Monitoring sedation in critically ill patients: Bispectral index, Ramsay and observer scales

European Journal of Anaesthesiology

Volumn 23, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 649-653

  Hernandez Gancedo C ^a   Pestana D ^a   Pena N ^a   Royo, C ^a   Perez Chrzanowska H ^a   Criado, A ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PAZ   (Spain)

Author keywords

Intensive care; Monitoring, bispectral index, sedation scoring; Sedation, propofol, midazolam, fentanyl

Indexed keywords

FENTANYL; MIDAZOLAM; MORPHINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PROPOFOL; SEDATIVE AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; ANALGESIA; ARTICLE; BISPECTRAL INDEX; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CRITICAL ILLNESS; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MALE; OBSERVER ASSESSMENT OF ALERTNESS AND SEDATION; PATIENT MONITORING; RAMSAY SCALE; RATING SCALE; SCORING SYSTEM; SEDATION;

AGED; ANESTHESIA; CONSCIOUS SEDATION; CRITICAL CARE; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FENTANYL; HUMANS; MALE; MIDAZOLAM; MONITORING, INTRAOPERATIVE; PROPOFOL; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; ROC CURVE;

EID: 33745698768     PISSN: 02650215     EISSN: 13652346     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0265021506000056     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Young C, Knudsen N, Hilton A, Reves JG. Sedation in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 854-866.
2. Sydow M, Neumann P. Sedation for the critically ill. Intens Care Med 1999; 25: 634-636.
3. Soliman HM, Mélot C, Vincent J-L. Sedative and analgesic practice in the intensive care unit: the results of a European survey. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 186-192.
4. Meyer TJ, Eveloff SE, Bauer MS et al. Adverse environmental conditions in the respiratory and medical ICU settings. Chest 1994; 105: 1211-1216.
5. De Jonghe B, Cook D, Appere-De-Vecchi C, Guyatt G, Meade M, Outin H. Using and understanding sedation scoring systems: a systematic review. Intens Care Med 2000; 26: 275-285.
6. Koller MH, Levy NT, Ahrens TS et al. The use of continuous i.v. sedation is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation. Chest 1998; 114: 541-548.
7. Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1471-1477.
8. Rello J, Diaz E, Roque M, Valles J. Risk factors for developing pneumonia within 48 hours of intubation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1742-1746.
9. Sebel PS, Lang E, Rampil IJ et al. A multicenter study of bispectral electroencephalogram analysis for monitoring anesthetic effect. Anesth Analg 1997; 84: 891-899.
10. Frenzel D, Greim C-A, Sommer C et al. Is the bispectral index appropriate for monitoring the sedation level of mechanically ventilated surgical ICU patients? Intens Care Med 2002; 28: 178-183.
11. Nasraway SA, Wu EC, Kelleher RM et al. How reliable is the bispectral index in critically ill patients? A prospective, comparative, single-blinded observer study. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 1483-1487.
12. Ramsay MAE, Savege TM, Simpson BRJ, Goodwin R. Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. BMJ 1974; 2: 656-659.
13. Chernik DA, Gillings D, Laine H et al. Validity and reliability of the observer's assessment of alertness/sedation scale: study with intravenous midazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 10: 244-251.
14. Andrzejowski J, Sleigh JW, Johnson AT, Sikiotis L. The effect of intravenous epinephrine on the bispectral index and sedation. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 761-763.
15. Bailey JM. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and ICU sedation. Anesthesiology 2001; 95: 281-282.
16. Barr J, Zomorodi K, Bertaccini EJ et al. A double-blind, randomized comparison of iv lorazepam versus midazolam for sedation of ICU patients via a pharmacologic model. Anesthesiology 2001; 95: 286-298.
17. Ostermann ME, Keenan SP, Seiferling RA, Sibbald WJ. Sedation in the intensive care unit. A systematic review. JAMA 2000; 283: 1451-1459.
18. Hansen-Flaschen J, Coven J, Polomano RC. Beyond the Ramsay scale: need for a validated measure of sedating drug efficacy in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 732-733.
19. Avramov MN, White PF. Methods for monitoring the level of sedation. Crit Care Clin 1995; 11: 802-826.
20. Rampil IJ. A primer for EEG signal processing in anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: 980-1002.
21. Simmons L, Ricker R, Prato S, Fraser G. Assessing sedation during intensive care unit mechanical ventilation with the Bispectral Index and Sedation-Agitation Scale. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 1499-1504.
22. Liu J, Singh H, White PF. Electroencephalogram bispectral analysis predicts the depth of midazolam-induced sedation. Anesthesiology 1999; 84: 64-69.
23. Liu J, Singh H, White PF. Electroencephalographic bispectral index correlates with intraoperative recall and depth of propofol induced sedation. Anesth Analg 1997; 84: 185-189.
24. Glass PS, Bloom M, Kearse L et al. Bispectral analysis measures sedation and memory effects of propofol, midazolam, isofluorane, and alfentanil in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 1997; 86: 836-847.
25. Bruhn J, Bouillon T, Shafer S. Electromyographic activity falsely elevates the bispectral index. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 1485-1487.
26. Hirota K, Kubota T, Ishihara H, Matsuki A. The effect of nitrous oxide and ketamine on the bispectral index and 95% spectral edge frequency during propofol-fentanyl anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1999; 16: 779-783.
27. Brocas E, Dupont H, Paugam-Burtz C et al. Bispectral index variations during tracheal suction in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: effect of an alfentanil bolus. Intens Care Med 2002; 28: 211-213.