Being in the safety zone: Emotional experiences of suicidal adolescents and emerging adults

Journal of Adolescent Research

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 370-392

  Everall, Robin D ^a   Bostik, Katherine E ^a   Paulson, Barbara L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Attempted suicide; Emotion regulation; Emotional experience; Suicidal ideation

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745433364     PISSN: 07435584     EISSN: 15526895     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0743558406289753     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the early twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480.
2. Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York: Oxford University Press.
3. Berenbaum, H. (1992). Posed facial expression of emotion in schizophrenia and depression. Psychological Medicine, 22, 929-937.
4. Boergers, J., Spirito, A., & Donaldson, D. (1998). Reasons for adolescent suicide attempts: Associations with psychological functioning. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1287-1293.
5. Bostik, K. E., & Everall, R. D. (in press). Healing from suicide: Adolescent perceptions of attachment relationships. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling.
6. Brown, G. K., Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Girsham, J. R. (2000). Risk factors for suicide in psychiatric outpatients: A 20-year prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 371-377.
7. Catanzaro, S. J. (2000). Mood regulation and suicidal behavior. In T. E. Joiner & M. D. Rudd (Eds.), Suicide science: Expanding the boundaries (pp. 81-103). Boston: Kluwer Academic.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004a). Suicide and attempted suicide. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53, 471-471.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004b). Surveillance summaries. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53 (SS-2). 1-29.
10. Cicchetti, D., Ganiban, J., & Barnett, D. (1991). Contributions from the study of high-risk populations to understanding the development of emotion regulation. In J. Garber & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp. 15-48). New York: Cambridge University Press.
11. Clarke, K. M. (1989). Creation of meaning: An emotional processing task in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 26, 139-148.
12. Clarke, K. M. (1996). Change processes in a creation of meaning event. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 465-470.
13. Cutcliffe, J. R. (2003). Research endeavours into suicide: A need to shift the emphasis. British Journal of Nursing, 12, 92-99.
14. Cutcliffe, J. R., Joyce, A., & Cummins, M. (2004). Building a case for understanding the lived experiences of males who attempt suicide in Alberta, Canada. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 11, 305-312.
15. Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2001). Suicidal ideation and help-negation: Not just hopelessness or prior help. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 901-914.
16. Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York: Guilford.
17. Diamond, L. M., & Aspinwall, L. G. (2003). Emotion regulation across the life span: An integrative perspective emphasizing self-regulation, positive affect and dyadic processes. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 125-156.
18. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development, 67, 2227-2247.
19. Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. (1994). The nature of emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.
20. Esposito, C., Spirito, A., Boergers, J., & Donaldson, D. (2003). Affective, behavioral, and cognitive functioning in adolescents with multiple suicide attempts. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 33, 389-399.
21. Everall, R. D. (2000). The meaning of suicide attempts in young adults. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 34, 111-125.
22. Frijda, N. H. (1994). Emotions are functional, most of the time. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 97-177). New York: Oxford University Press.
23. Garber, J., Braafladt, N., & Weiss, B. (1995). Affect regulation in depressed and nondepressed children and young adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 93-115.
24. Ghaziuddin, N., King, C. A., Naylor, M. W., & Ghaziuddin, M. (2000). Anxiety contributes to suicidality in depressed adolescents. Depression and Anxiety, 11, 134-138.
25. Glaser, B. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory. Mill Valley, CA: Sociological Press.
26. Glaser, B. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis: Emergence vs. forcing. Mill Valley, CA: Sociological Press.
27. Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. New York: Aldine.
28. Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
29. Greenberg, L. S., & Pascual-Leone, J. (1997). Emotion in the creation of personal meaning. In M. Power & C. R. Brewin (Eds.), The transformation of meaning in psychological therapies. Integrating theory and practice. New York: John Wiley.
30. Greenberg, L. S., & Safran, J. D. (1990). Emotional change processes in psychotherapy. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research and experience. Vol. 5. Emotion, psychopathology and psychotherapy (pp. 59-85). New York: Academic Press.
31. Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 551-573.
32. Health Canada. (2002). A report on mental illness in Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Catalogue in Publishing Data.
33. Hendin, H. (1991). Psychodynamics of suicide, with particular reference to the young. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1150-1158.
34. Hussong, A. M., & Chassin, L. (2002). Parent alcoholism and the leaving home transition. Development & Psychopathology, 14, 139-157.
35. Iwakabe, S., Rogan, K., & Stalikas, A. (2000). The relationship between client emotional expressions, therapist interventions, and the working alliance: An exploration of eight emotional expression events. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 10 (4). 375-402.
36. Izard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations. Psychological Review, 99, 561-565.
37. Izard, C. E. (1993). Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Review, 100, 68-90.
38. Izard, C. E., & Ackerman, B. P. (2000). Motivational, organizational, and regulatory functions of discrete emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 253-280). New York: Guilford.
39. Jobes, D. A., Nelson, K. N., Peterson, E. M., Pentiuc, D., Downing, V., Francini, K., et al. (2004). Describing suicidality: An investigation of qualitative SSF responses. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 34, 99-112.
40. Kalafat, J., & Lester, D. (2000). Shame and suicide: A case study. Death Studies, 24, 157-162.
41. Kandel, D. B., Raveis, V. H., & Davies, M. (1991). Suicidal ideation in adolescents: Depression, substance use, and other risk factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 289-301.
42. Klimes-Dougan, B., Free, K., Ronsaville, D., Stilwell, J., Welsh, C. J., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1999). Suicidal ideation and attempts: A longitudinal investigation of children and depressed and well mothers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 651-659.
43. Larson, R. W., Moneta, G., Richards, M., & Wilson, S. (2002). Continuity, stability, and change in daily emotional experience across adolescence. Child Development, 73, 1151-1165.
44. LeDoux, J. E. (1994). Emotional processing but not emotions, can occur unconsciously. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 283-299). New York: Oxford University Press.
45. Nelson, L. J., & Barry, C. M. (2005). Distinguishing features of emerging adulthood: The role of self-classification as an adult. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20, 242-262.
46. Nock, M. K., & Kazdin, A. E. (2002). Examination of affective, cognitive, and behavioral factors and suicide-related outcomes in children and young adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 48-58.
47. Orbach, I., Mikulincer, M., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., & Sirota, P. (2003). Mental pain and its relationship to suicidality and life meaning. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 33, 231-241.
48. Pelkonen, M., & Marttunen, M. (2003). Child and adolescent suicide: Epidemiology, risk factors and approaches to prevention. Pediatric Drugs, 5, 243-265.
49. Plutchik, R. (1994). The psychology and biology of emotion. New York: HarperCollins.
50. Rennie, D. L. (1996). Fifteen years of doing qualitative research on psychotherapy. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 24, 317-327.
51. Rennie, D. L., Phillips, J. R., & Quartaro, G. K. (1988). Grounded theory: A promising approach to conceptualization in psychology. Canadian Psychology, 29, 139-150.
52. Resnick, M. D., Bearman, P. S., Blum, R. W., Bauman, K. E., Harris, K. M., Jones, J., et al. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 823-832.
53. Rogers, J. R. (2001). Theoretical grounding: The "missing link" in suicide research. Journal of Counseling and Development, 79, 16-25.
54. Rutter, M. (1996). Transitions and turning points in developmental psychopathology: As applied to the age span between childhood and mid-adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19, 603-626.
55. Schulenberg, J. E., Bryant, A. L., & O'Malley, P. M. (2004). Taking hold of some kind of life: How developmental tasks relate to trajectories of well-being during the transition to adulthood. Development & Psychopathology, 16, 1119-1140.
56. Schulenberg, J. E., & Zarrett, N. R. (2006). Mental health during emerging adulthood: Continuity and discontinuity in courses, causes, and functions. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 231-292). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
57. Shneidman, E. S. (1993). Suicide as psychache. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 145-147.
58. Stravynski, A., & Boyer, R. (2001). Loneliness in relation to suicide ideation and parasuicide: A population-wide study. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 31, 32-40.
59. Whelton, W. J. (2004). Emotional process in psychotherapy: Evidence across therapeutic modalities. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11, 58-71.
60. Wiklander, M., Samuelsson, M., & Asberg, M. (2003). Shame reactions after suicide attempts. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science, 17, 293-300.
61. Wolfsdorf, B. A., Freeman, J., D'Eramo, K., Overholser, J., & Spirito, A. (2003). Mood states: Depression, anger, and anxiety. In A. Spirito & J. Overholser (Eds.), Evaluating and treating adolescent suicide attempters: From research to practice (pp. 53-88). New York: Academic Press.
62. Zlotnick, C., Donaldson, D., Spirito, A., & Pearlstein, T. (1997). Affect regulation and suicide attempts in adolescent inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 793-798.
63. Zlotnick, C., Wolfsdorf, B. A., Johnson, B., & Spirito, A. (2003). Impaired self-regulation and suicidal behavior among adolescent and young adult psychiatric inpatients. Archives of Suicide Research, 7, 149-157.