Antimicrobial Resistance: Factors and Outcomes

Critical Care Clinics

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 291-311

  Fish, Douglas N ^a,b   Ohlinger, Martin J ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; AZTREONAM; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; BETA LACTAMASE INHIBITOR; CARBAPENEM; CEFEPIME; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTAZIDIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CIPROFLOXACIN; FLUCONAZOLE; IMIPENEM; MEROPENEM; METICILLIN; PENICILLIN G; PIPERACILLIN; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; TOBRAMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL PERITONITIS; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; BLOOD DISEASE; CANDIDIASIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG COST; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG FORMULARY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG PROGRAM; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; ENTEROBACTER INFECTION; GRAM NEGATIVE INFECTION; HEALTH CARE COST; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG INFECTION; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVIEW; SEPSIS; TOXICITY; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA; CROSS INFECTION; DRUG MONITORING; INFECTION CONTROL; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CRITICAL ILLNESS; CROSS INFECTION; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; HUMANS; INFECTION CONTROL; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES;

EID: 33745481821     PISSN: 07490704     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2006.02.006     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Fridkin S.K., and Gaynes R.P. Antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units. Clin Chest Med 20 (1999) 303-316
2. Weinstein R.A. Nosocomial infection update. Emerg Infect Dis 4 (1998) 416-420
3. US Department of Public Health and Human Services, and Public Health Service. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control 32 (2004) 470-485
4. Neuhauser M.M., Weinstein R.A., Rydman R., et al. Antibiotic resistance among gram-negative bacilli in US intensive care units. Implications for fluoroquinolone use. JAMA 289 (2003) 885-888
5. Jones R.N. Resistance patterns among nosocomial pathogens: trends over the past few years. Chest 119 2 suppl (2001) 397S-404S
6. Bukharie H., Abdelhadi M., Saeed I., et al. Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a community pathogen. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 40 (2001) 1-4
7. Salgado C.D., Farr B.M., and Calfee D.P. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors. Clin Infect Dis 36 (2003) 131-139
8. Eady A.E., and Cove J.H. Staphylococcal resistance revisited: community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus-an emerging problem for the management of skin and soft tissue infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 16 (2003) 103-124
9. Bush K. New β-lactamases in gram-negative bacteria: diversity and impact on the selection of antimicrobial therapy. Clin Infect Dis 32 (2001) 1085-1089
10. Paterson D.L., Ko W.-C., Von Gottberg A., et al. Antibiotic therapy for Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia: implications of production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Clin Infect Dis 39 (2003) 31-37
11. Paterson D.L., Mulazimoglu L., Casellas J.M., et al. Epidemiology of ciprofloxacin resistance and its relationship to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates causing bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 30 (2000) 473-478
12. Karlowsky J.A., Draghi D.C., Jones M.E., et al. Surveillance for antimicrobial susceptibility among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii from hospitalized patients in the United States, 1998 to 2001. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 (2003) 1681-1688
13. Zervos M.J., Hershberger E., Nicolau D.P., et al. Relationship between fluoroquinolone use and changes in susceptibility to fluoroquinolones of selected pathogens in 10 United States teaching hospitals, 1991-2000. Clin Infect Dis 37 (2003) 1643-1648
14. Pfaller M.A., Jones R.N., Messer S.A., et al. National surveillance of nosocomial blood stream infection due to Candida albicans: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility in the SCOPE program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 31 (1998) 327-332
15. Abi-Said D., Anaissie E., Uzon O., et al. The epidemiology of hematogenous candidiasis caused by different Candida species. Clin Infect Dis 24 (1997) 1122-1128
16. Rello J., Ausina V., Ricart M., et al. Impact of previous antimicrobial therapy on the etiology and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 104 (1993) 1230-1235
17. Rahal J.J., Urban C., Horn D., et al. Class restriction of cephalosporin use to control total cephalosporin resistance in nosocomial Klebsiella. JAMA 280 (1998) 1233-1237
18. Trouillet J.-L., Chastre J., Vuagnat A., et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157 (1998) 531-539
19. Marshall C., Wolfe R., Kossman T., et al. Risk factors for acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by trauma patients in the intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 57 (2004) 245-252
20. Paramythiotou E., Lucet J.-C., Timsit J.-F., et al. Acquisition of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients in intensive care units: role of antibiotics with antipseudomonal activity. Clin Infect Dis 38 (2004) 670-677
21. Lee S.-O., Kim N.J., Choi S.-H., et al. Risk factors for acquisition of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii: a case-control study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 (2004) 224-228
22. Kollef M.H., and Fraser V.J. Antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med 134 (2001) 298-314
23. Jarvis W.R., Edwards J.R., Culver D.H., et al. Nosocomial infection rates in adult and pediatric intensive care units in the United States. Am J Med 91 suppl 3B (1991) 185S-191S
24. Albrich W.C., Angstwurm M., Bader L., and Gartner R. Drug resistance in intensive care units. Infection 27 suppl 2 (1999) S19-S23
25. Bonten M.J., Slaughter S., Hayden M.K., et al. External sources of vancomycin-resistant enterococci for intensive care units. Crit Care Med 26 (1998) 2001-2004
26. Fridkin S.K., Pear S.M., Williamson T.H., et al. The role of understaffing in central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 17 (1996) 150-158
27. Alfieri N., Ramotar K., Armstrong P., et al. Two consecutive outbreaks of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Xanthomonas maltophilia) in an intensive-care unit defined by restriction fragment-length polymorphism typing. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 20 (1999) 553-556
28. Wiener J., Quinn J.P., Bradford P.A., et al. Multiple antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella and Escherichia coli in nursing homes. JAMA 281 (1999) 517-523
29. Archibald L., Phillips L., Monnet D., et al. Antimicrobial resistance in isolates from inpatients and outpatients in the United States: increasing importance of the intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 24 (1997) 211-215
30. Holemberg S.D., Solomon S.L., and Blake P.A. Health and economic impact of antimicrobial resistance. Rev Infect Dis 9 (1987) 1065-1078
31. Ascar J.F. Consequences of bacterial resistance to antibiotics in medical practice. Clin Infect Dis 24 suppl (1997) S17-S18
32. Carmeli Y., Troillet N., Karchmer A.W., and Samore M.H. Health and economic outcomes of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arch Intern Med 159 (1999) 1127-1132
33. Rello J., Torres A., Ricart M., et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia by Staphylococcus aureus: comparison of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive episodes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150 6 pt 1 (1994) 1545-1549
34. Alvarez-Lerma F., and ICU-Acquired Pneumonia Study Group. Modification of empiric antibiotic treatment in patients with pneumonia acquired in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 22 (1996) 387-394
35. Luna C.M., Vujacich P., Niederman M.S., et al. Impact of BAL data on the therapy and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 111 (1997) 676-685
36. Leibovici L., Shraga I., Drucker M., et al. The benefit of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment in patients with bloodstream infection. J Intern Med 244 (1998) 379-386
37. Kollef M.H., Sherman G., Ward S., and Fraser V.J. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest 115 (1999) 462-474
38. Garnacho-Montero J., Garcia-Garmendia J.L., Barrero-Almodovar A., et al. Impact of adequate empiric antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis. Crit Care Med 31 (2003) 2742-2751
39. Chamot E., Boffi El Amari E., Rohner P., and Van Delden C. Effectiveness of combination antimicrobial therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 (2003) 2756-2764
40. MacArthur R.D., Miller M., Albertson T., et al. Adequacy of early empiric antibiotic treatment and survival in severe sepsis: experience from the MONARCS trial. Clin Infect Dis 38 (2004) 284-288
41. Lautenbach E., Metlay J.P., Bilker W.B., et al. Association between fluoroquinolone resistance and mortality in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections: the role of inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy. Clin Infect Dis 41 (2005) 923-929
42. Cosgrove S.E., Youlin Q., Kaye K.S., et al. The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26 (2005) 166-174
43. Cosgrove S.E. The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes: mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs. Clin Infect Dis 42 suppl 2 (2006) S82-S89
44. Kollef M.H., and Micek S.T. Strategies to prevent antimicrobial resistance in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 33 (2005) 1845-1853
45. Salgado C.D., O'Grady N., and Farr B.M. Prevention and control of antimicrobial-resistant infections in intensive care patients. Crit Care Med 33 (2005) 2373-2382
46. Pierson C.L., and Friedman B.A. Comparison of susceptibility to beta-lactam antimicrobial agents among bacteria isolated from intensive care units. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 15 suppl 2 (1992) 19S-30S
47. Campbell J.R., Zaccaria E., Mason Jr. E.O., and Baker L.J. Epidemiological analysis defining concurrent outbreaks of Serratia marcescens and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive-care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 19 (1998) 942-948
48. Husni R.N., Goldstein L.S., Arroliga A.C., et al. Risk factors for an outbreak of multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter nosocomial pneumonia among intubated patients. Chest 115 (1999) 1378-1382
49. Craig W.A. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin Infect Dis 26 (1998) 1-12
50. Craig W.A. Interrelationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in determining dosage regimens for broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 22 (1995) 89-96
51. Thalhammer F., Traunmuller F., El Menyawi I., et al. Continuous infusion versus intermittent administration of meropenem in critically ill patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 43 (1999) 523-527
52. Hanes S.D., Wood G.C., Herring V., et al. Intermittent and continuous ceftazidime infusion for critically ill trauma patients. Am J Surg 179 (2000) 436-440
53. McNabb J.J., Nightingale C.H., Quintiliani R., and Nicolau D.P. Cost-effectiveness of ceftazidime by continuous infusion versus intermittent infusion for nosocomial pneumonia. Pharmacotherapy 21 (2001) 549-555
54. Grant E.M., Kuti J.L., Nicolau D.P., et al. Clinical efficacy and pharmacoeconomics of a continuous-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam program in a large community teaching hospital. Pharmacotherapy 22 (2002) 471-483
55. Boselli E., Breilh D., Duflo F., et al. Steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary concentrations of cefepime administered in continuous infusion in critically ill patients with severe nosocomial pneumonia. Crit Care Med 31 (2003) 2102-2106
56. Lacy M.K., Nicolau D.P., Nightingale C.H., and Quintiliani R. The pharmacodynamics of aminoglycosides. Clin Infect Dis 27 (1998) 23-27
57. Maderas-Kelly K.J., Ostergaard B.E., Hovde L.B., and Rotschafer J.C. Twenty-four-hour area under the concentration-time curve/MIC ratio as a generic predictor or fluoroquinolone antimicrobial effect by using three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 (1996) 627-632
58. Fish D.N. Extended-interval dosing of aminoglycoside antibiotics in critically ill patients. J Pharm Pract 15 (2002) 285-295
59. Nicolau D.P., McNabb J., Lacy M.K., et al. Continuous versus intermittent administration of ceftazidime in intensive care unit patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 17 (2001) 497-504
60. Power B.M., Forbes A.M., Heerden P.V., and Ilett K.F. Pharmacokinetics of drugs used in critically ill adults. Clin Pharmacokinet 34 (1998) 25-56
61. Leroy O., Jaffre S., d'Escrivan T., et al. Hospital-acquired pneumonia: risk factors for antimicrobial-resistant causative pathogens in critically ill patients. Chest 123 (2003) 2034-2042
62. Niederman M.S. Use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials for the treatment of pneumonia in seriously ill patients: maximizing clinical outcomes and minimizing selection of resistant organisms. Clin Infect Dis 42 suppl 2 (2006) S72-S81
63. Mouton J.W. Combination therapy as a tool to prevent emergence of bacterial resistance. Infection 27 suppl 2 (1999) S24-S28
64. Bouza E., and Muñoz P. Monotherapy versus combination therapy for bacterial infections. Med Clin North Am 84 (2000) 1358-1389
65. Mouton Y., Debosker Y., Bazin C., et al. Prospective, randomized, controlled study of imipenem-cilastatin versus cefotaxime-amikacin in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection and septicemia at intensive care units. Presse Med 19 (1990) 607-612
66. Leibovici L., Paul M., Poznanski O., et al. Monotherapy versus beta-lactam-aminoglycoside combination treatment for gram-negative bacteremia: a prospective, observational study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 (1997) 1127-1133
67. Hilf M., Yu V.L., Sharp J., et al. Antibiotic therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: outcome correlations in a prospective study of 200 patients. Am J Med 87 (1989) 540-546
68. Chow J.W., Fine M.J., Shlaes D.M., et al. Enterobacter bacteremia: clinical features and emergence of antibiotic resistance during therapy. Ann Intern Med 115 (1991) 585-590
69. Korvick J.A., Bryan C.S., Farber B., et al. Prospective observational study of Klebsiella bacteremia in 230 patients: outcome for antibiotic combinations versus monotherapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36 (1992) 2639-2644
70. Vidal F., Mensa J., Almela M., et al. Epidemiology and outcome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia, with special emphasis on the influence of antibiotic treatment. Arch Intern Med 156 (1996) 2121-2126
71. Sigman-Igra Y., Ravona R., Primerman H., and Gialdi M. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: an analysis of 123 episodes, with particular emphasis on the effect of antibiotic therapy. Int J Infect Dis 2 (1998) 211-215
72. Sieger B., Berman S.J., Geckler R.W., and Farkas S.A. Empiric treatment of hospital-acquired lower respiratory tract infections with meropenem or ceftazidime with tobramycin: a randomized study. Crit Care Med 25 (1997) 1663-1670
73. Rubinstein E., Lode H., and Grassi C. Ceftazidime monotherapy vs. ceftriaxone/tobramycin for serious hospital-acquired gram-negative infections. Antibiotic Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 20 (1995) 1217-1228
74. Giantsou E., Liratzopoulos N., Efraimidou E., et al. Both early-onset and late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia are caused by potentially multiresistant bacteria. Intensive Care Med 31 (2005) 1488-1494
75. Burgess D.S., and Nathisuwan S. Cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin alone and in combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 44 (2002) 35-41
76. Fish D.N., Choi M.K., and Jung R. Synergic activity of cephalosporins plus fluoroquinolones against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with resistance to one or both drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother 50 (2002) 1045-1049
77. Montravers P., Gauzit R., Muller C., et al. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in cases of peritonitis after intra-abdominal surgery affects the efficacy of empirical antimicrobial therapy. Clin Infect Dis 23 (1996) 486-494
78. Singh N., Rogers P., Atwood C., et al. Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit: a proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 2 pt 1 (2000) 505-511
79. Chastre J., Wolff M., Fagon J.-Y., et al. Comparison of 8 vs. 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 290 (2003) 2588-2598
80. Micek S.T., Ward S., Fraser V.J., and Kollef M.H. A randomized controlled trial of an antibiotic discontinuation policy for clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 125 (2004) 1791-1799
81. McGowan Jr. J.E., and Gerding D.N. Does antibiotic restriction prevent resistance?. New Horiz 4 (1996) 370-376
82. Rice L.B., Eckstein E.C., DeVente J., and Shlaes D.M. Ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates recovered at the Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Clin Infect Dis 23 (1996) 118-124
83. Giamarellou H., and Antoniadou A. The effect of monitoring of antibiotic use on decreasing antibiotic resistance in the hospital. Ciba Found Symp 207 (1997) 76-86
84. Climo M.W., Israel D.S., Wong E.S., et al. Hospital-wide restriction of clindamycin: effect on the incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated infection and cost. Ann Intern Med 128 12 pt 1 (1998) 989-995
85. Burke J.P. Antibiotic resistance-squeezing the balloon?. JAMA 280 (1998) 1270-1271
86. American Thoracic Society, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 (2005) 388-416
87. Rello J., Paiva J.A., Baraibar J., et al. International conference for the development of consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 120 (2001) 955-970
88. Ibrahim E.H., Ward S., Sherman G., et al. Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 29 (2001) 1109-1115
89. Kollef M.H., Vlasnik J., Sharpless L., et al. Scheduled change of antibiotic class: a strategy to decrease the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156 4 pt 1 (1997) 1040-1048
90. Gruson D., Hilbert G., Vargas F., et al. Strategy of antibiotic rotation: long-term effect on incidence and susceptibilities of Gram-negative bacilli responsible for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 31 (2003) 1908-1914
91. Raymond D.P., Pellitier S.J., Crabtree T.D., et al. Impact of a rotating empiric antibiotic schedule on infectious mortality in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 29 (2001) 1101-1108
92. Gruson D., Hilbert G., Vargas F., et al. Rotation and restricted use of antibiotics in a medical intensive care unit: impact on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 3 pt 1 (2000) 837-843
93. Hughes M.G., Evans H.L., Chong T.W., et al. Effect of an intensive care unit rotating empiric antibiotic schedule on the development of hospital-acquired infections on the non-intensive care unit ward. Crit Care Med 32 (2004) 53-60
94. Regal R.E., DePestel D.D., and VandenBussche H.L. The effect of an antimicrobial restriction program on Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to beta-lactams in a large teaching hospital. Pharmacotherapy 23 (2003) 618-624
95. Paterson D.L. The role of antimicrobial management programs in optimizing antibiotic prescribing within hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 42 suppl 2 (2006) S90-S95
96. Gross R., Morgan A.S., Kinky D.E., et al. Impact of a hospital-based antimicrobial management program on clinical and economic outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 33 (2001) 289-295