Why do some breast cancer cells remain dormant?

Gynecological Endocrinology

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 190-197

  Neves E Castro, Manuel ^a  

^a Clinica de Feminologia Holistica   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Dormant cancer cells; Genetics; Immunity; Prevention; Surgery

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL; CANCER GENETICS; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER SURGERY; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DORMANCY; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; MAMMARY GLAND; METASTASIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

AGED; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CARCINOMA, INTRADUCTAL, NONINFILTRATING; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL; NEOPLASMS, SECOND PRIMARY; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC;

EID: 33745684968     PISSN: 09513590     EISSN: 14730766     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09513590600624374     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Stein M, Loberant N, Laviov M, Rennert G, Lachter J, Kutten A. Second cancer in patients treated for testicular seminoma. J Surg Oncol 1992;49:16-19.
2. Sanders ME, Schuyler PA, Dupont WD, Page DL. The natural history of low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in women treated by biopsy only revealed over 30 years of long-term follow-up. Cancer 2005;103:2481-2484.
3. Folkman J, Kalluri R. Cancer without disease. Nature 2004;427:787.
4. Nielsen M, Thomsen JL, Primdahl S, Dyreborg U, Andersen JA. Breast cancer and atypia among young and middle-aged women: a study of 110 medicolegal autopsies. Br J Cancer 1987;56:814-819.
5. Hanahan D, Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 1996;86:353-364.
6. Udagawa T, Fernandez A, Achilles EG, Folkman J, D'Amato RJ. Persistence of microscopic human cancers in mice: alterations in the angiogenic balance accompanies loss of tumor dormancy. FASEB J 2002;16:1361-1370.
7. The Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. J Am Med Assoc 2004;291:1701-1712.
8. Bouman A, Heineman MJ, Faas MM. Sex hormones and the immune response in humans. Hum Reprod Update 2005;11:411-423.
9. Ueno T, Toi M, Tominaga T. Circulating soluble Fas concentration in breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:3529-3533.
10. Mor G, Sapi E, Abrahams VM, Rutherford T, Song J, Hao XY, Muzaffar S, Kohen F. Interaction of the estrogen receptors with the Fas ligand promoter in human monocytes. J Immunol 2003;170:114-122.
11. Song RX, Mor G, Naftolin F, McPherson RA, Song J, Zhang Z, Yue W, Wang J, Santen RJ. Effect of long-term estrogen deprivation on apoptotic responses of breast cancer cells to 17β-estradiol. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:1714-1723.
12. Mor G, Kohen F, Garcia-Velasco J, Nilsen J, Brown W, Song J, Naftolin F. Regulation of Fas ligand expression in breast cancer cells by estrogen: functional differences between estradiol and tamoxifen. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2000;73:185-194.
13. Gutierrez LS, Eliza M, Niven-Fairchild T, Naftolin F, Mor G. The Fas/Fas-ligand system: a mechanism for immune evasion in human breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999;54:245-253.
14. Diel IJ, Kaufmann M, Costa SD, Holle R, von Minckwitz G, Solomayer EF, Kaul S, Bastert G. Micrometastatic breast cancer cells in bone marrow at primary surgery: prognostic value in comparison with nodal status. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1652-1658.
15. Diefenbach A, Raulet D. The innate immune response to tumors and its role in the induction of T-cell immunity. Immunol Rev 2002;188:9-21.
16. Walker LS, Abbas AK. The enemy within: keeping self-reactive T cells at bay in the periphery. Nat Rev Immunol 2002;2:11-19.
17. Huang AY, Bruce AT, Pardoll DM, Levitsky HL. In vivo crosspriming of MHC class I-restricted antigens requires the TAP transporter. Immunity 1996;4:349-355.
18. Emens LA, Reilly RT, Jaffer EM. Breast cancer vaccines: maximizing cancer treatment by tapping into host immunity. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005;12:1-17.
19. Curran EM, Berghaus LJ, Vernetti NJ, Saporita AJ, Lubahn DB, Estes DM. Natural killer cells express estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β and can respond to estrogen via a non-estrogen receptor-α mediated pathway. Cell Immunol 2001;214:12-20.
20. Gustafsson JA. Therapeutic potential of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Curr Opin Chem Biol 1998;2:508-511.
21. Barkhem T, Carlsson B, Nilsson Y, Enmark E, Gustafsson J, Nilsson S. Differential response of estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β to partial estrogen agonists/antagonists. Mol Pharmacol 1998;54:105-112.
22. Sabbioni ME, Siegrist HP, Bacchi M, Bernhard J, Castiglione M, Thurlimann B, Bonnefoi H, Perey L, Herrmann R, Goldhirsch A, et al. Association between immunity and prognostic factors in early stage breast cancer patients before adjuvant treatment. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000;59:279-287.
23. Fairey AS, Courneya KS, Field CJ, Bell GJ, Jones LW, Mackey JR. Randomized controlled trial of exercise and blood immune function in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. J Appl Physiol 2005;98:1534-1540.
24. Zorica DJ, Konstantinovic ZN, Stanojkovic TP, Zizak Z, Srdic T, Milosevic D, Jovanovic D. The antitumor immune response in HER-2 positive, metastatic breast cancer patients. J Transl Med 2005;3:13.
25. von Mensdorff-Pouilly S, Verstraeten AA, Kenemans P, Snijdewint FGM, Kok A, Van Kamp GJ, Paul MA, Van Diest PJ, Meijer S, Hilgers J. Survival in early breast cancer patients is favorably influenced by a natural humoral immune response to polymorphic epithelial mucin. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:574-583.
26. Rosner B, Colditz G, Willet W. Reproductive risk factors in a prospective study of breast cancer: The Nurse's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:819-835.
27. Yoo KY, Tajima K, Kuroishi T, Hirose K, Yoshida M, Miura S, Murai H. Independent protective effect of lactation against breast cancer: a case-control study in Japan. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:726-733.
28. Russo J, Russo IH. Differentiation and breast cancer. Medicina (B Aires) 1997;57(Suppl 2):81-91.
29. Nicolini A, Carpi A, Rossi G. An immunotherapy schedule in endocrine-dependent metastatic breast cancer: correlation between clinical course and immunologic parameters. J Immunother 2005;28:276-279.
30. + regulatory T cell compartment. J Immunol 2004;173:2227-2230.
31. Cheng F, Gabrilovich D, Sotomayor EM. Immune tolerance in breast cancer. Breast Dis 2004;20:93-103.
32. Stein M, Schiavi RC, Camerino M. Influence of brain and behavior on the immune system. Science 1976;191:435-440.
33. London OD. Aspirin could be used to prevent cancer. Br Med J 2003:326:565.
34. Harris R, Chlebowski RT, Jackson RD, Frid DJ, Ascenseo JL, Anderson G, Loar A, Rodabough RJ, White E, McTiernan A. Breast cancer and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cancer Res 2003;63:6096-6101.
35. Muck AO, Seeger H, Wallwiener D. Inhibitory effect of statins on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;42:695-700.
36. Stamm JA, Ornstein DL. The role of statins in cancer prevention and treatment. Oncology (Williston Park) 2005;19:739-750; discussion 753-754.
37. Shun MC, Yu W, Gapor A, Parsons R, Atkinson J, Sanders BG, Kline K. Pro-apoptotic mechanisms of action of a novel vitamin E analog (α-TEA) and a naturally occurring form of vitamin E (δ-tocotrienol) in MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells were reported. Nutr Cancer 2004;48:95-105.
38. Sylvester PW, Shah SJ. Mechanisms mediating the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of vitamin E in mammary cancer cells. Front Biosci 2005;10:699-709.
39. Wang XF, Witting PK, Salvatore BA, Neuzil J. Vitamin E analogs trigger apoptosis in HER2/erbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells by signaling via the mitochondrial pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;326:282-289.
40. Zhang SM. Role of vitamins in the risk, prevention, and treatment of breast cancer. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2004;16:19-25.
41. Borek C. Dietary antioxidants and human cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2004;3:333-341.
42. Knoops K, Groot L, Kromhout D, Perrin AE, Moreiras-Varela O, Menotti A, van Staveren WA. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women. J Am Med Assoc 2004;292:1433-1439.
43. Wu A, Arakawa K, Stanczyk F, Van Den Berg D, Koh WP, Yu MC. Tea and circulating estrogen levels in postmenopausal Chinese women in Singapore. Carcinogenesis 2005;26:976-980.
44. Kodama M, Kodama T, Miura S, Yoshida M. Nutrition and breast cancer risk in Japan. Anticancer Res 1991;11:745-754.
45. Kruk J, Aboul-Eneim HY. Psychological stress and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study. Cancer Detect Prev 2004;28:399-408.
46. Montazeri A, Jarvandi S, Ebrahimi M, Haghighat S, Ansari M. The role of depression in the development of breast cancer: analysis of registry data from a single institute. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2004;5:316-319.
47. Triebel F, Hacene K, Pichon MF. A soluble lymphocyte activation gene-3 sLAG-3 protein is a prognostic factor in human breast cancer expressing estrogen or progesterone receptors. Cancer Lett 2005 Jun 7;[Epub ahead of print].
48. Fentiman IS. Timing of surgery for breast cancer. Int J Clin Pract 2002;56:188-190.
49. Cooper LS, Gillett CE, Smith P, Fentiman IS, Barnes DM. Cell proliferation measured by MIB1 and timing of surgery for breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1998;77:1502-1507.
50. Saad Z, Bramwell VH, Wilson SM, O'Malley FP, Jeacock J, Chambers AF. Expression of genes that contribute to proliferative and metastatic ability in breast cancer resected during various menstrual phases. Lancet 1998;351:1170-1173.