Impact of HIV on regional & cellular organization of the brain

Current HIV Research

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 249-257

  Bell, Jeanne E ^a,b   Anthony, Iain C ^a   Simmonds, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b WESTERN GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Brain; Brain anatomy; Brain cells; Central nervous system; HIV AIDS

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CD4 ANTIGEN;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; BRAIN CELL; BRAIN INFECTION; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN TISSUE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEMENTIA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ERADICATION THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNITY; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; LYMPHOID TISSUE; MORTALITY; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; REVIEW; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS LOAD;

AIDS DEMENTIA COMPLEX; ANIMALS; BRAIN; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; HIV; HUMANS; MICROGLIA;

EID: 33745851534     PISSN: 1570162X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157016206777709401     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Adle-Biassette H, Levy Y, Colombel M, Poron F, Natchev S, Keohane K, Gray F. (1995). Neuronal apoptosis in HIV infection in adults. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 21: 218-227.
2. Albright AV, Soldan SS, Gonzalez-Scarano F. (2003). Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus-induced neurological disease. Journal of NeuroVirology. 9: 222-227.
3. An SF, Giometto B, Groves M, Miller R, Beckett AAJ, Gray F, Tavolato B, Scaravilli F. (1997). Axonal damage revealed by accumulation of B-APP in HIV-positive individuals without AIDS. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 56: 1262-1268.
4. Anderson CE, Tomlinson GS, Pauly B, Brannan F, Chiswick A, Brack-Werner R, Simmonds P, Bell JE. (2003). Relationship of nef-positive and GFAP-reactive astrocytes to drug use in early and late HIV infection. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 29: 378-388.
5. Anderson E, Zink W, Xiong H, Gendelman HE. (2002). HIV-1-associated dementia: a metabolic encephalopathy perpetrated by virus-infected and immune-competent mononuclear phagocytes. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 31: S43-S54.
6. Anthony IC, Crawford DH, Bell JE. (2002). B lymphocytes in the normal brain: contrasts with HIV associated lymphoid infiltrates and lymphomas. Brain. 126: 1058-1067.
7. Bagasra O, Lavi E, Bobroski L, Khalili K, Pestaner JP, Tawadros R, Pomerantz RJ. (1996). Cellular reservoirs of HIV-1 in the central nervous system of infected individuals: identification by the combination of in situ polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. AIDS. 10: 573-585.
8. Barron KD. (1995). The microglial cell. A historical review. Journal of Neurological Sciences. 134 Suppl: 57-68.
9. Bear MF, Connors BW, Paradiso MA. (2006). Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 3rd ed. Baltimore, USA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
10. Bell JE. (2004). An update on the neuropathology of HIV in the HAART era. Histopathology. 45: 549-559.
11. Bell JE, Brettle RP, Chiswick A, Simmonds P. (1998). HIV encephalitis, proviral load and dementia in drug users and homosexuals with AIDS. Effect of neocortical involvement. Brain. 121: 2043-2052.
12. Bell JE, Busuttil A, Ironside JW, Rebus S, Donaldson YK, Simmonds P, Peutherer JF. (1993). HIV and the brain: investigation of viral load and neuropathological changes in pre-AIDS subjects. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 168: 818-824.
13. Bell JE, Gray F. (2004). Brain Pathology in HIV-1 Infected Drug Abusers. Gendelman HE, Everall IP, Grant I, Lipton SA, Swindells S, editors, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford City Press.
14. Bestetti A, Presi S, Pierotti C, Bossolasco S, Sala S, Racca S, Carrera P, Lazzarin A, Cinque P. (2004). Long-term virological effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on cerebrospinal fluid and relationship with genotypic resistance. Journal of NeuroVirology. 10: 52-57.
15. Brack-Werner R. (1999). Astrocytes: HIV cellular reservoirs and important participants in neuropathogenesis. AIDS. 13: 1-22.
16. Brew BJ, Perdices M, Darveniza P, Edwards P, Whyte B, Burke WJ, Garrick R, O'Sullivan D, Penny R, Cooper DA. (1989). The neurological features of early and "latent" human immunodeficiency virus infection. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine. 19: 700-705.
17. Budka H. (1986). Multinucleated giant cells in brain: a hallmark of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Acta Neuropathologica. 69: 253-258.
18. Budka H. (1991). Neuropathology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Brain Pathology. 1: 163-175.
19. Budka H, Costanzi G, Cristina S, Lechi A, Parravicini C, Trabattoni R, Vago L. (1987). Brain pathology induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): a histological, immunocytochemical and electron microscopical study of 100 cases. Acta Neuropathologica. 75: 185-198.
20. Budka H, Wiley CA, Kleihues P, Artigas J, Asbury AK, Cho ES, Cornblath DR, Dal Canto MC, De Girolami U, Dickson DW, Epstein LG, Esiri MM, Giangaspero F, Gosztonyi G, Gray F, Griffin JW, Henin D, Iwasaki Y, Janssen RS, Johnson RT, Lantos PL, Lyman WD, McArthur JC, Nagashima K, Peress N, Petito CK, Price RW, Rhodes RH, Rosenblum M, Said G, Scaravilli F, Sharer LR, Vinters HV. (1991). HIV-associated disease of the nervous system: review of nomenclature and proposal for neuropathology-based terminology. Brain Pathology. 1: 143-152.
21. Clapham PR, McKnight A. (2001). HIV-1 receptors and cell tropism. British Medical Bulletin. 58: 43-59.
22. Dallasta LM, Pisarov LA, Esplen JE, Werley JV, Moses AV, Nelson JA, Achim CL. (1999). Blood-brain barrier tight junction disruption in human immunodeficiency virus-1 encephalitis. American Journal of Pathology. 155: 1915-1927.
23. Davis LE, Hjelle BL, Miller VE, Palmer DL, Llewellyn AL, Merlin TL, Young SA, Mills RG, Wachsman W, Wiley CA. (1992). Early viral brain invasion in iatrogenic human immunodeficiency virus infection. Neurology. 42: 1736-1739.
24. Diaz-Arrastia R, Gong Y, Kelly CJ, Gelman BB. (2004). Host genetic polymorphisms in human immunodeficiency virus-related neurologic disease. Journal of NeuroVirology. 10: 67-73.
25. Dickson DW. (1986). Multinucleated giant cells in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome encephalopathy. Origin from endogenous microglia? Archives of Patholological and Laboratory Medicine. 110: 967-968.
26. Enting RH, Hoetelmans RMW, Lange JM, Burger DM, Beijnen JH, Portegies P. (1998). Antiretroviral drugs and the central nervous system. AIDS. 12: 1941-1955.
27. Esiri MM, Morris CS, Millard PR. (1991). Fate of oligodendrocytes in HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 5: 1081-1088.
28. Everall IP, Heaton RK, Marcotte DT, Ellis RJ, McCutchan JA, Atkinson JH, Grant I, Mallory M, Masliah E. (1999). Cortical synaptic density is reduced in mild to moderate HIV neurocognitive disorder. Brain Pathology. 9: 209-217.
29. Everall IP, Luthert PJ, Lantos PL. (1993). Neuronal number and volume alterations in the neocortex of infected individuals. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 56: 481-486.
30. Fischer-Smith T, Croul S, Adeniyi A, Rybicka K, Morgello S, Khalili K, Rappaporat J. (2004). Macrophage/microglial accumulation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in the central nervous system in human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy. American Journal of Pathology. 164: 2089-2099.
31. Gartner S. (2000). HIV infection and dementia. Science. 287: 602-604.
32. Giometto B, An SF, Groves M, Scaravilli R, Geddes JF, Miller R, Tavolato T, Beckett AAJ, Scaravilli F. (1997). Accumulation of B-amyloid precursor protein in HIV encephalitis: relationship with neuropsychological abnormalities. Annals of Neurology. 42: 34-40.
33. Glass JD, Fedor H, Wesselingh SL, McArthur JC. (1995). Immunocytochemical quantition of HIV in the brain: correlations with dementia. Annals of Neurology. 38: 755-762.
34. Gorry PR, Taylor J, Holm GH, Mehle A, Morgan T, Cayabyab M, Farzan M, Wang H, Bell JE, Kuntsman K, Moore JP, Wolinsky SM, Gabuzda D. (2002). Increased CCR5 affinity and reduced CCR5/CD4 dependence of a neurovirulent primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate. Journal of Virology. 76: 6277-6292.
35. Goudsmit J, de Wolf F, Paul DA, Epstein LG, Lange JM, Krone WJ, Speelman H, Wolters EC, Van der Noordaa J, Oleske JM. (1986). Expression of human immunodeficiency virus antigen (HIV-Ag) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid during acute and chronic infection. Lancet. 2: 177-180.
36. Graham DI, Lantos PL. (2002). Greenfield's Neuropathology. 7th ed. London: Hodder Arnold.
37. Gray F, Chretien F, Vallat-Decouvelaere AV, Scaravilli F. (2003). The changing pattern of HIV neuropathology in the HAART era. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 62: 429-440.
38. Gray F, Hurtrel M, Hurtrel B. (1993). Early central nervous system changes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 19: 3-9.
39. Gray F, Scaravilli F, Everall IP, Chretien F, Boche D, Adle-Biassette H, Wingertsmann L, Durigon M, Hurtrel B, Chiodi F, Bell JE, Lantos PL. (1996). Neuropathology of early HIV-1 infection. Brain Pathology. 6: 1-15.
40. Ho DD, Sarngadharan MG, Resnick L, Dimarzoveronese F, Rota TR, Hirsch MS. (1985). Primary human T-lymphotropic virus type III infection. Annals of Internal Medicine. 103: 880-883.
41. Hughes ES, Bell JE, Simmonds P. (1997). Investigation of the dynamics of the spread of human immunodeficiency virus to brain and other tissues by evolutionary analysis of sequences from the p17gag and env genes. Journal of Virology. 71: 1272-1280.
42. Jellinger K, Setinek U, Drlicek M, Bohm G, Steurer A, Lintner F. (2000). Neuropathology and general autopsy findings in AIDS during the last 15 years. Acta Neuropathologica (Berl). 100: 213-220.
43. Kandanearatchi A, Williams B, Everall IP. (2003). Assessing the efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the brain. Brain Pathology. 13: 104-110.
44. Kaul M, Garden GA, Lipton SA. (2001). Pathways to neuronal injury and apoptosis in HIV-associated dementia. Nature. 410: 988-994.
45. Kaul M, Lipton SA. (2004). Signaling pathways to neuronal damage and apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated dementia: chemokine receptors, excitotoxicity and beyond. Journal of NeuroVirology. 10: 91-101.
46. Kennedy DW, Abkowitz JL. (1997). Kinetics of central nervous system microglial and macrophage engraftment: analysis using a transgenic bone marrow transplantation model. Blood. 90: 986-993.
47. Kleihues P, Leib SL, Strittmatter C, Wiestler OD, Lang W. (1991). HIV encephalopathy: incidence, definition and pathogenesis. Results of a Swiss collaborative study. Acta Neurologica Japan. 41: 197-205.
48. Kure K, Weidenheim KM, Lyman WD, Dickson DW. (1990). Morphology and distribution of HIV-1 gp41-positive microglia in subacute AIDS encephalitis. Acta Neuropathologica. 80: 393-400.
49. Lambotte O, Deiva K, Tardieu M. (2003). HIV-1 persistence, viral reservoir, and the central nervous system in the HAART era. Brain Pathology. 13: 95-103.
50. Langford TD, Letendre SL, Larrea GJ, Masliah E. (2003). Changing patterns in the neuropathogenesis of HIV during the HAART era. Brain Pathology. 13: 195-210.
51. Langford TD, Letendre SL, Marcotte DT, Ellis RJ, McCutchan JA, Grant I, Mallory M, Hansen L, Archibald S, Jernigan T, Masliah E, Group H. (2002). Severe, demyelinating leukoencephalopathy in AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 16: 1019-1029.
52. Mamidi A, DeSimone JA, Pomerantz RJ. (2002). Central nervous system infections in individuals with HIV-1 infection. Journal of Neuro Virology. 8: 158-167.
53. Maragos W, Tillman P, Jones M, Bruce-Keller AJ, Roth S, Bell JE, Nath A. (2003). Neuronal injury in hippocampus with human immunodeficiency virus transactivating protein, Tat. Neuroscience. 117: 43-53.
54. Maschke M, Kastrup O, Esser S, Ross B, Hengge U, Hufnagel A. (2000). Incidence and prevalence of neurological disorders associated with HIV since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 69: 376-380.
55. Masliah E, DeTeresa RM, Mallory M, Hansen L. (2000). Changes in pathological findings at autopsy in AIDS cases for the last 15 years. AIDS. 14: 69-74.
56. McArthur JC, Haughey NJ, Gartner S, Conant K, Pardo C, Nath A, Sacktor N. (2003). Human immunodefiniency virus-associated dementia: An evolving disease. Journal of NeuroVirology. 9: 205-221.
57. McArthur JC, Hoover DR, Bacellar H, Miller EN, Cohen B, Becker JT, Graham NM, McArthur JH, Selnes OA, Jacobson LP. (1993). Dementia in AIDS patients: incidence and risk factors. Multicenter AIDS cohort study. Neurology. 43: 2245-2252.
58. McArthur JC, McClernon DR, Cronin MF, Nance-Sproson TE, Saah AJ, St Clair M, Lanier ER. (1997). Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia and viral load in cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Annals of Neurology. 42: 689-698.
59. Mollace V, Nottet HS, Clayette P, Turco MC, Muscoli C, Salvemini D, erno CF. (2001). Oxidative stress and neuroAIDS: triggers, modulators and novel antioxidants. TRENDS in Neuroscience. 24: 411-416.
60. Morgello S, Mahboob R, Yakoushina T, Khan S, Hague K. (2002). Autopsy findings in human immunodeficiency virus-infected population over 2 decades: influences of gender, ethnicity, risk factors and time. Archives of Pathological and Laboratory Medicine. 126: 182-190.
61. Morris A, Marsden M, Halcrow K, Hughes ES, Brettle RP, Bell JE, Simmonds P. (1999). Mosaic structure of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome infecting lymphoid cells and the brain: evidence for frequent in vivo recombination events in the evolution of regional populations. Journal of Virology. 73: 8720-8731.
62. Morris L, Silber E, Sonnenberg P, Eintracht S, Nyoka S, Lyons SF, Saffer D, Koornhof H, Martin DJ. (1998). High human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA load in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with lymphocytic meningitis. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 177: 473-476.
63. Nath A. (1999). Pathobiology of human immunodeficiency virus dementia. Seminars in Neurology. 19: 113-127.
64. Pang S, Koyanagi Y, Miles S, Wiley CA, Vinters HV, Chen ISY. (1990). High levels of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA in brain tissue of AIDS dementia patients. Nature. 343: 85-89.
65. Petito CK. (2004). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 compartmentalization in the central nervous system. Journal of NeuroVirology. 10: 21-24.
66. Petito CK, Chen H, Mastri AR, Torres-Munoz J, Roberts B, Wood C. (1999). HIV infection of choroid plexus in AIDS and asymptomatic HIV infected patients suggests that the choroid plexus may be a reservoir of productive infection. Journal of NeuroVirology. 5: 670-677.
67. Portegies P, Enting RH, Algra PR, Derix MM, Lange JM, Goudsmit J. (1993). Presentation and course of AIDS dementia complex: 10 years follow up in Amsterdam. AIDS. 7: 669-675.
68. Price RW, Staprano S. (1997). Measuring the "viral load" in cerebrospinal fluid in human immunodeficiency virus infection: window into brain infection? Annals of Neurology. 42: 675-678.
69. Ranki A, Nybery M, Ovod V, Haltia M, Elovaara I, Raininko R, Haapasalo H, Krohn K. (1995). Abundant expression of HIV Nef and Rev proteins in brain astrocytes in vivo is associated with dementia. AIDS. 9: 1001-1008.
70. Resnick L, Berger JR, Shapshak P, Tourtellotte WW. (1988). Early penetration of the blood-brain-barrier by HIV. Neurology. 38: 9-14.
71. Rowland-Jones SL. (2003). AIDS pathogenesis: what have two decades of HIV research taught us? Nature Reviews Immunology. 3: 343-348.
72. Sacktor N, McDermott MP, Marder K, Schifitto G, Selnes OA, McArthur JC, Stern T, Albert S, Palumbo D, Kieburtz K, De Marcaida JA, Cohen B, Epstein LG. (2002). HIV-associated cognitive impairment before and after the advent of combination therapy. Journal of NeuroVirology. 8: 136-142.
73. Saito Y, Sharer LR, Epstein LG, Michaels J, Mintz J, Louder M, Golding K, Cvetkovich TA, Blumberg BM. (1994). Overexpression of nef as a marker for restricted HIV-1 infection of astrocytes in postmortem pediatric central nervous tissues. Neurology. 44: 474-481.
74. Sharer LR, Cho ES, Epstein LG. (1985). Multinucleated giant cells and HTLV-III in AIDS encephalopathy. Human Pathology. 16: 760.
75. Sinclair E, Gray F, Ciardi A, Scaravilli F. (1994). Immunohistochemical changes and PCR detection of HIV provirus DNA in brains of asymptomatic HIV-positive patients. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. 53: 43-50.
76. Swindells S, Zheng J, Gendelman HE. (1999). HIV-associated dementia: new insights into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 13: 153-163.
77. Takahashi K, Wesselingh SL, Griffin DE, McArthur JC, Johnson RT, Glass JD. (1996). Localization of HIV-1 in human brain using polymerase chain reaction/in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Annals of Neurology. 39: 705-711.
78. Tomlinson GS, Simmonds P, Busuttil A, Chiswick A, Bell JE. (1999). Upregulation of microglia in drug users with and without pre-symptomatic HIV infection. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 25: 369-379.
79. Tomatore C, Chandra R, Berger JR, Major EO. (1994). HIV-1 infection of subcortical astrocytes in the pediatric central nervous system. Neurology. 44: 481-487.
80. Torres-Munoz J, Stockton P, Tacoronte N, Roberts B, Maronpot RR, Petito CK. (2001). Detection of HIV-1 gene sequences in hippocampal neurons isolated from postmortem AIDS brains by laser capture microdissection. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 60: 885-892.
81. Trillo-Pazos G, Diamanturos A, Rislove L, Menza T, Chao W, Belem P, Sadiq S, Morgello S, Sharer LR, Volsky DJ. (2003). Detection of HIV-1 DNA in microglia/macrophages, astrocytes and neurons isolated from brain tissue with HIV-1 encephalitis by laser capture microdissection. Brain Pathology. 13: 144-154.
82. Wiley CA, Schrier RD, Nelson JA, Lampert PW, Oldstone MB. (1986). Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 83: 7089-7093.
83. Yi Y, Lee C, Liu QH, Freedman BD, Collman RG. (2004). Chemokine receptor utilization and macrophage signalling by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120: implications for neuropathogenesis. Journal of NeuroVirology. 10: 91-96.