Effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of homeopathy in general practice - Summarized Health Technology Assessment

Forschende Komplementarmedizin

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 19-29

  Bornhöft, Gudrun ^a,d   Wolf, Ursula ^b,d   Von Ammon, Klaus ^b   Righetti, Marco ^c   Maxion Bergemann, Stefanie ^d   Baumgartner, Stephan ^b   Thurneysen, André ^b   Matthiessen, Peter F ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WITTEN HERDECKE   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^c Medical Practice   (Switzerland)

^d PanMedion Foundation   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

External validity; Health technology assessment; Homeopathy; PEK; Upper respiratory tract infections

Indexed keywords

ARSENIC; HOMEOPATHIC AGENT; LEAD; MERCURY; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; PENICILLIN G;

ALLERGIC REACTION; BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DATA BASE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXTERNAL VALIDITY; GENERAL PRACTICE; HEALTH ECONOMICS; HOMEOPATHY; HUMAN; INTERNAL VALIDITY; INTERNET; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL EXPERT; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PATIENT SAFETY; REVIEW; SWITZERLAND; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; ECONOMICS; PATIENT SATISFACTION; SAFETY; STANDARD; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ALLERGY; ALLOPATHY; ASTHMA; ATOPY; DYSPEPSIA; ECONOMIC ASPECT; FEMALE INFERTILITY; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH PROGRAM; META ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; OTITIS MEDIA; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; TONSILLITIS;

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; HOMEOPATHY; HUMANS; PATIENT SATISFACTION; SAFETY; SWITZERLAND; TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT, BIOMEDICAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33745756423     PISSN: 16614119     EISSN: 16614127     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000093586     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Bornhöft G, Matthiessen P (Hrsg): HTA Homöopathie - Bericht zur Wirksamkeit, Zweckmäßigkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit der Homöopathie. Frankfurt/M., VAS, 2006, in press.
2. Haehl R: Samuel Hahnemann (Biographie), 2 Bde. Leipzig, Schwabe, 1925.
3. Hahnemann S: Die Chronischen Krankheiten, Theoretischer Teü, 1828 (2. Aufl. 1935). Heidelberg, Haug, 1983.
4. Hahnemann S: Organon der Heilkunst, 1842 (6. Aufl. 1921). Heidelberg, Haug, 1999.
5. Seiler H: Die Entwicklung von Samuel Hahnemanns ärztlicher Praxis. Heidelberg, Haug, 1988.
6. Righetti M: Forschung in der Homöopathie. Grundlagen, Problematik und Ergebnisse. Göttingen, Burgdorf, 1988.
7. Halter K, Righetti M: Klassische Homöopathie (Teil 1) - Zum Nachweis von Wirksamkeit und Nutzen einer komplementärmedizinischen Methode. Schweiz Z Ganzheitsmed 1998;10:252-7.
8. Halter K, Righetti M: Klassische Homöopathie (Teil 2) - Zum Nachweis von Wirksamkeit und Nutzen einer komplementärmedizinischen Methode. Schweiz Z Ganzheitsmed 1998;10:343-6.
9. Halter K, Righetti M: Klassische Homöopathie (Teil 3) - Zum Nachweis von Wirksamkeit und Nutzen einer komplementärmedizinischen Methode. Schweiz Z Ganzheitsmed 1999;11:1.
10. Matthiessen PF, Roßlenbroich B, Schmidt S: Bestandsaufnahme zur Forschungssituation - Materialien zur Gesundheitsforschung; in Projektträger Forschung im Dienste der Gesundheit (Hrsg): Schriftenreihe zum Programm der Bundesregierung Forschung und Entwicklung im Dienste der Gesundheit. Bonn, 1992.
11. Becker-Witt C, Weisshuhn TE, Ludtke R, Willich SN: Quality assessment of physical research in homeopathy. J Altern Complement Med 2003;9(1):113-32.
12. Weingärtner O: Homöopathische Potenzen. Berlin, Springer, 1992.
13. Weingärtner O: Kernresonanz-Spektroskopie in der Homöopathieforschung. Essen, KVC, 2002.
14. Démangeât J, Gries P, Poitevin B, Droesbeke J, Zahaf T, Maton F, Piérat C, et al: Low-Field NMR Water Proton Longitudinal Relaxation in Ultra-highly Diluted Aqueous Solutions of Silica-Lactose Prepared in Glass Material for Pharmaceutical Use. Appl Magnetic Resonance 2004;26:465-81.
15. Elia V, Niccoli M: New physico-chemical properties of water induced by mechanical treatments. A calorimetric study at 25°C. J Therm Anal Calorimetry 2000;61:527-37.
16. Vickers AJ: Independent replication of pre-clinical research in homeopathy: a systematic review. Forsch Komplementärmed 1999;6(6):311-20.
17. Baumgartner S, Shah D, Heusser P, Thurneysen A: Homoeopathic dilutions: is there a potential for applications in organic plant production? In Afoldi T, Lockeretz W, Niggli U (eds): IFOAM 2000 - The World Grows Organic. Zürich, vdf Hochschulverlag, 2000, pp 97-100.
18. Linde K, Jonas WB, Melchart D, Worku F, Wagner H, Eitel F: Critical review and meta-analysis of serial agitated dilutions in experimental toxicology. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994;13(7):481-92.
19. Youbicier-Simo BJ, Boudard F, Mekaouche M, Bayle JD, Bastide M: A role for bursa fabricii and bursin in the ontogeny of the pineal biosynthetic activity in the chicken. J Pineal Res 1996;21(1):35-43.
20. Endler PC, Ludtke R, Heckmann C, Zausner C, Lassnig H, Scherer-Pongratz W, Haidvogl M, et al: Pretreatment with thyroxine (10-(8) parts by weight) enhances a 'curative' effect of homeopathically prepared thyroxine (10-(13)) on lowland frogs. Forsch Komplementärmed Klass Naturheilkd 2003;10(3):137-42.
21. Zausner C, Lassnig H, Endler P, Scherer-Pongratz W, Haidvogl M, Frass M, Kastberger G, et al: Die Wirkung von 'homöopathisch' zubereitetem Thyroxin auf die Metamorphose von Hochlandamphibien - Ergebnisse einer multizentrischen Kontrollstudie. Perfusion 2002;15:268-76.
22. Belon P, Cumps J, Ennis M, Mannaioni PF, Roberfroid M, Sainte-Laudy J, Wiegant FA: Histamine dilutions modulate basophil activation. Inflamm Res 2004;53(5):181-8.
23. Ernst E: A systematic review of systematic reviews of homeopathy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;54(6):577-82.
24. Jonas WB, Kaptchuk TJ, Linde K: A critical overview of homeopathy. Ann Intern Med 2003;138(5):393-9.
25. Linde K, Hondras M, Vickers A, ter Riet G, Melchart D: Systematic reviews of complementary therapies an annotated bibliography. Part 3: homeopathy. BMC Complement Altern Med 2001;1:4.
26. O'Meara S, Wilson P, Bridle C, Kleijnen J: Effectiveness of homeopathy: A systematic review of systematic reviews. Qual Safety Health 2003;11:189-94.
27. Chalmers TC, Smith H, Blackburn B, Silverman B, Schroeder B, Reitman D, Ambroz A: A method for assessing the quality of a randomized control trial. Control Clin Trials 1981;2:31-49.
28. DAHTA (DIMDI), Deutsche Agentur für Health Techology Assessment beim Deutschen Institut für medizinische Dokumentation und Information (Hrsg): HTA: Vorgehensweise, Konzept und Inhalt. Handbuch für die Erstellung von HTA Berichten. 2004;www.dimdi.de/de/hta/hta_dimdi/Konzept.html.
29. Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, McQuay HJ: Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials 1996;17(1):1-12.
30. NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Kleijnen J et al: Undertaking systematic reviews of research on effectiveness. CR Report No 4. 2001 www.york.ac.uk.
31. The Cochrane Collaboration: The Cochrane Reviewer's Handbook (With Glossary). Oxford, 2003.
32. Wein C: Qualitätsaspekte klinischer Studien zur Homöopathie. Essen, KVC, 2002.
33. Bundesamt für Sozialversicherungen: Handbuch. Bern, 2002.
34. Heusser P: Kriterien zur Beurteilung des Nutzens von komplementä rmedizinische Methoden. Forsch Komplementärmed Klass Naturheilkd 2001;8:14-23.
35. Heusser P: Problem von Studiendesigns mit Randomisation. Verblindung und Placebogabe. Forsch Komplementärmed 1999;6:89-102.
36. Glanville J, Sowden A: Identification of the need for a review; in Khan K, ter Riet G, Glanville J, Sowden A, Kleijnen J (eds): Undertaking Systematic Reviews of Research on Effectiveness. York, 2001.
37. Barnes J, Resch K-L, Ernst E: Homeopathy for Postoperative Ileus? (A Meta-analysis). J Clin Gastroenterol 1997;25(4):628-33.
38. Bauer CM, Weight L, Lambert MI: The use of arnica for the treatment of soft-tissue damage. J Physiotherapy 2002;58(1):34-40.
39. Boissel J, Cucherat M, Haugh MC, Gauthier E: Critical Literature Review on the Effectiveness of Homoeopathy: Overview of Data from Homoeopathic Medicine Trials. Commission of the European Communities, 1996.
40. Cucherat M, Haugh MC, Gooch M, Boissel J-P: Evidence of clinical efficacy of homeopathy (A meta-analysis of clinical trials). Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:27-33.
41. Ernst E: Homeopathic prophylaxis of headaches and migraine? A systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 1999;18(5):353-7.
42. Ernst E: Classical homoeopathy versus conventional treatments: a systematic review. Perfusion 1999;12:13-5.
43. Ernst E, Barnes J: Are homoeopathic remedies effective for delayed-onset muscle soreness? A systematic review of placebo-controlled trials. Perfusion 1998;11:4-8.
44. Ernst E, Pittler MH: Efficacy of homeopathic arnica, a systematic review of placebo-controlled clinical trials. Arch Surg 1998;133:1187-90.
45. Grabia S, Ernst E: Homeopathic aggravations: a systematic review of randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Homeopathy 2003;92:92-8.
46. Hill C, Doylon F: Review of randomized trials of homoeopathy (Revue des essais thérapeutiques en homéopathie). Rev Epidém et Santé Publ 1990;38:139-47.
47. Jonas WB, Linde K, Rampes H: Homeopathy and rheumatic disease. Complement Altern Ther 2000;26(1):117-23.
48. Kleijnen J, Knipschild P, ter Riet G: Clinical trials of homoeopathy. Br Med J 1991;302(6772):316-23.
49. Linde K, Clausius N, Ramirez G, Melchart D, Eitel F, Hedges LV, Jonas WB: Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Lancet 1997;350(9081):834-43.
50. Linde K, Jobst KA: Homeopathy for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000(2):CD 000353.
51. Linde K, Melchart D: Randomized controlled trials of individualized homeopathy: a state-of-the-art review. J Altern Complement Med 1998;4(4):371-88.
52. Long LEE: Homeopathic remedies for the treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Br Hom J 2001;90:37-43.
53. Lüdtke R: Klinische Wirksamkeitsstudien zu Arnica in homöopathischen Zubereitungen; in Albrecht H, Frühwald M (Hrsg): KVC Jahrbuch 5. Essen, KVC, 1999, pp 97-112.
54. Lutz C: Quantitative Meta-Analyse empirischer Ergebnisse der Homöopathieforschung (Diplomarbeit im Fach Psychologie). Freiburg, 1993.
55. Smith CA: Homoeopathy for induction of labour. The Cochrane Library 2001(4):1-11.
56. Vickers A, Smith CA: Homoeopathic Oscillococcinum for preventing and treating influenza and influenza-like syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000(2):CD001957.
57. Walach H: Unspezifische Therapie-Effekte (Das Beispiel Homöopathie). Freiburg, 1997, April 1997.
58. Wiesenauer M, Lüdtke R: A meta-analysis of the homeopathic treatment of pollinosis with galphimia glauca. Forsch Komplementärmed 1996;3:230-4.
59. Herzberger G, Weiser M: Homeopathic treatment of infections of various origins: a prospective study. Biomed Ther 1997;15:123-7.
60. Rabe A: [Treatment of cough of different genesis with a modern homoeopathic preparation.] [German]. Biol Med 2001;30:234-8.
61. Frei H, Thurneysen A: Homeopathy in acute otitis media in children: treatment effect or spontaneous resolution? Br Homeopath J 2001;90:180-2.
62. Friese K: [The homeopathic therapy of acute otitis media in children.] [German]. Therapiewoche 1994;44:348-53.
63. Eizayaga F, Eizayaga J: Homoeopathic treatment of bronchial asthma. Retrospective study of 62 cases. Br Hom J 1996;1:28-33.
64. Bahemann A: Kalium bromatum bei infektiöser Mononukleose. Z Klass Hom 2002;46:232-3.
65. Riley D, Fischer M, Singh B, Haidvogl M, Heger M: Homeopathy and conventional medicine: an outcomes study comparing effectiveness in a primary care setting. J Altern Complement Med 2001;7(2):149-59.
66. Weber U, Luedtke R, Friese KH, Fischer I, Moeller H: A non-randomised pilot study to compare complementary and conventional treatments of acute sinusitis. Forsch Komplementärmed Klass Naturheilkd 2002;9(2):99-104.
67. Nusche M: Homöopathie oder Penicilin bei Mandelentzündungen? Eine prospektive klinische Studie. Stuttgart, Hippokrates, 1998.
68. Gassinger CA, Wunstel G, Netter P: [A controlled clinical trial for testing the efficacy of the homeopathic drug eupatorium perfoliatum D2 in the treatment of common cold] [German]. Arzneimittelforschung 1981;31(4):732-6.
69. Maiwald VL, Weinfurtner T, Mau J, Connert WD: [Therapy of common cold with a homeopathic combination preparation in comparison with acetylsalicylic acid. A controlled, randomized double-blind study] [German]. Arzneimittelforschung 1988;38(4):578-82.
70. Friese K, Kruse S, Moeller H: Acute otitis media in children: a comparison of conventional and homeopathic treatment. Biomed Ther 1997;15:113-6.
71. Harrison H, Fixsen A, Vickers A: A randomized comparison of homoeopathic and standard care for the treatment of glue ear in children. Complement Ther Med 1999;7(3):132-5.
72. de Lange de Klerk E, Blommers J, Kruik D, Bezemer P, Feenstra L: Effect of homoeopathic medicines on daily burden of symptoms in children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. Br Med J 1994;309:1329-32.
73. Aabel S: No beneficial effect of isopathic prophylactic treatment for birch pollen allergy during a low-pollen season: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of homeopathic Betula 30c. Br Hom J 2000;89(4):169-73.
74. Reilly D, Taylor M: Potent placebo or potency? A proposed study model with initial findings using homeopathically prepared pollens in hayfever. Br Hom J 1985;74:65-74.
75. Reilly DT, Taylor MA, McSharry C, Aitchison T: Is homoeopathy a placebo response? Controlled trial of homoeopathic potency, with pollen in hayfever as model. Lancet 1986;2(8512):881-6.
76. Taylor MA, Reilly D, Llewellyn-Jones RH, McSharry C, Aitchison TC: Randomised controlled trial of homoeopathy versus placebo in perennial allergic rhinitis with overview of four trial series. Br Med J 2000;321(7259):471-6.
77. Wiesenauer M, Gaus W: Double-blind trial comparing the effectiveness of the homeopathic preparation Galphimia potentiation D6, Galphimia dilution 10(-6) and placebo on pollinosis. Arzneimittelforschung 1985;35(11):1745-7.
78. Wiesenauer M, Gaus W, Bohnacker U, Haussler S: [Efficiency of homeopathic preparation combinations in sinusitis. Results of a randomized double blind study with general practitioners] [German]. Arzneimittelforschung 1989;39(5):620-5.
79. Ferley JP, Zmirou D, D'Adhemar D, Balducci F: A controlled evaluation of a homoeopathic preparation in the treatment of influenza-like syndromes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989;27(3):329-35.
80. Papp R, Schuback G, Beck E, Burjard G, Bengel J, Lehri S, Belon P: Oscillococcinum in patients with influenza-like syndromes: A placebo controlled double-blind evaluation. Br Hom J 1998;87:69-76.
81. Jacobs J, Springer DA, Crothers D: Homeopathic treatment of acute otitis media in children: a preliminary randomized placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20(2):177-83.
82. Mössinger P: Zur Behandlung der Otitis Media mit Pulsatilla. Kinderarzt 1985;16:581-2.
83. Friese K, Feuchter U, Lüdtke R, Moeller H: Results of a randomised prospective double-blind clinical trial on the homeopathic treatment of adenoid vegetations. Eur J Gen Pract 2001;7:48-54.
84. Lewith GT, Watkins AD, Hyland ME, Shaw S, Broomfield JA, Dolan G, Holgate ST: Use of ultra-molecular potencies of allergen to treat asthmatic people allergic to house dust mite: double blind randomised controlled clinical trial. Br Med J 2002;324(7336):520.
85. Matusiewicz R, Rokiewicz-Piorun A: Behandlung schwerer Formen von kortikoidabhängigem Bronchialasthma mit Immunsuppressiva und Antihomotoxischen Mitteln. Biol Med 1997;26:67-72.
86. Reilly D, Taylor MA, Beattie NG, Campbell JH, McSharry C, Aitchison TC, Carter R, et al: Is evidence for homoeopathy reproducible? Lancet 1994;344(8937):1601-6.
87. White A, Slade P, Hunt C, Hart A, Ernst E: Individualised homeopathy as an adjunct in the treatment of childhood asthma: A randomized, placebo controlled trial. Thorax 2003;58:317-21.
88. Conseil de l'Europe: Pharmacopée Européenne. 3e éd, addendum 1999, éd. suisse. Strasbourg, 1999.
89. Attena F, Toscano G, Agozzino E, Del Giudice N: A randomized trial in the prevention of influenza-like syndromes by homeopathic management. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1995;43(4):380-2.
90. Cardinali C, Francalanci S, Giomi B, Caproni M, Sertoli A, Fabbri P: Contact dermatitis from Rhus toxicodendron in a homeopathic remedy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50(1):150-1.
91. Dantas F, Rampes H: Do homeopathic medicines provoke adverse effects? A systematic review. Br Hom J 2000;89(1):35-8.
92. Heger M, Riley D, Haidvogl M: International integrative primary care outcomes study (IIPCOS-2): an international research project of homeopathy in primary care. Br Hom J 2000;89:10-3.
93. Heger M, Riley D, Haidvogl M, Gordon D, Herrick N, Wolschner U, Thurneysen A, et al: IIPCOS - Ein internationales Projekt zur Untersuchung der Effektivität der Homöopathie in der ärztlichen Primärversorgung. Hom Int R D Newsletter 2001;2:3-19.
94. Sankaran P: The Clinical Relationship of Homeopathic Remedies. Bombay, 1984.
95. Seider I: Das kleine Buch der Arzneimittelbeziehungen. Starnberg, Barthel and Barthel, 1999.
96. Hess F: Nützt uns die Homöopathie bei der Diphtherie- Behandlung? MMW 1942;13:296.
97. Bundesamt für Statistik (StatSanté): Gesundheitskosten in der Schweiz. 2003, www.statistik.admin.ch/stat_ch/ber14/statsant/statsante_1- 2003_d.pdf.
98. Schmidt J: Taschenatlas Homöopathie in Wort und Bild. Heidelberg, Haug, 2001.
99. Bradford T: The logic of figures: or comparative results of homoeopathic and other treatments. 1900.
100. Becker-Witt C, Lüdtke R, Willich SN: Patienten in der homöopathischen Praxis; in Albrecht H, Frühwald M (Hrsg): Jahrbuch 9. Essen, KVC, 2003, pp 3-15.
101. Güthlin C, Walach H: Prospektive Dokumentationsstudie in der niedergelassenen Praxis - ein Erprobungsverfahren zur Akupunktur und Homöopathie. Erfahrungsheilkunde 2001;50:186-94.
102. Becker-Witt C, Lüdtke R, Weisshuhn TE, Willich SN: Diagnoses and treatment in homeopathic medical practice. Forsch Komplementärmed Klass Naturheilkd 2004;11(2):98-103.
103. Van Wassenhoven M, Ives G: An observational study of patients receiving homeopathic treatment. Homeopathy 2004;93(1):3-11.
104. Chaufferin G: Improving the evaluation of homeopathy: economic considerations and impact on health. Br Hom J 2000;89(suppl 1):S27-30.
105. Trichard M, Chaufferin G, Nicoloyannis N: Pharmacoeconomic comparison between two drug stragegies of treatment of anxiety disorders: homeopathy and psychotropics (ISPOR Poster PMH23). Value in Health 2003;6:350-1.
106. Hills D, Welford R: Complementary therapy in general practice, an evaluation of the Glastonbury Health Centre Complementary Medicine Service. 2004. www.integratedhealth.org.uk.
107. Slade K, Chohan BP, Barker PJ: Evaluation of a GP practice based homeopathy service. Homeopathy 2004;93(2):67-70.
108. Güthlin C, Lange O, Walach H: Measuring the effects of acupuncture and homoeopathy in general practice: an uncontrolled prospective documentation approach. BMC Pub Health 2004;4:6.
109. Gerhard I, Reimers G, Keller C, Schmück M: Vergleich homöopathischer Einzelmittel mit konventioneller Hormontherapie. Therapeutikon 1993;7:309-15.
110. Marstedt G, Moebus S: Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes Heft 9: Inanspruchnahme alternativer Methoden in der Medizin. Berlin, Verlag Robert Koch Institut, 2002.
111. Keil K: Clinical outcomes of a diagnostic and treatment protocol in allergy/sensitivity patients. Altern Med Rev 2001;6:188-202.
112. Frenkel M, Hermoni D: Effects of homeopathic intervention on medication consumption in atopic and allergic disorders. Altern Ther Health Med 2002;8:76-9.
113. Junker J, Oberwittler C, Jackson D, Berger K: Utilization and perceived effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with dystonia. Mov Disord 2004;19(2):158-61.
114. Haidvogl M, Riley D, Heger M: Effectiveness and costs of homeopathy compared to conventional medicine in the outpatient care setting. The Royal London Homeopathic Hospital: Improving the success of homeopathy 3, 2001:71-2.
115. van Haselen R: The economic evaluation of complementary medicine: a staged approach at the Royal London Homeopathic Hospital. Br Hom J 2000;89(suppl 1):S23-6.
116. Gmür R: Fallkosten in der Psychotherapie. Schweiz Ärztezeitung 2003;84:638-40.
117. Drähne A: Kostenersparnis durch homöopathische Therapie; in Forschungsinstitut Freie Berufe im Auftrag des Niedersächsischen Ministeriums für Wirtschaft TuV (Hrsg): Dokumentation der besonderen Therapierichtungen und natürlichen Heilweisen in Europa. Essen, VGM, 1991.
118. Müller C: Neues vom Hausarztsystem EGK-SVHA. svha/ssmh bulletin 2000;5:17.
119. Wegscheider K: Was sind faire Vergleiche zwischen Therapien; in Symposium Pluralismus der Medizin - Wirksamkeitsprüfung durch Vergleiche 24.11.2004. Berlin, 2004.
120. Dean M: The Trials of Homeopathy - Origins, Structure and Development. Essen, KVC, 2004.
121. Mathie RT: The research evidence base for homeopathy: a fresh assessment of the literature. Homeopathy 2003;92(2):84-91.
122. Righetti M: Homöopathie: Grundlagen, Anwendungsgebiete und mögliche Ansätze zu Forschungsstudien. ZAKH, 1999 (20.08.2004, www. homeodoctor.ch/Righetti.htm.)
123. Paterson J: Report on mustard gas experiments (Glasgow and London). J Am Inst Hom 1944;37:47-50, 88-92.
124. Albertini H, Goldberg W, Sanguy B, Toulza C: Homeopathic treatment of dental neuralgia using arnica and hypericum: a summary of 60 observations. J Am Inst Hom 1985;8:126-8.
125. Ives G: A double-blind pilot study of Arnica in dental extraction. Midlands Hom Res Group Comm 1984;11:71-4.
126. Michaud J: Action d'Apis mel. et d'Arnica dans la prévention des oedèmes post-opératoires en chirurgie maxilo-faciale. Nantes, 1981.
127. Hochstrasser B: [Quality of life of pregnant women in homeopathic or mainstream medical type of care and the course of the pregnancy] [German]. Forsch Komplementärmed 1999;6 (suppl 1):S23-5.
128. Hochstrasser B, Mattmann P: Mainstream medicine versus complementary medicine (homeopathic) intervention: a critical methodology study of care in pregnancy [German]. Forsch Komplementarmed 1999;6 Suppl 1:S20-2.
129. Clausius N: Kontrollierte klinische Studien zur Homöopathie - Eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit mit Metaanalyse. Essen, KVC, 1998.
130. Eisebitt R: Methodik gesundheitsökonomischer Studien in der Komplementärmedizin unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Homöopathie. Hom Int R and D Newsletter 1999;1:4-10.
131. Marx H: [The dilemma of effectiveness and economic value of alternative medicine.] [German]. Gesundheitswesen 1997;59:297-301.
132. Schüppel R: Kosten und Nutzen der Homöopathie - Ein echtes Schnäppchen? Hausarzt 2003;19:64.
133. Taieb C, Myon E: The economic impact of homeopathic management: the french example. Value Health 2003;6:373.
134. Sommer JH: [Health economic analysis of the effects of including complementary medicine in the benefit package of health insurance] [German]. Forsch Komplementärmed 1999;6(suppl 1):7-9.