Vascular encephalopathies in dogs: Incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, and clinical signs

Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 196-207

  Hillock, San M ^a   Dewey, Curtis W ^b   Stefanacci, Joseph D ^b   Fondacaro, John V ^a  

^a Veterinary Medical Center   (United States)

^b Long Island Veterinary Specialists   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANIS FAMILIARIS;

EID: 33745303237     PISSN: 01931903     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Bralow L: Brain: Ischemic (and atrophic) disease, in Bralow L (ed): Clinical MRI, ed 1. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 2002, pp 48-76.
2. Wass C, Lanier W: Glucose modulation of ischemic brain injury: Review and clinical recommendations. Mayo Clin Proc 71(8):801-812, 1996.
3. st ACVIM Forum:398-400, 2003.
4. Dewey CW: Encephalopathies: Disorders of the brain, in Dewey CW (ed): A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology. Ames, Iowa State University Press, 2003, pp 99-178.
5. Frankhauser R, Luginbuhl H, McGrath JT: Cerebrovascular disease in various animal species. Ann New York Acad Sci 127:817-859, 1965.
6. nd ACVIM Forum:819, 2004.
7. Joseph RJ, Greenlee PG, Carrillo JM, Kay WJ: Canine cerebrovascular disease: Clinical and pathological findings in 17 cases. JAAHA 24:569-576, 1987.
8. de Lahunta A: Central nervous system hypoxia, ischemia, and related disorders, in Duncan L (ed): Veterinary Neuropathology, ed 5. St. Louis, Mosby, 1998, pp 237-249.
9. Mortel KF: Prospective study of vascular events and cerebral perfusional changes following transient ischemic attacks. Angiology 47(3):215-223, 1996.
10. Deitrich WD, Danton G, Hopkins AC, Prado R: Thromboembolic events predispose the brain to widespread cerebral infarction after delayed transient global ischemia in rats. Stroke 30:855-862, 1999.
11. Platt SR, Garosi L: Canine cerebrovascular disease: Do dogs have strokes? JAAHA 39:337-342, 2003.
12. Rosenberg R, Aird W: Vascular bed-specific hemostasis and hypcrcoagulable state. N Engl J Med 340(20):1555-1564, 1999.
13. Beamer NB, Coull BM, Clark WM, Wynn M: Microalbuminuria in ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol 56:699-702, 1999.
14. Hachinski V, Graffagnino C, Beaudry M, et al: Lipids and stroke: A paradox resolved. Arch Neurol 53:303-308, 1993.
15. Qizilbash N, Duffy S, Prentice CR, et al: Von Willebrand factor and risk for ischemic stroke. Neurology 49:1552-1556, 1997.
16. Resch KL, Ernst E, Matrai A, Paulsen HF: Fibrinogen and viscosity as risk factors for subsequent cardiovascular events in stroke survivors. Ann Intern Med 117:371-375, 1992.
17. Hilzenrat N, Zilberman D, Sikuler E: Isolated cerebellar infarction as a presenting symptom of polycythemia vera., Acta Haematol 88:204-206, 1992.
18. Vail DM: Hematopoietic tumors, in Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC (eds): Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, ed 5. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 2000, pp 507-523.
19. Sasaki H, Itoh T, Takei H, Hayashi M: Os odontoideum with cerebellar infarction: A case report. Spine 25:1178-1181, 2000.
20. Limburg M, Wijdicks EFM, Li H: Ischemic stroke after surgical procedures: Clinical features, neuroimaging and risk factors. Neurology 50:895-901, 1998.
21. Mukherjee D, Nissen SE, Topol EJ: Risk of cardiovascular events associated with selective COX-2 inhibitors. JAMA 286(8):954-959, 2001.
22. Lake CR, Gallant S, Masson E, Miller P: Adverse drug effects attributed to phenylpropanolamine: A review of 142 cases. Am J Med 89(2):195-208, 1990.
23. Irwin JC, Dewey CW, Stefanacci JD: Suspected cerebellar infarcts in four dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care, accepted for publication, 2005.
24. Patton CS, Garner FM: Cerebral infarction caused by heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) in a dog. JAVMA 156(5):600-605, 1970.
25. Segedy A, Hayden D: Cerebral vascular accident caused by Dirofilaria immitis. JAAHA 14:752-756, 1978.
26. Bagley RS, Anderson WI, de Lahunta A, et al: Cerebellar infarction caused by arterial thrombosis in a dog. JAVMA 192(6):785-787, 1988.
27. Cook LB, Coates JR, Miller MW, et al: Vascular encephalopathy associated with bacterial endocarditis in four dogs. JAAHA 41(4):252-258, 2005.
28. Hoerlein BF: Primary disorders of the central nervous system, in Hoerlein BF (ed): Canine Neurology; Diagnosis and Treatment, ed 3. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1987, pp 340-342.
29. Swayne DE, Tyler DE, Batker J: Cerebral infarction with associated venous thrombosis in a dog. Vet Pathol 25:317-320, 1988.
30. Patterson JS, Rusley MS, Zachary JF: Neurologic manifestations of cerebrovascular atherosclerosis associated with primary hypothyroidism in a dog. JAVMA 186(5):499-503, 1985.
31. Norton F: Cerebral infarction in a dog. Prog Vet Neurol 3(4):120-125, 1992.
32. Kent M, de Lahunta A, Tidwell AS: MR imaging findings in a dog with intravascular lymphoma in the brain. Vet Radiol 42(6):504-510, 2001.
33. nd ACVIM Forum:816, 2004.
34. nd Annual ACVIM Forum:817, 2004.
35. Dukes J: Hypertension: A review of the mechanisms, manifestations and management. J Small Anim Pract 33:119-129, 1992.
36. Thomas WB: Cerebrovascular disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 26:925-943, 1996.
37. Tidwell AS, Mahony OM, Moore RP, Fitzmaurice SN: Computed tomography of an acute hemorrhagic cerebral infarct in a dog. Vet Radiol 35(4):290-296, 1994.
38. Panarello GL, Dewey CW, Barone G, Stefanacci JD: Magnetic resonance imaging of two suspected cases of global brain ischemia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 14(4):269, 2004.
39. Dewey CW: Head-trauma management, in Dewey CW (ed): A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology. Ames, Iowa State University Press, 2003, pp 179-192.
40. White B, Grossman LI, Krause GS: Brain injury by global ischemia and reperfusion: A theoretical perspective on membrane damage and repair. Neurology 43:1656-1665, 1993.
41. White B, Grossman LI, O'Neil BJ, et al: Global brain ischemia and reperfusion. Ann Emerg Med 27(5):588-594, 1996.
42. Muir WW: Brain hypoperfusion post-resuscitation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 19:1151-1166, 1989.
43. Guyton AC, Hall JE: Cerebral blood flow, the cerebrospinal fluid, and brain metabolism, in Schmitt W (ed): Textbook of Medical Physiology, ed 10. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 2000, pp 709-715.
44. Evans HE, de Lahunta A: The nervous system, in Dyson J (ed): Miller's Guide to the Dissection of the Dog, ed 4. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1996, pp 310-339.
45. Fortuna S, Pestalozza S, Lorenzini P, et al: Transient global brain ischemia in adult rats: Neuronal damage, glial proliferation, and alterations in inositol phospholipid hydrolysis. Neurochem Int 31(4);563-569, 1997.
46. Siesjo BK, Katsura K, Zhao Q, et al: Mechanisms of secondary brain damage in global and focal ischemia: A speculative synthesis. J Neurotrauma 12(5):943-956, 1995.
47. Siesjo BK: Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part I: Pathophysiology. J Neurosurg 77:169-184, 1992.
48. McDonald JW, Johnston M: Physiological and pathophysiological roles of excitatory amino acids during central nervous system development. Brain Res Rev 15:41-70, 1990.
49. Kochanek PM: Ischemic and traumatic brain injury: Pathobiology and cellular mechanisms. Crit Care Med 21(suppl 9), 1993.
50. Higuchi T, Graham SH, Fernandez E, et al: Effects of severe global ischemia on N-acetylaspartate and other metabolites in the rat brain. Magn Reson Med 37:851-857, 1997.
51. Ikeda Y, Long DM: The molecular basis of brain injury and brain edema: The role of oxygen free radicals. Neurosurgery 27(1):1-11, 1990.
52. Sieber FE, Traystman RJ, Martin LJ: Delayed neuronal death after global incomplete ischemia in dogs is accompanied by changes in phospholipase C protein expression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17:527-533, 1997.
53. Lantz GC: Oxygen free radicals and reperfusion injury, in Bonagura JD (ed): Current Veterinary Therapy XII. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1995, pp 64-67.