Therapeutic potential of angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertension

Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 625-635

  Cheung, Bernard M Y ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Angiotensin II receptor blocker; Hypertension

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; AMILORIDE; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATENOLOL; BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CANDESARTAN HEXETIL; CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ENALAPRIL; EPROSARTAN; IRBESARTAN; LOSARTAN; NITRENDIPINE; PERINDOPRIL; PLACEBO; POTASSIUM DERIVATIVE; POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETIC AGENT; RAMIPRIL; RENIN; SPIRONOLACTONE; TELMISARTAN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALSARTAN;

AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; COUGHING; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; FLUID BALANCE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HORMONE INHIBITION; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; JAUNDICE; LONG TERM CARE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MICROALBUMINURIA; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; NEUTROPENIA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROTEINURIA; RENAL PROTECTION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URTICARIA;

AGED; ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS; BENZIMIDAZOLES; BLOOD PRESSURE; CORONARY DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; LOSARTAN; MALE; META-ANALYSIS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TETRAZOLES; VALINE;

EID: 33745233054     PISSN: 13543784     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.6.625     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. WEIR MR, DZAU VJ: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: a specific target for hypertension management. Am. J. Hypertens. (1999) 12:205S-213S.
2. CAREY RM, SIRAGY H: Newly recognized components of the rennin-angiotensin system: potential roles in cardiovascular and renal regulation. Endocr Rev. (2003) 24(3):261-271.
3. LAVOIE JL, SIGMUND CD: Minireview: overview of the rennin-angiotensin system - an endocrine and paracrine system. Endocrinology (2003) 144(6):2179-2183.
4. DZAU VJ: Circulating versus local rennin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular homeostasis. Circulation (1988) 77:1-3.
5. KERINS DM, HAO Q, VAUGHAN DE: Angiotensin induction of PAI-1 expression in endothelial cells is mediated by the hexapeptide angiotensin IV. J. Clin. Invest. (1995) 96(5):2515-2520.
6. LONN E: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in atherosclerosis. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. (2002) 4(5):363-372.
7. LOFTUS IM, NAYLOR AR, GOODALL S et al: Increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in unstable carotid plaques: A potential role in acute plaque disruption. Stroke (2000) 31(1):40-47.
8. BURNIER M, BRUNNER HR: Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Lancet (2000) 355:637-645.
9. SCHIFFRIN EL: Vascular and cardiac benefits of angiotensin receptor blockers. Am. J Med. (2002) 113(5):409-418.
10. URATA H, HEALY B, STEWART RW, BUMPUS FM, HUSAIN A: Angiotensin II-forming pathways in normal and failing human hearts. Circ. Res. (1990) 66:883-890.
11. TURNBULL F: Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet (2003) 362:1527-335.
12. STAESSEN JA, WANG JG, THIJS L: Cardiovascular prevention and blood pressure reduction: a quantitative overview updated until 1st March 2003. J. Hypertens. (2003) 21:1055-1076.
13. CHEUNG BMY, ONG KL, MAN YB, LAM KSL, LAU CP: Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension: United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002.J. Clin. Hypertens. (2006) 8(2):93-98.
14. VOLPE M, RUILOPE LM, McINNES GT, WAEBER B, WEBER MA: Angiotensin-II receptor blockers: benefits beyond blood pressure reduction? J. Hum Hypertens. (2005) 19(5):331-339.
15. 1999 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: International Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension. J. Hypertens. (1999) 17-151-183.
16. EUROPEAN SOCIETY OF HYPERTENSION-EUROPEAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOLOGY GUIDELINES COMMITTEE: 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. (2003) 221:1011-1053.
17. SCHIFFRIN EL, PARK JB, INTENGAN HD, TOUYZ RM: Correction of arterial structure and endothelial dysfunction in human essential hypertension by the angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan. Circulation (2000) 101(14):1653-1659.
18. DICKERSON JE, HINGORANI AD, ASHBY MJ, PALMER CR, BROWN MJ: Optimisation of antihypertensive treatment by crossover rotation of four major classes. Lancet (1999) 353(9169)-2008-2013.
19. DAHLOF B, DEVEREUX RB et al FOR THE LIFE STUDY GROUP: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet (2002) 359:995-1003.
20. KLINGBEIL AU, SCHNEIDER M, MARTUS P. MESSERLI FH, SCHMIEDER RE: A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am. J. Med. (2003) 115(1):41-46.
21. WARGO KA, CHONG K, CHAN EC: Acute renal filure secondary to angiotensin II receptor blockade in a patient with bilateral renal artery stenosis. Pharmacotherapy (2003) 23(9):1199-1204.
22. MARGOLIUS HS: Kallikreins and kinins. Hypertension (1995) 26:221-229.
23. WOO KS, NICHOLLS MG: High prevalence of persistent cough with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in Chinese. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol, (1995) 40(2):141-144.
24. PRIMATESTA P, BROOKES M, POULTER NR: Improved hypertension management and control: results from health survey for England 1998. Hypertension (2001) 38:827-832.
25. WEBER MA. BAKRIS GL, NEUTEL JM, DAVIDAI G, GILES TD: Quality of life measured in a pfactice-based hypertension trial of an angiotensin receptor blocker. J. Clin. Hypertens. (2003) 5(5):322-329.
26. PITT B, SEGAL R, MARTINEZ FA et al: Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet (1997) 349(9054):747-752.
27. PITT B, POOLE-WILSON P. SEGAL R et al: Effects of losartan versus captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of patients in the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study-ELITE II. J. Card Fail. (1999) 5(2):146-154.
28. COHN JN, TOGNONI G FOR THE VALSARTAN HEART FAILURE TRIAL INVESTIGATORS: A randomised trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:1667-1675.
29. PFEFFER MA, SWEDBERG K, GRANGER CB et al: CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heat failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet (2003) 362:759-766.
30. LEWIS EJ, HUNSICKER LG, CLARKE WR et al: Collaborative Study Group. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to Type 2 diabetes. N. Engl J. Med. (2001) 345:851-860.
31. BRENNER BM, COOPER ME, DE ZEEUW D et al.: RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:861-869.
32. PARVING HH, LEHNERT H, BROCHNER-MORTENSEN J, COMIS R, ANDERSEN S, ARNER P: Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes. N. Engl J. Med. (2001) 345(12):870-878.
33. VIBERTI G, WHEELDON NM: Microalbuminuria Reduction With Valsartan (MARVAL) Study Investigators. Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a blood pressure-independent effect. Circulation (2002) 106(6):672-678.
34. BARNETT AH, BAIN SC, BOUTER. P et al.: Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril Study Group. Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in Type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N. Engl, J. Med. (2004) 351(19):1952-1961.
35. HANSSON L, LINDHOLM LH, EKBOM T et al, FOR THE STOP-HYPERTENSION-2 STUDY GROUP: Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet (1999) 354:1751-1756.
36. THE ALLHAT OFFICERS AND COORDINATORS FOR THE ALLHAT COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH GROUP: Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker versus diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowcring Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). J. Am. Med. Assoc. (2002) 288(23):2981-2997.
37. CARLBERG B, SAMUELSSON O, LINDHOLM LH: Atenolol in hypertension: is it a wise choice? Lancet (2004) 364(9446):1684-1689.
38. LITHELL H, HANSSON L, SKOOG I et al. FOR THE SCOPE STUDY GROUP: The study on cognition and prognosis in the elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J. Hypertens. (2003) 21:875-886.
39. JULIUS S, KJELSEN SE, WEBER M et al. FOR THE VALUE TRIAL GROUP: Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet (2004) 363:2022-2031.
40. CHEUNG BMY, CHEUNG GTY, LAUDER IJ, LAU CP, KUMANA CR: Meta-analysis of large outcome trials of angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertension. J. Hum. Hypertens. (2006) 20(1):37-43.
41. STRIPPOLI GF, CRAIG M, DEEKS JJ, SCHENA FP, CRAIG JC: Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists on mortality and renal outcomes in diabetic nephropathy: systematic review. Br. Med. J. (2004) 329(7470):828.
42. WEBER MA, JULIUS S, KJELDSEN SE et al.: Blood pressure dependent and independent effects of antihypertensive treatment on clinical events in the VALUE Trial. Lancet (2004) 363(9426):2049-2051.
43. STAESSEN JA, WANG JG, BIRKENHAGER WH: Outcome beyond blood pressure control? Eur. Heart J. (2003) 24(6).504-514.
44. BERL T, HUNSICKER LG, LEWIS JB et al: Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial. Collaborative Study Group. Cardiovascular outcomes in the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial of patients with Type 2 diabetes and overt nephropathy. Ann. Intern. Med. (2003) 138.542-549.
45. WILLIAMS B: Recent hypertension trials. Implications and controversies. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2005) 45(6):813-827.
46. VERMA S, STRAUSS M. Angiotensin receptor blockers and myocardial infarction. Br. Med. J. (2004) 329:1248-1249.
47. SCHEEN AJ: VALUE: analysis of results (letter). Lancet (2004) 364(9438):932-923.
48. SCHEEN AJ: Renin-angiotensin system inhibition prevents Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Part 1. A meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Diabetes Metab. (2004) 30(6):487-496.
49. LINDHOLM LH, PERSSON M, ALAUPOVIC P, CARLBERG B, SVENSSON A, SAMUELSSON O: Metabolic outcome during 1 year in newly detected hypertensives: results of the Antihypertensive Treatment and Lipid Profile in a North of Sweden Efficacy Evaluation (ALPINE study). J. Hypertens. (2003) 21(8):1563-1574.
50. YUSUF S, GERSTEIN H, HOOGWERF B et al.: HOPE Study Investigators. Ramiptil and the development of diabetes. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (2001) 286:1882-1885.
51. SHARMA AM, JANKE J, GORZELNIAK K, ENGELI S, LUFT FC: Angiotensin blockade prevents Type 2 diabetes by formation of fat cells. Hypertension (2002) 40(5):609-611.
52. DEMERS C, McMURRAY JJ, SWEDBERG K et al: CHARM Investigators. Impact of candesartan on nonfatal myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death in patients with heart failure. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (2005) 294(14):1794-1798.
53. DAHLOF B, SEVER PS, POULTER NR et al.: ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet (2005) 366(9489):895-906.
54. POULTER NR, WEDEL H, DAHLOF B et al.: ASCOT Investigators. Role of blood pressure and other variables in the differential cardiovascular event rates noted in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA). Lancet (2003) 366(9489):907-913.
55. THE CONSENSUS TRIAL STUDY GROUP: Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N. Engl. J. Med (1987) 316:1429-1435.
56. THE SOLVD INVESTIGATORS: Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325.293-302.
57. GRANGER CB, McMURRAY JJ, YUSUF S et al: CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet (2003) 362(9386):772-776.
58. McMURRAY JJ, OSTERGREN J, SWEDBERG K et al: CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-eazyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet (2003) 362(9386):767-771.
59. YUSUF S, PFEFFER MA, SWEDBERG K et al.: CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects, of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet (2003) 362(9386):777-781.
60. SOLOMON SD, ANAVEKAR N, SKALI H et al: Candesartan in Heart Failure Reduction in Mortality (CHARM) Investigators. Influence of ejection fraction on cardiovascular outcomes in a broad spectrum of heart failure patients. Circulation (2005) 112(24):3738-3744.
61. PFEFFER MA, BRAUNWALD E, MOYET LA et al: Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. (1992) 327:669-677.
62. THE ACUTE INFARCTION RAMIPRIL EFFICACY (AIRE) STUDY INVESTIGATORS: Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarcrion with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet (1993) 342:1418-1419.
63. GRUPPO ITALIANO PER LO STUDIO DELLA SOPRAVVIVENZA NELL'INFARCTO MIOCARDICO: GISSI-3: effects of lisinoptil and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet (1994) 343:1632.
64. ISIS-4 (FOURTH INTERNATIONAL STUDY OF INFARCT SURVIVAL) COLLABORATIVE GROUP: ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet (1995) 345:669-685.
65. DICKSTEIN, K, KJEKSHUS J, THE OPTIMAAL STEERING COMMITTEE, FOR THE OPTIMAAL STUDY GROUP: Effects of losartan and captorpil on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet (2002) 360:752-760.
66. PFEFFER MA, McMURRAY JJ, VELAZQUEZ EJ et al: Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial Investigators. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 349:1893-1906.
67. THE HEART OUTCOMES PREVENTION EVALUATION STUDY INVESTIGATORS: Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 342:145-153.
68. FOX KM: European trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators, Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet (2003) 362(9386):782-788.
69. BRAUNWALD E, DOMANSKI MJ, FOWLER SE et al.: PEACE Trial Investigators. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med (2004) 351(20):2058-2068.
70. TEO K, YUSUF S, SLEIGHT P et al: ONTARGET/TRANSCEND INVESTIGATORS: Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of 2 large, simple, randomized trials evaluating telmisartan, ramipril, and their combination in high-risk patients: the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial/Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in ACE Intolerant Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease (ONTARGET/TRANSCEND) trials. Am. Heart J. (2004) 148(1):52-61.
71. WACHTELL K, LEHTO M, GERDTS E et al.: Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation and subsequent stroke compared to atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For End Point Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2005) 45:712-719.
72. KJELDSEN SE, JULIUS S, HEDNER T, HANSSON L: Stroke is more common than myocardial infarction in hypertension: Analysis based on 11 major randomized intervention trials. Blood Press. (2001) 10(4):190-192.
73. PROGRESS COLLABORATIVE GROUP: Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet (2001) 358:1033-1041.
74. SCHRADER J, LUDERS S, KULSCHEWSKI A et al.: Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors Study Group. The ACCESS Study. evaluation of Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke (2003) 34(7):1699-1703.
75. BROWN MJ, BROWN J: Does angiotensin II protect against strokes? Lancet (1986) 2:427-429.
76. FOURNIER A, MESSERLI FH, ACHARD JM, FERNANDEZ L: Cerebroprotection mediated by angiotensin II: a hypothesis supported by recent randomized clinical trials. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2004) 43(8):1343-1347.
77. SCHRADER J, LUDERS S, KULSCHEWSKI A et al.: MOSES Study Group. Morbidity and Mortality After Stroke, Eprosartan Compared with Nitrendipine for Secondary Prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke (2005) 36(6):1218-1226.
78. ALBERTI KG, ZIMMET P, SHAW J: IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome - a new worldwide definition. Lancet (2005) 366(9491):1059-1062.
79. ESTACIO RO, SCHRIER RW : Antihypertensive therapy in Type 2 diabetes: implications of the appropriate blood pressure control in diabetes (ABCD) trial. Am. J. Cardiol. (1998) 82(9B):9R-14R.
80. LINDHOLM LH, IBSEN H, DAHLOF B et al.: LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet (2002) 359(9311):1004-1010.
81. NAVAR LG, HARRISON-BERNARD LM, NISHIYAMA A, KOBORI H: Regulation of intrarenal angiotensin II in hypertension. Hypertension (2002) 39(2):316-322.
82. LEWIS EJ, HUNSICKER LG, BAIN RP, ROHDE RD: The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. (1993) 329:1456.
83. UK PROSPECTIVE DIABETES STUDY GROUP: Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. Br. Med. J. (1998) 317(7160):713-720.
84. UK PROSPECTIVE DIABETES STUDY GROUP: Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. Br. Med. J. (1998) 317:703-713.
85. CHOBANIAN AV, BAKRIS GL, BLACK HR et al.: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (2003) 289(19):2560-2572.
86. WHITWORTH JA: World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/ International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J. Hypertens. (2003) 21(11):1983-1992.
87. Nephropathy in Diabetes. Diabetes Care (2004) 27:S79-S83.
88. NAKAO N, YOSHIMURA A, MORITA H, TAKADA M, KAYANO T, IDEURA T: Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet (2003) 361:117-124.