On the Psychophysiology of Extraversion

On the Psychobiology of Personality: Essays in Honor of Marvin Zuckerman

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 295-327

  De Pascalis, V ^a  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33746045761     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-008044209-9/50017-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (189)

1. Andress D.L., Church M.W. Differences in brainstem auditory evoked responses between introverts and extraverts as a function of stimulus intensity. Psychophysiology 1981, 18:156.
2. Bar-Haim Y. Introversion and individual differences in middle ear acoustic reflex function. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2002, 46:1-11.
3. Barland G.H., Raskin D.C. Detection of deception. Electrodermal activity in psychological research 1973, 417-477. Academic Press, New York. W.F. Prokasy, D.C. Raskin (Eds.).
4. Barratt E.S. Perceptual-motor performance related to impulsiveness and anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skill 1967, 25:485-492.
5. Bartol C.R., Martin R.B. Preference for complexity as a function of neuroticism, extraversion and amplitude of orienting response. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1974, 38:1155-1160.
6. Berger H. Über das electrenkephalogramm des Menschen. Archives für Psychiatie und Nervenkrankheiten 1929, 87:527-570. Translated and reprinted.
7. Gloor P. Hans Berger on the electroencephalogram of man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1969, (Suppl. 28).
8. Bove A.A., Dewey J.D., Tyce G.M. Increased conjugated dopamine in plasma after exercise training. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1984, 104:77-85.
9. Brebner J. A model of extraversion. Australian Journal of Psychology 1983, 35:349-359.
10. Brebner J. Personality theory and movement. Individual differences in movement 1985, 27-42. MTP Press, Lancaster. B. Kirkcaldy (Ed.).
11. Brebner J. Psychological and neurophysiological factors in stimulus-response compatibility. Stimulus-response compatibility: An integrated perspective 1990, 241-260. Elsevier, Amsterdam. R.W. Proctor, T.G. Reeve (Eds.).
12. Brebner J., Cooper C. The effect of a low rate of regular signals upon the reaction times of intrverts and extraverts. Journal of Research in Personality 1974, 8:263-276.
13. Brebner J., Flavell R. The effect of catch-trials on speed and accuracy among introverts and extraverts in a simple RT task. British Journal of Psychology 1978, 69:9-15.
14. Britt T.W., Blumenthal T.D. Motoneuronal insensitivity in extraverts as revealed by the startle response paradigm. Personality and Individual Differences 1991, 12:387-393.
15. Broadhurst A., Glass A. Relationship of personality measures to the alpha rhythm of the electroencephalogram. British Journal of Psychiatry 1969, 115:199-204.
16. Brocke B., Tasche K.G., Beauducel A. Biopsychological foundations of extraversion: Differential effort reactivity and the differential P300 effect. Personality and Individual Differences 1996, 21:727-738.
17. Brocke B., Tasche K.G., Beauducel A. Biopsychological foundations of extraversion: Differential effort reactivity and state control. Personality and Individual Differences 1997, 22:447-458.
18. Bruneau W., Roux S., Perse J., Lelord G. Frontal evoked responses, stimulus intensity control, and the extraversion dimension. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1984, 425:546-550.
19. Buckalew L.W. Relationship between a physiological and personality index of excitability. Physiological Psychology 1973, 1:158-160.
20. Bullock W.A., Gilliland K. Eysenck's arousal theory of introversion-extraversion: A converging measures investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 64:113-123.
21. Cacioppo J.T., Tassinary L.G., Berntson G.G. Psychophysiological science. Handbook of psychophysiology 2000, 3-23. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2nd ed. J.T. Cacioppo, L.G. Tassinary, G.G. Berntson (Eds.).
22. Cahill J.M., Polich J. P300, probability and introverted/extroverted personality types. Biological Psychology 1992, 33:23-35.
23. Calhoon L.L. Explorations into the biochemistry of sensation-seeking. Personality and Individual Differences 1988, 9:941-949.
24. Calhoon L.L. Sensation seeking, exercise, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Personality and Individual Differences 1991, 12:903-907.
25. Campbell A., Rushton J.P. Bodily communication and personality. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 1978, 17:31-36.
26. Casal G.B., Caballo V.E., Cueto E.G., Cubos P.F. Attention and reaction time differences in introversion-extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences 1990, 11:195-197.
27. Chiappa K.H. Evoked potentials in clinical medicine 1997, Lippincot-Raven, Philadelphia.
28. Church M.W., Shucard D.W. Theophylline-induced changes in the mouse brainstem auditory evoked potential. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 1987, 9:59-66.
29. Coles M.G.H., Gale A., Kline P. Personality and habituation of the orienting reaction: Tonic and response measures of electrodermal activity. Psychophysiology 1971, 8:54-63.
30. Cooper R., White A.L., Crow H.J., Walter H.G. Comparison of sub-cortical, cortical, and scalp activity using chronically indwelling electrodes in men. Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology 1965, 18:217-228.
31. Cox F., Luz E., Gilliland K., Swickert R.J. Congruency of the relationship between extraversion and the brainstem auditory evoked response based on the EPI vs. the EPQ. Journal of Research on Personality 2001, 35:117-126.
32. Crider A., Lunn R. Electrodermal lability as a personality dimension. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality 1971, 5:145-150.
33. Daruna J.H., Karrer R., Rosen A.J. Introversion, attention and the late positive component of event-related potentials. Biological Psychology 1985, 20:249-259.
34. Davis C., Cowles M. A laboratory study of temperament and arousal: a test of Gale's hypothesis. Journal of Research in Personality 1988, 22:101-116.
35. De Pascalis V. Hemispheric asymmetry, personality and temperament. Personality and Individual Differences 1993, 14:825-834.
36. De Pascalis V. Personality and temperament in the event-related potentials during stimulus recognition tasks. Personality and Individual Differences 1994, 16:877-889.
37. De Pascalis V., Destro Fiore A., Sparita A. Personality, event-related potential (ERP) and heart rate (HR): An investigation of Gray's theory. Personality and Individual Differences 1996, 20:733-746.
38. De Pascalis V., Montirosso R. Extraversion, neuroticism and individual differences in event-related potentials. Personality and Individual Differences 1988, 9:353-360.
39. Desmedt J.E. Physiological studies of the efferent recurrent auditory system. Handbook of sensory physiology 1975, Vol. 5. Springer, Berlin. W.D. Keidel, W.D. Neff (Eds.).
40. Dincheva E., Piperova-Dalbokova D., Kolev P. Contingent negative variation (CNV) and the distraction effects in extraverts and introverts. Personality and Individual Differences 1984, 5:757-761.
41. Ditraglia G.M., Polich J. P300 and introverted/extraverted personality types. Psychophysiology 1991, 28:177-184.
42. Doucet C., Stelmack R.M. Movement time differentiates extraverts from introverts. Personality and Individual Differences 1997, 23:775-786.
43. Doucet C., Stelmack R.M. An event-related potential analysis of extraversion and individual differences in cognitive processing speed and response execution. Personality and Individual Differences 2000, 78:956-964.
44. Eysenck H.J. Drugs and personality: I. Theory and methodology. Journal of Mental Science 1957, 103:119-131.
45. Eysenck H.J. Experiments with drugs 1963, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
46. Eysenck H.J. The biological basis of personality 1967, Thomas, Springfield.
47. Eysenck H.J. General features of the model. A model for personality 1981, 1-37. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. H.J. Eysenck (Ed.).
48. Eysenck H.J. Genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences: Three major dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality 1990, 58:245-261.
49. Eysenck H.J. Personality: Biological foundations. The neuropsychology of individual differences 1994, 151-207. Academic Press, London. P.A. Vernon (Ed.).
50. Eysenck H.J., Eysenck M.W. Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach 1985, Plenum, New York.
51. Eysenck H.J., Nias D.K.B., Cox D.N. Sports and personality. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy 1982, 4:1-56.
52. Fenton G.W., Scotton L. Personality and the alpha rhythm. British Journal of Psychiatry 1967, 113:1283-1289.
53. Fowles D.C. The three arousal model: Implications of Gray's two-factor learning theory for heart rate, electrodermal activity and psychopathy. Psychophysiology 1980, 17:87-104.
54. Fowles D.C., Roberts R., Nagel K. The influence of introversion-extraversion on the skin conductance response of stress and stimulus intensity. Journal of Research in Personality 1977, 11:129-146.
55. Frith C.D. Strategies in rotary pursuit tracking. British Journal of Psychology 1971, 62:187-197.
56. Furnham A. Personality and activity preference. British Journal of Social Psychology 1981, 20:57-68.
57. Fuster J.M., Uyeda A.A. Facilitation of tachistoscopic performance by stimulation of midbrain tegmental points in the monkey. Experimental Neurology 1962, 6:384-406.
58. Gale A. 'Stimulus hunger": Individual differences in operant strategy in a button-pressing task. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1969, 7:263-274.
59. Gale A. EEG studies of extraversion-introversion: what's the next step?. Dimensions of personality: Papers in honour of H. J. Eysenck 1981, 181-207. Pergamon, Oxford. R. Lynn (Ed.).
60. Gale A. Electroencephalographic studies of extraversion-introversion: A case study in the psychophysiology of individual differences. Personality and Individual Differences 1983, 4:371-380.
61. Gale A., Coles M.G.H., Blaydon J. Extraversion-introversion and the EEG. British Journal of Psychology 1969, 60:209-223.
62. Gale A., Coles M.G.H., Kline P., Penfold V. Extraversion-introversion, neuroticism and the EEG: Basal and response measures during habituation of the orienting response. British Journal of Psychology 1971, 62:533-543.
63. Handbook of individual differences: Biological perspectives 1992, Wiley, New York. A. Gale, M.W. Eysenck (Eds.).
64. Gange J.J., Geen R.G., Harkins S.G. Autonomic differences between extraverts and introverts during vigilance. Psychophysiology 1979, 16:392-397.
65. Geen R.G. Preferred stimulation levels in introverts and extraverts: Effects on arousal and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1984, 46:1303-1312.
66. Golan Z., Neufield M.Y. Individual differences in alpha rhythm as characterizing temperament related to cognitive performances. Personality and Individual Differences 1996, 21:775-784.
67. Graham F.K. Distinguishing among orienting, defensive, and startle reflexes. The orienting reflex in humans 1979, 137-167. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. H.D. Kimmel, E.H. van Olst, J.F. Orlebeke (Eds.).
68. Graham F.K., Clifton R.K. Heart rate change as a component of the orienting response. Psychological Bulletin 1966, 65:305-320.
69. Gratton G., Coles M.G.H., Siveraag E.J., Eriksen C.W., Donchin E. Pre- and post-stimulus activation of response channels: A psychological analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1988, 17:246-266.
70. Gray J.A. The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1970, 8:249-266.
71. Gray J.A. Causal theories and how to test them. Multivariate analysis and psychological theory 1973, 409-463. Academic Press, New York. J.R. Royce (Ed.).
72. Gray J.A. The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septohippocampal system 1982, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
73. Gray J.A. The neuropsychology of emotion and personality. Cognitive neurochemistry 1987, 171-190. Oxford University Press, Oxford. S.M. Stahl, S.D. Iverson, E.C. Goodman (Eds.).
74. Gupta A., Nicholson J. Simple visual reaction time, personality and strength of the nervous system: A signal-detection theory approach. Personality and Individual Differences 1985, 6:461-469.
75. Gurrera R.J., O'Donnell B.F., Nestor P.G., Gainski J., McCarley R.W. The P3 auditory event-related brain potential indexes major personality traits. Biological Psychiatry 2001, 49:922-929.
76. Guyton A.C. Textbook of medical physiology 1981, Saunders, Philadelphia. 6th ed.
77. Hall J.W. Handbook of auditory evoked responses 1992, Allyn & Bacon, New York.
78. Hastrup J.L. Effects of electrodermal lability and introversion on vigilance decrement. Psychophysiology 1979, 16:302-310.
79. Hebb D.O. Drives and the CNS (conceptual nervous system). Psychological Review 1955, 62:243-254.
80. Hecox K., Galambos R. Brainstem auditory evoked responses in human infants and adults. Archives of Otolaryngology 1974, 99:30-33.
81. Hillyard S.A., Picton T.W. Electrophysiology of cognition. Handbook of physiology. Section 1: The nervous system 1987, 519-571. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD. V.B. Mountcastle, F. Plum, S.R. Geiger (Eds.).
82. Hirschman R., Favaro L. Individual differences in imagery vividness and voluntary heart rate control. Personality and Individual Differences 1980, 1:129-133.
83. Horn P.D. Evidence for the generality of reminiscence function of extraversion and neuroticism. Journal of Psychology 1975, 90:41-44.
84. Houlihan M.E., Pritchard W.S., Guy T.D., Robinson J.H. Smoking/nicotine affects the magnitude and onset of lateralized readiness potentials. Journal of Psychophysiology 2002, 16:37-45.
85. Hughes J.R., Helgason C.M., Wilbur A. Neuroanatomic correlations with the late waves of the brain-stem auditory evoked potential. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1988, 71:367-374.
86. Hummel H., Lester D. Extraversion and simple reaction time. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1977, 45:1236.
87. Jensen A.R., Munro E. Reaction time, movement time, and intelligence. Intelligence 1979, 3:121-126.
88. Kaiser J., Beauvale A., Bener J. The evoked cardiac response as a function of cognitive load differs between subjects separated on the main personality dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences 1997, 22:241-248.
89. Keuss P.J.G., Orlebeke J.F. Transmarginal inhibition in a reaction time task as a function of extraversion and neuroticism. Acta Psychologica 1977, 41:139-150.
90. Kishimoto Y. Visual vigilance performance of extraverts and introverts under two conditions of signal frequency. Japanese Journal of Psychology 1977, 48:53-57.
91. Klepper A., Herbert A. Distribution and origin of noradrenergic and serotonergic fibers in the cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus of the rat. Brain Research 1991, 557:190-201.
92. Koriat A., Averill J.R., Malmstrom E.J. Individual differences in habituation: some methodological and conceptual issues. Journal of Research in Personality 1973, 7:88-101.
93. Kornhuber H.H., Deecke L. Hirnpotentialanderungen bei Willkurbewegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaftspotential und reafferente Potentiale. Pfluegers Archives für die gesammte Physiologie 1965, 248:1-17.
94. Kramer A.F., Siveraag E.J., Braune R. A psychophysiological assessment of operator workload during simulated flight missions. Human Factors 1987, 29:145-160.
95. Krupski A., Raskin D.C., Bakan P. Physiological and personality correlates of commission errors in an auditory vigilance task. Psychophysiology 1971, 8:304-311.
96. Kutas M., Donchin E. Preparation to respond as manifested by movement-related brain potentials. Brain Research 1980, 202:95-115.
97. Lacey J.I. Somatic response patterning and stress: Some revisions of activation theory. Psychological stress: Issues in research 1967, 14-44. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York. M.H. Appley, R. Trumbull (Eds.).
98. Lacey J.I., Lacey B.C. Verification and extension of the principle of autonomic response stereotyping. American Journal of Psychology 1958, 71:50-73.
99. Lemere F. The significance of individual differences in the Berger rhythm. Brain 1936, 9:366-375.
100. Lolas F., de Andraca I. Neuroticism, extraversion, and slow brain potentials. Neuropsychobiology 1977, 3:12-22.
101. Lukas J.H. Human auditory attention: The olivocochlear bundle may function as a peripheral filter. Psychophysiology 1980, 17:444-452.
102. Magoun H.W. The waking brain 1963, Thomas, Springfield, IL. 2nd ed.
103. Mangan G.L. Personality and conditioning: Some personality and cognitive psychophysiological parameters of classical appetitive (sexual) GSR conditioning. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Psychology 1974, 9:125-135.
104. Mangan G.L., O'Gorman J.G. Initial amplitude and rate of habituation of orienting reaction in relation to extraversion and neuroticism. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality 1969, 3:275-282.
105. Marton M., Urban I. An electroencephalographic investigation of individual differences in the process of conditioning. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Experimental Psychology, Symposium 9 1966, 106-109.
106. Matthews G., Gilliland K. The personality theories of H. J. Eysenck and J. A. Gray: A comparative review. Personality and Individual Differences 1999, 26:583-626.
107. Møller A.R. Auditory neurophysiology. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 1994, 11:284-308.
108. Moruzzi G., Magoun H.W. Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. EEG Clinical Neurophysiology 1949, 1:455-473.
109. Muniz-Fernandez J., Paz-Caballero M.D. Tiempo de reaccion y personalidad. Informes de Psicologia 1984, 3:153-161.
110. Myrtek M. Constitutional psychophysiology 1984, Academic Press, London.
111. Nebylitsyn V.D., Gray J.A. Biological bases of individual behavior 1972, Academic Press, New York.
112. Nielsen T.C., Petersen K.E. Electrodermal correlates of extraversion, trait anxiety, and schizophrenism. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 1976, 17:73-80.
113. O'Connor K. Individual differences in components of slow cortical potentials: Implications for models of information processing. Personality and Individual Differences 1983, 4:403-410.
114. O'Connor K. A motor psychophysiological model of smoking and personality. Personality and Individual Differences 1989, 10:889-901.
115. O'Gorman J.G. Individual differences in habituation of human physiological responses: A review of theory, method and findings in the study of personality correlates in non-clinical populations. Biological Psychology 1977, 5:257-318.
116. O'Gorman J.G., Lloyd J.E.M. Extraversion, impulsiveness and EEG alpha activity. Personality and Individual Differences 1987, 8:169-174.
117. O'Gorman J.G., Mallise L.R. Extraversion and the EEG: II. A test of Gale's hypothesis. Biological Psychology 1984, 19:113-127.
118. Orlebeke J.F., Feij J.A. The orienting reflex as a personality correlate. The orienting reflex in humans 1979, 567-585. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. H.D. Kimmel, E.H. Van Olst, J.F. Orlebeke (Eds.).
119. Ortiz T., Maojo V. Comparison of the P300 wave in introverts and extraverts. Personality and Individual Differences 1993, 15:109-112.
120. Pavlov I.P. Lectures on conditioned reflexes 1928, Liveright, New York.
121. Pearson G.L., Freeman F.G. Effects of extraversion and mental arithmetic on heart rate reactivity. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1991, 72:1235-1244.
122. Picton T.W., Woods D., Baribeau-Brown J., Healey T. Evoked potential audiometry. Journal of Otolaryngology 1977, 6:90-119.
123. Piperova-Dalbokova D., Dincheva E., Urgelles L. Stability of contingent negative variation (CNV) and extraversion-introversion. Personality and Individual Differences 1984, 5:763-766.
124. Pivik R.T., Stelmack R.M., Bylsma F.W. Personality and individual differences in spinal motoneuronal excitability. Psychophysiology 1988, 25:16-24.
125. Plooij-van Gorsel P.C., Janssen R.H.C. Contingent negative variation (CNV) and extraversion in a psychiatric population. Evoked potentials: Proceedings of an international evoked potentials symposium 1978, 505-514. Medical and Technical Publications, Lancaster. C. Barber (Ed.).
126. Polich J. Task difficulty, probability and inter-stimulus interval as determinants of P300 from auditory stimuli. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1987, 68:311-320.
127. Polich J., Martin S. P300, cognitive capability and personality: A correlational study of university undergraduates. Personality and Individual Differences 1992, 13:533-543.
128. Pritchard W.S. P300 and EPQ/STP personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences 1989, 10:15-24.
129. Rammsayer T. Extraversion and alcohol: Eysenck's drug postulate revisited. Neuropsychobiology 1995, 32:197-207.
130. Rammsayer T. Extraversion and dopamine. Individual differences in response to changes in dopaminergic activity as a possible biological basis of extraversion. European Psychologist 1998, 3:37-50.
131. Rammsayer T., Netter P., Vogel W.H. A neurochemical model underlying differences in reaction times between introverts and extraverts. Personality and Individual Differences 1993, 14:701-712.
132. Rammsayer T., Stahl J. Extraversion-related differences in motor activation as revealed by lateralized readiness potentials. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2002, 45:19. (Abstract).
133. Revelle W., Anderson K.J., Humphreys M.S. Empirical tests and theoretical extensions of arousal-based theories of personality. Personality dimensions and arousal 1987, 17-36. Plenum, New York. J. Strelau, H.J. Eysenck (Eds.).
134. Richards M., Eves F. Personality, temperament and the cardiac defense response. Personality and Individual Differences 1991, 12:999-1004.
135. Robinson T.N., Zahn T.P. Preparatory interval effects on the reaction time performance of introverts and extraverts. Personality and Individual Differences 1988, 9:749-761.
136. Rohrbaugh J.W., Gaillard A.W.K. Sensory and motor aspects of the contingent negative variation. Tutorials in ERP research: Endogenous components 1983, 269-310. North Holland, Amsterdam. A.W.K. Gaillard, W. Ritter (Eds.).
137. Rothman H.H. Effects of high frequencies and intersubject variability on the auditory evoked cortical response. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1970, 47:569-573.
138. Rugg M.D., Coles M.G.H. The ERP and cognitive psychology: Conceptual issues. Electrophysiology of mind: Event-related brain potentials and cognition 1995, 27-39. Oxford University Press, Oxford. M.D. Rugg, M.G.H. Coles (Eds.).
139. Sadler T.G., Mefferd R.B., Houck R.L. The interaction of extraversion and neuroticism in orienting response habituation. Psychophysiology 1971, 8:312-318.
140. Salamy A. Maturation of the auditory brainstem response from birth through early childhood. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 1984, 1:239-329.
141. Sanders A.F. Elements of human performance: Reaction Processes and attention in human skills 1998, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
142. Savage R.D. Electrocerebral activity, extraversion and neuroticism. British Journal of Psychiatry 1964, 110:89-100.
143. Scheibel A.B. Anatomical and physiological substrates of arousal: A view from the bridge. The reticular formation revisited 1980, 55-66. Raven Press, New York. J.A. Hobson, M.A.B. Brazier (Eds.).
144. Siddle D.A.T., Heron P.A. Effects of length of training and amount of tone frequency change on amplitude components of the orienting response. Psychophysiology 1976, 13:281-287.
145. Smid H.G., Mulder G., Mulder L.J. The continuous flow model revisited: Perceptual and central motor aspects. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1987, Suppl. 40:270-278.
146. Smith B.D. Extraversion and electrodermal activity: Arousability and the inverted-U. Personality and Individual Differences 1983, 4:411-419.
147. Smith B.D., Rockwell-Tischer S., Davidson R. Extraversion and arousal: Effects of attentional conditions on electrodermal activity. Personality and Individual Differences 1986, 7:293-303.
148. Smith B.D., Rypma C.B., Wilson R.J. Dishabituation and spontaneous recovery of the electrodermal orienting response: Effects of extraversion, impulsivity, sociability and caffeine. Journal of Research in Personality 1981, 15:233-240.
149. Smith B.D., Wilson R.J., Davidson R.A. Electrodermal activity and extraversion: Caffeine, preparatory signal and stimulus intensity effects. Personality and Individual Differences 1984, 5:59-65.
150. Smith B.D., Wilson R.J., Jones B.E. Extraversion and multiple levels of caffeine-induced arousal: Effects of overhabituation and dishabituation. Psychophysiology 1983, 15:29-34.
151. Sokolov E.N. Perception and the conditioned reflex 1963, Pergamon Press, London.
152. Stein L. Catecholamines and opioid peptides. Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress 1978, 569-581. Raven Press, New York. M.A. Lipton, D. Mascio, K.F. Killman (Eds.).
153. Stelmack R.M. The psychophysiology of extraversion and neuroticism. A model for personality 1981, 38-64. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. H.J. Eysenck (Ed.).
154. Stelmack R.M. Personality and motor activity: A psychological perspective. Individual differences in movement 1985, 153-213. Medical and Technical Publications, Lancaster. B. Kirkcaldy (Ed.).
155. Stelmack R.M. Biological bases of extraversion: Psychophysiological evidence. Journal of Personality 1990, 58:293-311.
156. Stelmack R.M., Achorn E., Michaud A. Extraversion and individual differences in auditory evoked response. Psychophysiology 1977, 14:368-374.
157. Stelmack R.M., Bourgeois R.P., Chain J., Pickard C.W. Extraversion and the orienting reaction habituation rate to visual stimuli. Journal of Research in Personality 1979, 13:49-58.
158. Stelmack R.M., Geen R.G. The psychophysiology of extraversion. Handbook of individual differences: Biological perspectives 1992, 227-254. Wiley, New York. A. Gale, M.W. Eysenck (Eds.).
159. Stelmack R.M., Houlihan M., McGarry-Roberts P.A. Personality, reaction time, and event-related potentials. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 65:399-409.
160. Stelmack R.M., Knott V., Beauchamp C.M. Intelligence and neural transmission time: A brain stem auditory evoked potential analysis. Personality and Individual Differences 2003, 34:97-107.
161. Stelmack R.M., Michaud-Achorn A. Extraversion, attention, and habituation of the auditory evoked response. Journal of Research in Personality 1985, 19:416-428.
162. Stelmack R.M., Pivik R.T. Extraversion and the effects of exercise on spinal motoneuronal excitability. Personality and Individual Differences 1996, 21:69-76.
163. Stelmack R.M., Plouffe L., Falkenberg W. Extraversion, sensation seeking, and electrodermal response: probing a paradox. Personality and Individual Differences 1983, 4:607-614.
164. Stelmack R.M., Wilson K. Extraversion and the effects of frequency and intensity on the auditory brainstem evoked response. Personality and Individual Differences 1982, 3:373-380.
165. Stenberg G. Extraversion and the P300 in a visual classification task. Personality and Individual Differences 1994, 16:543-560.
166. Sternberg R.J. Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence 1985, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
167. Strelau J. Temperament personality activity 1983, Academic Press, London.
168. Swickert R.J., Gilliland K. Relationship between the brainstem auditory evoked response and extraversion, impulsivity, and sociability. Journal of Research on Personality 1998, 32:314-330.
169. Thayer R.E. Factor analytic and reliability studies on the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List. Psychological Reports 1978, 42:747-756.
170. Thayer R.E., Cook M.W., Hooe E.S., Lotts D.J. Exercise-induced arousal change as a function of extraversion. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for the Study of Individual Differences 1987.
171. Theios J. The components of response latency in simple human information processing tasks. Attention and performance V 1975, 418-440. Academic Press, London. P.M.A. Rabbitt, S. Dornic (Eds.).
172. Tran Y., Craig A., McIsaac P. Extraversion-introversion and 8-13 Hz waves in frontal cortical regions. Personality and Individual Differences 2001, 30:205-215.
173. Vanderwolf C.H., Robinson T.E. Reticulo-cortical activity and behavior: A critique of the arousal theory and a new synthesis. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1981, 4:459-514.
174. Venturini R., De Pascalis V., Imperiali M.G., San Martini P. EEG alpha reactivity and extraversion-introversion. Personality and Individual Differences 1981, 2:215-220.
175. Walter W.G., Cooper R., Aldridge V.J., McCallum W.C., Winter A.L. Contingent negative variation: An electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature 1964, 203:380-384.
176. Werre P.P. Contingent negative variation and interindividual differences. Psychophysiology, memory, motivation and event-related potentials in mental operations 1983, 337-342. Elsevier, Amsterdam. R. Sinz, M.K. Rosenzweig (Eds.).
177. Werre P.F. Contingent negative variation: Relation to personality, and modification by stimulation and sedation. The biological bases of personality and behavior, psychophysiology, performance and application 1986, Vol. 2:77-90. Hemisphere, Washington. J. Strelau, F.H. Farley, A. Gale (Eds.).
178. Werre P.F., Favery H.A., Janssen R.H.C. Contingent negative variation and personality. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1973, 34:739.
179. Werre P.F., Mattie H., Berretty E.W. Contingent negative variation, extraversion, reaction time and drug effects. Personality and Individual Differences 2001, 30:1083-1094.
180. Wigglesworth M.J., Smith B.D. Habituation and dishabituation of the electrodermal orienting reflex in relation to extraversion and neuroticism. Journal of Research in Personality 1976, 10:437-445.
181. Wilson G.D. Personality, time of day and arousal. Personality and Individual Differences 1990, 11:153-168.
182. Wilson K.G., Stelmack R.M. Power functions of loudness magnitude estimations and auditory brainstem evoked responses. Perception and Psychophysics 1982, 31:561-564.
183. Yerkes R.M., Dodson J.D. The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habitformation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 1908, 18:459-482.
184. Young J.P.R., Lader M.H., Fenton G.W. The relationship of extraversion and neuroticism to the EEG. British Journal of Psychiatry 1971, 119:667-670.
185. Zahn T.P., Kruesi M.J.P., Leonard H.L., Rapaport J.L. Autonomic activity and reaction time in relation to extraversion and behavioral impulsivity in children and adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences 1994, 16:751-758.
186. Zuckerman M. Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimum level of arousal 1979, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
187. Zuckerman M. Sensation seeking: A comparative approach to a human trait. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1984, 7:413-471.
188. Zuckerman M. Psychobiology of personality 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
189. Zuckerman M. Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking 1994, Cambridge University Press, New York.