Role of the pharmacist in the management of dyslipidemia

Journal of Pharmacy Practice

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 94-102

  Olson, Kari L ^a,b   Potts, Lisa A ^c  

^a KAISER PERMANENTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c HARPER UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Hypercholesterolemia; Lipoproteins; Pharmacists; Professional role; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ATORVASTATIN; BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT; CHOLESTEROL; COLESEVELAM; CREATINE KINASE; CYCLOSPORIN; EZETIMIBE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MACROLIDE; NICOTINIC ACID; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; TACROLIMUS; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; WARFARIN;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ABNORMALLY HIGH SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; AMBULATORY CARE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; BLOATING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COMMUNITY CARE; CONSTIPATION; DIARRHEA; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FATIGUE; FLATULENCE; FLUSHING; FOLLOW UP; GOUT; HEADACHE; HOSPITAL PHARMACY; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERURICEMIA; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; LIVER TOXICITY; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; MYOPATHY; MYOSITIS; NAUSEA; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT MONITORING; PHARMACIST; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; STOMACH DISEASE;

EID: 33745559448     PISSN: 08971900     EISSN: 15311937     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0897190006290046     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2006;113:e85-e151.
2. Anderson KM, Castelli W, Levy D. Cholesterol and mortality. JAMA. 1987;257:2176-2180.
3. Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD. Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? JAMA. 1986;256:2823-2828.
4. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1001-1009.
5. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Intensive lipid-lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1425-1435.
6. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Comparison of intensive and moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1495-1504.
7. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7-22.
8. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels. JAMA. 1998;279:1615-1622.
9. The Long Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) study group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1349-1357.
10. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301-1307.
11. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267-1278.
12. Olson KL, Bungard TJ, Tsuyuki RT. Cholesterol risk management: a systematic examination of the gap from evidence to practice. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21:807-817.
13. Pearson TA, Laurora I, Chu H, Kafonek S. The lipid treatment assessment project (L-TAP). Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:459-467.
14. Benner JS, Glynn RJ, Mogun H, Neumann PJ, Weinstein MC, Avorn J. Long-term persistence in use of statin therapy in elderly patients. JAMA. 2002;228:455-461.
15. Ellis JJ, Erickson SR, Stevenson JG, et al. Suboptimal statin adherence and discontinuation in primary and secondary prevention populations. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19:638-645.
16. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497.
17. Gardner SF, Skelton DR, Rollins SK, Hastings JK. Community pharmacy data bases to identify patients at high risk for hypercholesterolemia. Pharmacotherapy. 1995;15:292-296.
18. Einarson TR, Bootman JL, McGhan WF, Larson LN, Garner ME, Donohue M. Establishment and evaluation of a serum cholesterol monitoring service in a community pharmacy. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1988;22:45-48.
19. Ibrahim OM, Catania PN, Mergener MA, Supernaw RB. Outcome of cholesterol screening in a community pharmacy. Ann Pharmacother. 1990;24:817-821.
20. Jafari M, Masih M, Emerson JF. The value of pharmacist involvement in a point-of-care service, walk-in lipid screening program. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21:1403-1406.
21. Shibley MC, Pugh CB. Implementation of pharmaceutical care services for patients with hyperlipidemias by independent community pharmacy practitioners. Ann Pharmacother. 1997;31:713-719.
22. Bluml BM, McKenney JM, Cziraky MJ. Pharmaceutical care services and results in Project ImPACT: hyperlipidemia. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2000;40:157-165.
23. McMillan K, Gourley DR, Portner TS, et al. Clinical and humanistic outcomes of a lipid management program in the community setting. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2000;40:166-173.
24. Tsuyuki RT, Johnson JA, Teo KK, et al. A randomized trial of the effect of community pharmacist intervention on cholesterol risk management. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1149-1155.
25. Tsuyuki RT, Olson KL, Dubyk AM, Schindel TJ, Johnson JA. Effect of community pharmacist intervention on cholesterol levels in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events: the secondary study of cardiovascular risk intervention by pharmacists (SCRIP-plus). Am J Med. 2004;116:130-133.
26. Furmaga EM. Pharmacist management of a hyperlipidemia clinic. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1993;50:91-95.
27. Carson JJ. Pharmacist-coordinated program to improve use of pharmacotherapies for reducing risk of coronary artery disease in low-income adults. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999;56:2319-2324.
28. Donaldson AR, Andrus MR. Pharmacist-run lipid management program in rural Alabama. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004;61:493-497.
29. Till LT, Voris JC, Horst JB. Assessment of clinical pharmacist management of lipid-lowering therapy in a primary care setting. J Manag Care Pharm. 2003;9:269-273.
30. Geber J, Parra D, Beckey NP, Korman L. Optimizing drug therapy patients with cardiovascular disease: the impact of pharmacist-managed pharmacotherapy clinics in a primary care setting. Pharmacotherapy. 2002;22:738-747.
31. Bozovich M, Rubino CM, Edmunds J. Effect of a clinical pharmacist-managed lipid clinic on achieving national cholesterol education program low-density lipoprotein goal. Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20:1375-1383.
32. Shafer J, Wexler LF. Reducing low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in an ambulatory care system: results of a multidisciplinary collaborative practice lipid clinic compare with traditional physician-based care. Arch Intern Med. 1995;21:2330-2335.
33. Bogden PE, Koontz LM, Williamson P, Abbott RD. The physician and pharmacist team: an effective approach to cholesterol reduction. J Gen Intern Med. 1997;12:158-164.
34. Star RJ, Taherei R, Cooper SL, Smith JC. Achieving cholesterol target in a managed care organization (ACTION) trial. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;2:360-371.
35. Olson KL, Rasmussen J, Sandhoff BJ, Merenich JA. A global and sustained approach to lipid management of 8,014 patients with coronary artery disease: the 5-year Colorado Kaiser Permanente Clinical Pharmacy Cardiac Risk Service (CPCRS) experience. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:49-54.
36. Wilson PF, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation. 1998;97:1837-1847.
37. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz NB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227.
38. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Frederickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499-502.
39. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560-2572.
40. Tolman KG. The liver and lovastatin. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:1374-1380.
41. Hsu I, Spinler SA, Johnson NE. Comparative evaluation of the safety and efficacy of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor monotherapy in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia. Ann Pharmacother. 1995;7-8:743-759.
42. Bradford RH, Shear CL, Chremos AN, et al. Expanded Clinical Evaluation of Lovastatin (EXCEL) study results: efficacy in modifying plasma lipoproteins and adverse event profile in 8245 patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:43-49.
43. Chalasani N, Aljadhey K, Keterson J, Murray MD. Patients with elevated liver enzymes are not at higher for statin hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1287-1292.
44. Ballantyne CM, Corsini A, Davidson MH, et al. Risk for myopathy with statin therapy in high-risk patients. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:553-564.
45. Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial Results I. Reduction in the incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1984;251:351-364.
46. Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA. 1984;251:365-374.
47. Donovan JM, Stypinski D, Stiles R, Olson TA, Burke SK. Drug interactions with colesevelam hydrochloride, a novel, potent lipid-lowering agent. Cardiovasc Drug Ther. 2000;14:681-691.
48. Rubins H, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:410-418.
49. Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med. 1987;317;1237-1245.
50. The Field Study Investigators. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1849-1861.
51. Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, et al. Fifteen year mortality in coronary drug project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;8:1245-1255.
52. Pieper JA. Understanding niacin formulations. Am J Manag Care. 2002;8:308-314.
53. Dujovne CA, Ettinger MP, McNeer F, et al. Efficacy and safety of a potent new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:1092-1097.
54. Pearson TA, Denke MA, McBride PE, Battisti WP, Brady WE, Palmisano J. A community-based, randomized trial of ezetimibe added to statin therapy to attain NCEP ATP III goals for LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients: the ezetimibe add-on to statin for effectiveness (EASE) trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80:587-595.
55. Goldberg AC, Sapre A, Liu J. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with simvastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79:620-629.
56. Pasternak RC, Smith SC, Bairey-Merz CN, Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Lenfant C. ACC/AHA/NHLBI advisory on the use and safety of statins. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:567-572.
57. Blenkinsopp A, Anderson C, Armstron M. Systematic review of the effectiveness of community pharmacy-based interventions to reduce risk behaviors and risk factors for coronary heart disease. J Public Health. 2003;25:144-152.
58. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations. 2006 national patient safety goals. Available at: http://www.jcaho.org/PatientSafety/ NationalPatientSafetyGoals/. Accessed March 6, 2006.