toronto backs on housing proposal" Toronto Star 26 March, page A6
3. Badoe D A, Miller E J, 2000, "Transportation-land-use interaction: empirical findings in North America, and their implication for modeling" Transportation Research Part D 5 235-263
4. Bagley M V, Mokhtarian P L, 2002, "The impact of residential neighbourhood type on travel behavior: a structural equations modeling approach" The Annals of Regional Science 36 279-297
5. Banister D, Watson S, Wood C, 1997, "Sustainable cities: transport, energy, and urban form" Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 24 125-143
6. Bernick M, 1993, "The Bay Area's emerging transit-based housing" Urban Land 52 (July) 38-41
7. Boarnet M G, Compion N S, 1996 Transit-oriented Development in San Diego County: Incrementally Implementing a Comprehensive Idea UCTC No. 343, The University of California Transportation Center, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
8. Boarnet M G, Crane R, 2001 The Influence of Urban Form on Travel (Oxford University Press, New York)
9. Bourne L S, 1967 Private Redevelopment of the Central City: Processes of Structural Change in the City of Toronto Department of Geography, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
10. Bourne L S, 1991, "The Roepke lecture - recycling urban systems and metropolitan areas: a geographical agenda for the 1990s and beyond" Economic Geography 67 185-209
11. Bourne L, 1992, "Self-fulfilling prophecies? Decentralization, inner city decline, and the quality of urban life" Journal of the American Planning Association 58 509-513
12. Calthorpe P, 1993 The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream (Princeton Architectural Press, New York)
13. Cervero R, 1994, "Transit-based housing in California: evidence on ridership impacts" Transport Policy 3 174-183
14. Cervero, R, 1996, "Mixed land uses and commuting: evidence from the American housing survey" Transportation Research A 30 361-377
15. Cervero R, 2002, "Built environments and mode choice: toward a normative framework" Transportation Research Part D 7 265-284
16. Cervero R, Duncan M, 2002 Residential Self Selection and Rail Commuting: A Nested Logit Analysis University of California Transportation Center, Berkeley, CA, http://www.uctc.net/papers/604.pdf
17. Cervero R, Kockelman K, 1997, "Travel demand and the 3Ds: density, diversity, and design" Transportation Research Part D 2 199-219
18. City of Mississauga, 1978 The Official Plan of the City of Mississuaga Subsidiary Planning Area report by the Planning Department, City of Mississauga, 300 City Centre Drive, Mississauga, ON L5B 3C1
19. City of Toronto, 1977 Central Area Plan report by the Planning Board, available at Toronto Urban Affairs Library, Metro Hall, Mezzanine Level, 55 John Street, Toronto, ON M5V 3C6
20. City of Toronto, 2002 Toronto Official Plan available at Toronto Urban Affairs Library, Metro Hall, Mezzanine Level, 55 John Street, Toronto, ON M5V 3C6
21. City of Vaughan, 1982 Kleinberg - Nashville Community Plan City of Vaughan, 2141 Major Mackenzie Drive, Vaughan, ON L6A ITI
22. Crane R, 2000, "The influence of urban form on travel: an interpretive review" Journal of Planning Literature 15 3-23
23. Data Management Group, 1997 Transportation Tomorrow Survey, Design and Conduct of the Survey University of Toronto Joint Program in Transportation, 35 St George Street, Room 305, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, http://www.jpint.utoronto.ca/PDF/docs61.html
24. Demographia, 2001 Employment Density in International Central Business Districts http://demographia.com/db-inticbddens.htm
25. Ewing E, Cervero R, 2001, "Travel and the built environment: a synthesis" Transportation Research Record number 1780, 87-114
26. Filion P, 2001, "Suburban mixed-use centres and urban dispersion: what difference do they make?" Environment and Planning A 33 141-160
27. Filion P, Bunting T, McSpurren K, Tse A, 2004, "Metropolitan density patterns, convergence or divergence? A Canada - US comparison" Urban Geography 25 42-65
28. Frisken F, 1991, "The contribution of metropolitan government to the success of Toronto's public transit system: an empirical dissent from the public choice paradigm" Urban Affairs Quarterly 27 268-292
29. Globe and Mail 1961, "Burlap on silk: oppose Deer Park Apartments", 31 October, page 5
30. Holtzclaw J, 1994 Using Residential Patterns and Transit to Decrease Auto Dependence and Costs Natural Resources Defense Council, 11 Sutter Street, San Francisco, CA 94104
31. Isin E F, 1998, "Governing Toronto without government: liberalism and neoliberalism" Studies in Political Economy 56 169-192
32. Ked R, 1998, "Toronto in the 1990s: dissociated governance" Studies in Political Economy 56 151-168
33. Kitamura R, Mokhtarian P L, Laidet L, 1997, "A micro-analysis of land use and travel in five neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area" Transportation 24 125-158
34. Krizek K J, 2000, "Pretest - posttest strategy for researching neighborhood-scale urban form and travel behavior" Transportation Research Record number 1722, 48-55
35. Krizek K J, 2003, "Residential relocation and changes in urban travel: does neighborhood-scale urban form matter?" Journal of the American Planning Association 69 265-281
36. Krizek K J, Waddell P, 2002, "Analysis of lifestyle choice: neighborhood type, travel patterns, and activity participation" Transportation Research Record number 1802, 119-128
37. Levinson D M, Kumar A, 1997, "Density and the journey to work" Growth and Change 28 147-172
38. Lighthall W D, 2003, "Swap clears way for High Park condo: three-way deal allows building eight stories high Gothic Avenue" Toronto Star 16 August, page 5
39. Local Government Commission, 2003 Creating Great Neighborhood: Density in Your Community (US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC)
40. Luscher D R, 1995, "Transit-oriented development as congestion-reduction strategy in the San Francisco Bay Area" Berkeley Planning Journal 10 55-74
41. Metro Toronto, available from Toronto Urban Affairs Library, Metro Hall, Mezzanine Level, 55 John Street, Toronto, ON M5V 3C6 1966 The Study of Apartment Distribution and Apartment Densities in the Metropolitan Toronto Planning Area report by the Planning Board
42. Metro Toronto, available from Toronto Urban Affairs Library, Metro Hall, Mezzanine Level, 55 John Street, Toronto, ON M5V 3C6 1967 Report of the Proposed Apartment Development Control Policy report by the Planning Board
43. Metro Toronto, available from Toronto Urban Affairs Library, Metro Hall, Mezzanine Level, 55 John Street, Toronto, ON M5V 3C6 1968 Report No. 13 of the Legislation and Planning Committee: Metropolitan Control Policy and Amendment No. 15 of the Metropolitan Plan - Appendix A to the Minutes of Council
44. Metro Toronto, available from Toronto Urban Affairs Library, Metro Hall, Mezzanine Level, 55 John Street, Toronto, ON M5V 3C6 1979 Land Use: A Staff Report Submitted to the Joint Metro/TTC Transit Policy Committee report by the Planning Department, Land Use Task Team
45. Metro Toronto, available from Toronto Urban Affairs Library, Metro Hall, Mezzanine Level, 55 John Street, Toronto, ON M5V 3C6 1981 Official Plan for the Urban Structure
46. Metro Toronto, available from Toronto Urban Affairs Library, Metro Hall, Mezzanine Level, 55 John Street, Toronto, ON M5V 3C6 1994 Official Plan of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto: the Livable Metropolis
47. Miller G, Emeneu J, Farrow J, 1997 Greater Toronto Area Urban Structure: An Analysis of Progress towards the Vision Canadian Urban Institute, 100 Lombard Street, Suite 400, Toronto, ON M5C 1M3
48. Murdie R A, 1994, "Social polarization and public housing in Canada: a case study of the Metropolitan Housing Authority", in The Changing Canadian Metropolis: A Public Policy Perspective Ed. F Frisken (Canadian Urban Institute, Toronto, ON, and Institute of Governmental Studies. Berkeley, CA) pp 293-339
49. Newman P W G, Kenworthy J R, 1989, "Gasoline consumption and cities: a comparison of US cities with a global survey" Journal of the American Planning Association 55 24-37
50. Newman P W G, Kenworthy J R, 1996, "The land use - transportation connection" Land Use Policy 131-22
51. Nowlan D M, Steuart G, 1991, "Downtown population growth and commuting trips: recent experience in Toronto" Journal of the American Planning Association 57 165-182
52. Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas Inc., 1997 Making the Land Use Transportation Air Quality Connection TR8, 1000 Friends of Oregon, 534 SW Third Avenue, Suite 300, Portland, OR
53. Perl A, Pucher J, 1995, "Transit in trouble? The policy challenge posed by Canada's changing urban mobility" Canadian Public Policy 21 261-283
54. Pushkarev B, Zupan J, 1977 Public Transportation and Land Use Policy (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN)
55. Rood T, 1998 The Local Index of Transit Availability: An Implementation Manual Local Government Commission, 1414 K Street, Sacramento, CA 95814
56. Rose A, 1972 Government Metropolitan Toronto: A Social and Political Analysis 1953-1971 (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA)
57. Shimko L, 1989, "Three-pronged housing strategy pressed on Ontario municipalities" Globe and Mail 8 August, page A1
58. Statistics Canada, 2003 Commuting Flow, Census Metropolitan Area and Census Agglomeration Cat. 97-C0042, Statistics Canada, RH Coats Building, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON KlA 0T6
59. Steiner R L, 1994, "Residential density and travel patterns: review of the literature" Transportation Research Record number 1466, 37-43
60. Toronto Star 1964, "Lamport blasts zoning body, charges 'flagrant abuse' of law", 17 March, page 19
61. US Census Bureau, 2004 Journey to Work 2004 http://www.census.gov/prod/ 2004pubs/c2kbr-33.pdf
62. Williams G, 1999, "Institutional capacity and metropolitan governance: the Greater Toronto Area" Cities 16 171-180
63. Zhao F, Li M-T, Chow L-F, Chan A, Shen D, 2002 FSUTMS (Florida Standard Urban Transportation Model Structure) Mode Choice Modeling: Factors Affecting Transit Use and Access - Final Report National Center for Transit Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL