Ophthalmic regional block

Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 158-167

  Kumar, Chandra M ^a   Dodds, Chris ^a  

^a JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anaesthesia; Peribulbar; Regional ophthalmic anaesthesia; Retrobulbar; Sub Tenon; Sub Tenon's

Indexed keywords

ADJUVANT; ADRENALIN; BUPIVACAINE; CLONIDINE; FELYPRESSIN; HYALURONIDASE; LIDOCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MUSCLE RELAXANT AGENT; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENT;

ABRASION; AKINESIA; CARDIOPULMONARY INSUFFICIENCY; CATARACT EXTRACTION; CHEMOSIS; CONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; EYE PAIN; EYE TOXICITY; HUMAN; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; LOCAL ANESTHESIA; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; NEEDLE; OPTIC NERVE LESION; PERFORATING EYE INJURY; PEROPERATIVE CARE; PH; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; RETROBULBAR HEMORRHAGE; REVIEW; SEDATION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; VISION;

EID: 33745190955     PISSN: 03044602     EISSN: 29724066     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Leaming DV. Practice styles and preferences of ASCRS members-2003 survey. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004;30:892-900.
2. Eke T, Thompson JR. The National Survey of Local Anaesthesia for Ocular Surgery. I. Survey methodology and current practice. Eye 1999;13:189-95.
3. Eke T, Thompson JR. The National Survey of Local Anaesthesia for Ocular Surgery. II. Safety profiles of local anaesthesia techniques. Eye 1999;13:196-204.
4. Shammas HJ, Milkie M, Yeo R. Topical and subconjunctival anesthesia for phacoemulsification: prospective study. J Cataract Refract Surg 1997;23:1577-80.
5. Anderson CJ. Subconjunctival anesthesia in cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 1995;21:103-5.
6. Rosenthal KJ. Rosenthal deep topical, fornix, applied, pressurized, "nerve block" anesthesia. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 1998;11:137-143.
7. Assia EI, Pras E, Yehezkel M, Rotenstreich Y, Jager-Roshu S. Topical anesthesia using lidocaine gel for cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999;25:635-9.
8. Friedman DS, Reeves SW, Bass EB, Lubomski LH, Fleisher LA, Schein OD. Patient preferences for anaesthesia management during cataract surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 2004;88:333-5.
9. Hansen TE. Current trends in cataract surgery in Denmark-1998 survey. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1999;77:685-9.
10. Hamilton RC. Complications of ophthalmic anesthesia. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 1998;11:99-114.
11. Mein CE, Woodcock MG. Local anesthesia for vitreoretinal surgery. Retina 1990;10:47-9.
12. Hansen EA, Mein CE, Mazzoli R. Ocular anaesthesia for cataract surgery: a direct sub-Tenon's approach. Ophthalmic Surg 1990;21:696-9.
13. Stevens JD. A new local anesthesia technique for cataract extraction by one quadrant sub-Tenon's infiltration. Br J Ophthalmol 1992;76:670-4.
14. Ripart J, Prat-Pradal D, Vivien B, Charavel P, Eledjam JJ. Medial canthus episcleral (sub-Tenon) anesthesia imaging. Clin Anat 1998;11:390-5.
15. van den Berg AA. An audit of peribulbar blockade using 15 mm, 25 mm and 37.5 mm needles, and sub-Tenon's injection. Anaesthesia 2004;59:775-80.
16. Thind GS, Rubin AP. Local anaesthesia for eye surgery - no room for complacency. Br J Anaesth 2001;86:473-6.
17. Kumar CM, Dodds C, Faanning GL, editors. Ophthalmic Anaesthesia. The Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger, 2002.
18. Davis DB II, Mandel MR. Posterior peribulbar anesthesia, an alternative to retrobulbar anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg 1986;12:182-4.
19. Ripart J, Metge L, Prat-Pradal D, Lopez FM, Eledjam JJ. Medial canthus single-injection episcleral (sub-tenon anesthesia): computed tomography imaging. Anesth Analg 1998;87:42-5.
20. Hamilton RC. A discourse on the complications of retrobulbar and peribulbar blockade. Can J Ophthalmol 2000;35:363-72.
21. Greenbaum S. Parabulbar anesthesia. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;114:776.
22. Fukasaku H, Marron JA. Sub-Tenon's pinpoint anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg 1994;20:673.
23. Ripart J, Lefrant JY, Vivien B, Charavel P, Fabbro-Peray P, Jaussaud A, et al. Ophthalmic regional anesthesia: medial canthus episcleral (sub-tenon) anesthesia is more efficient than peribulbar anesthesia: a double-blind randomized study. Anesthesiology 2000;92:1278-85.
24. Snell RS, Lemp MA, editors. Clinical Anatomy of the Eye. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1989.
25. Standring S, Ellis H, Healy J, Johnson D, Williams A, editors. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Medicine and Surgery. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2004.
26. Local Anaesthesia for Intraocular Surgery. UK: The Royal College of Anaesthetists and The Royal College of Ophthalmologists, 2001.
27. Steeds C, Mather SJ. Fasting regimens for regional ophthalmic anaesthesia. A survey of members of the British Ophthalmic Anaesthesia Society. Anaesthesia 2001;56:638-42.
28. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Evidence Report/ Technology Assessment: Number 16: Anaesthesia Management During Cataract Surgery. Available at: http://www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/epcsums/anestsum.htm. Accessed 18 November 2004.
29. Konstantatos A. Anticoagulation and cataract surgery: a review of the current literature. Anaesth Intensive Care 2001;29:11-8.
30. Katz J, Feldman MA, Bass EB, Lubomski LH, Tielsch JM, Petty BG, et al. Study of Medical Testing for Cataract Surgery Team. Risks and benefits of anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication use before cataract surgery. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1784-8.
31. Erratum in: Ophthalmology 2003;110:2309.
32. Duker JS, Belmont JB, Benson WE, Brooks HL Jr, Brown GC, Federman JL, et al. Inadvertent globe perforation during retrobulbar and peribulbar anesthesia. Patient characteristics, surgical management, and visual outcome. Ophthalmology 1991;98:519-26.
33. Johnson RW, Forrest FC. Anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery. In: Prys-Roberts C, Brown Jr BR, editors. International Practice of Anaesthesia. Oxford: Butterworths, 1996.
34. Vohra SB, Good PA. Altered globe dimensions of axial myopia as risk factors for penetrating ocular injury during peribulbar anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2000;85:242-5.
35. Mathew MR, Williams A, Esakowitz L, Webb LA, Murray SB, Bennett HG. Patient comfort during clear corneal phacoemulsification with sub-Tenon's local anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003;29:1132-6.
36. Atkinson WS. Local anesthesia in ophthalmology. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1934;32:399-451.
37. Rubin A. Eye blocks. In: Wildsmith JAW, Armitage EN, McLure JH, editors. Principles and Practice of Regional Anaesthesia. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2003.
38. Budd J, Hardwick M, Barber K, Prosser J. A single-centre study of 1000 consecutive peribulbar blocks. Eye 2001;15:464-8.
39. Katsev DA, Drews RC, Rose BT. An anatomic study of retrobulbar needle path length. Ophthalmology 1989;96:1221-4.
40. Birch AA, Evans M, Redembo E. The ultrasonic localization of retrobulbar needles during retrobulbar block. Ophthalmology 1995;103:824-6.
41. Grizzard WS, Kirk NM, Pavan PR, Antworth MV, Hammer ME, Roseman RL. Perforating ocular injuries caused by anesthesia personnel. Ophthalmology 1991;98:1011-6.
42. Kimble JA, Morris RE, Whiterspoon CD, Feist RM. Globe perforation from peribulbar injection. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:749.
43. Grizzard WS, Kirk NM, Pavan PR, Antworth MV, Hammer ME, Roseman RL. Perforating ocular injuries caused by anesthesia personnel. Ophthalmology 1991;98:1011-6.
44. Unsold R, Stanley JA, DeGroot J. The CT-topography of retrobulbar anesthesia. Anatomic-clinical correlation of complications and suggestion of a modified technique. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 1981;217:125-36.
45. Hamilton RC. Brain-stem anesthesia as a complication of regional anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery. Can J Ophthalmol 1992;27:323-5.
46. Pautler SE, Grizzard WS, Thompson LN, Wing GL. Blindness from retrobulbar injection into the optic nerve. Ophthalmic Surg 1986;17:334-7.
47. Troll GF. Regional ophthalmic anesthesia: safe techniques and avoidance of complications. J Clin Anesth 1995;7:163-72.
48. Rubin AP. Complications of local anaesthesia for ophthalmic surgery. Br J Anaesth 1995;75:93-6.
49. Turnbull CS. The hydrochlorate of cocaine, a judicious opinion of its merits. Med Surg Rep 1884;29:628-9.
50. Winder S, Walker SB, Atta HR. Ultrasonic localization of anesthetic fluid in sub-Tenon's, peribulbar, and retrobulbar techniques. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999;25:56-9.
51. Kumar CM, McNeela BJ. Ultrasonic localization of anaesthetic fluid using sub-Tenon's cannulae of three different lengths. Eye 2003;l7:1003-7.
52. Canavan KS, Dark A, Garrioch MA. Sub-Tenon's administration of local anaesthetic: a review of the technique. Br J Anaesth 2003;90:787-93.
53. Kumar CM, Williamson S, Manickam B. A review of sub-Tenon's block: current practice and recent development. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005;22:567-77.
54. Lip PL. Postoperative infection and subtenon anaesthesia. Eye 2004;18:229.
55. Kumar CM, Dowd TC, Dodds C, Boyce R. Orbital swelling following peribulbar and sub-Tenon's anaesthesia. Eye 2004;18:418-20.
56. Ta CN. Minimizing the risk of endophthalmitis following intravitreous injections. Retina 2004;24:699-705.
57. Alp BN, Elibol O, Sargon MF, Aslan OS, Yanyali A, Karabas L, et al. The effect of povidone iodine on the corneal endothelium. Cornea 2000;19:546-50.
58. Naor J, Savion N, Blumenthal M, Assia EI. Corneal endothelial cytotoxicity of diluted povidone-iodine. J Cataract Refract Surg 2001;27:941-7.
59. Kumar CM, Dodds C. A disposable plastic sub-Tenon cannula. Anaesthesia 200;56:399-400.
60. Rous SM. Simplified sub-Tenon's anesthesia: miniblock with maxiblock effect. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999;25:10-5.
61. McNeela BJ, Kumar CM. Sub-Tenon's block with an ultrashort cannula. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004;30:858-62.
62. Behndig A. Sub-Tenon's anesthesia with a retained catheter in ocular surgery of longer duration. J Cataract Refract Surg 1998;24:1307-9.
63. Li HK, Abouleish A, Grady J, Groeschel W, Gill KS. Sub-Tenon's injection for local anesthesia in posterior segment surgery. Ophthalmology 2000;107:41-6.
64. Tokuda Y, Oshika T, Amano S, Yoshitomi F, Inouye J. Anesthetic dose and analgesic effects of sub-Tenon's anesthesia in cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999;25:1250-3.
65. Kumar CM, Dodds C. An anaesthetist evaluation of Greenbaum sub-Tenon's block. Br J Anaesth 2001;87:631-3.
66. Patton N, Malik TY, Aslam TM, Vallance JH. Effect of volume used in sub-Tenon's anaesthesia on efficacy and intraocular pressure: a randomized clinical trial of 3 mL versus 5 mL. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2004;32:488-91.
67. Kwok AK, Van Newkirk MR, Lam DS, Fan DS. Sub-Tenon's anesthesia in vitreoretinal surgery: a needleless technique. Retina 1999;19:291-6.
68. Stevens JD, Foss AJ, Hamilton AM. No-needle one-quadrant sub-tenon anaesthesia for panretinal photocoagulation. Eye 1993;7:768-71.
69. Buys YM, Trope GE. Prospective study of sub-Tenon's versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for inpatient and day-surgery trabeculectomy. Ophthalmology 1993;100:1585-9.
70. Steele MA, Lavrich JB, Nelson LB, Koller HP. Sub-Tenon's infusion of local anesthetic for strabismus surgery. Ophthalmic Surg 1992;23:40-3.
71. Rizzuto PR, Spoor TC, Ramocki JM, McHenry JG. Subtenon's local anesthesia for optic nerve sheath fenestration. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;121:326-7.
72. Yoshikawa K, Kotake S, Ichiishi A, Sasamoto Y, Kosaka S, Matsuda H. Posterior sub-Tenon injections of repository corticosteroids in uveitis patients with cystoid macular edema. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1995;39:71-6.
73. Kumar CM, Dodds C, McLure H, Chabria R. A comparison of three sub-Tenon's cannulae. Eye 2004;18:873-6.
74. Erratum in: Eye 2004;18:1279.
75. Guise PA. Sub-Tenon anesthesia: a prospective study of 6,000 blocks. Anesthesiology 2003;98:964-8.
76. Rahman I, Ataullah S. Retrobulbar hemorrhage after sub-Tenon's anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004;30:2636-7.
77. Jaycock PD, Mather CM, Ferris JD, Kirkpatrick JN. Rectus muscle trauma complicating sub-Tenon's local anaesthesia. Eye 2001;15:583-6.
78. Frieman BJ, Friedberg MA. Globe perforation associated with subtenon's anesthesia. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;131:520-1.
79. Ruschen H, Bremner FD, Carr C. Complications after sub-Tenon's eye block. Anesth Anal 2003;96:273-7.
80. Moshfeghi DM, Lowder CY, Roth DB, Kaiser PK. Retinal and choroidal vascular occlusion after posterior sub-tenon triamcinolone injection. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134:132-4.
81. Patel JI, Jenkins L, Benjamin L, Webber S. Dilated pupils and loss of accommodation following diode panretinal photocoagulation with subtenon local anaesthetic in four cases. Eye 2002;16:628-32.
82. Kim SK, Andreoli CM, Rizzo JF 3rd, Golden MA, Bradbury MJ. Optic neuropathy secondary to sub-tenon anesthetic injection in cataract surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:907-9.
83. McLure HA, Rubin AP. Review of local anaesthetic agents. Minerva Anestesiol 2005;71:59-74.
84. Nicoll JM, Treuren T, Acharya PA, Ahlen K, James M. Retrobulbar anaesthesia: the role of hyaluronidase. Anesth Anal 1986;65:1324-8.
85. Crawford M, Kerr WJ. The effect of hyaluronidase on peribulbar block. Anaesthesia 1994;49:907-8.
86. Guise P, Laurent S. Sub-tenon's block: the effect of hyaluronidase on speed of onset and block quality. Anaesth Intensive Care 1999;27:179-81.
87. Alwitry A, Chaudhary S Gopee K, Butler TK, Holden R. Effect of hyaluronidase on ocular motility in sub-Tenon's anesthesia: randomized controlled trial. J Cataract Refract Surgery 2002;28:1420-3.
88. British National Formulary. London: A joint publication of the British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 2002.
89. Ahluwalia HS, Lukaris A, Lane CM. Delayed allergic reaction to hyaluronidase: a rare sequel to cataract surgery. Eye 2003;17:263-6.
90. Kempeneers R, Dralands L, Ceuppens J. Hyaluronidase induced orbital pseudotumour as a complication of retrobulbar anaesthesia. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 1992;243:159-66.
91. Moharib MM, Mitra S. Alkalinized lidocaine and bupivacaine with hyaluronidase for sub-Tenon's ophthalmic block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2000;25:514-7.
92. Jehan FS, Hagan JC 3rd, Whittaker TJ, Subramanian M. Diplopia and ptosis following injection of local anesthesia without hyaluronidase. J Cataract Refract Surg 2001;27:1876-9.
93. Zahl K, Jordan A, McGroarty J, Gotta AW. pH-adjusted bupivacaine and hyaluronidase for peribulbar block. Anesthesiology 1990;72:230-2.
94. Reah G, Bodenham AR, Braithwaite P, Esmond J, Menage MJ. Peribulbar anaesthesia using a mixture of local anaesthetic and vecuronium. Anaesthesia 1998;53:551-4.
95. Kucukyavuz Z, Arici MK. Effects of atracurium added to local anesthetics on akinesia in peribulbar block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002;27:487-90.
96. Madan R, Bharti N, Shende D, Khokhar SK, Kaul HL. A dose response study of clonidine with local anesthetic mixture for peribulbar block: a comparison of three doses. Anesth Analg 2001;93:1593-7.
97. Haberer JP. Premedication and sedation complications during ophthalmic anesthesia (French). J Fr Ophtalmol 2000;23:901-6.
98. Katz J, Feldman MA, Bass EB, Lubomski LH, Tielsch JM, Petty BG, et al. Study of Medical Testing for Cataract Surgery Study Team. Adverse intraoperative medical events and their association with anesthesia management strategies in cataract surgery. Ophthalmology 2001;108:1721-6.
99. Bowman R, Liu C, Sarkies N. Intraocular pressure changes after peribulbar injections with and without ocular compression. Br J Ophthalmol 1996;80:394-7.
100. Palay DA, Stulting RD. The effect of external ocular compression on intraocular pressure following retrobulbar anesthesia. Ophthalmic Surg 1990;21:503-7.
101. Lanini PG, Simona FS. Change in intraocular pressure after peribulbar and retrobulbar injection: practical sequelae (German). Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1998;212:283-5.
102. Watkins R, Beigi B, Yates M, Chang B, Linardos E. Intraocular pressure and pulsatile ocular blood flow after retrobulbar and peribulbar anaesthesia. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:796-8.
103. Ling R, Beigi B, Quinn A, Jacob J. Effect of Honan balloon compression on peribulbar anesthesia adequacy in cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002;28:113-7.
104. Vallance JH, Patton N, Ferguson A, Bennett HG. Effect of the Honan intraocular pressure reducer in sub-Tenon's anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004;30:433-6.
105. Alwitry A, Koshy Z, Browning AC, Kiel W, Holden R. The effect of sub-Tenon's anaesthesia on intraocular pressure. Eye 2001;15:733-5.
106. Tan CS, Eong KG, Kumar CM. Visual experiences during cataract surgery: what anaesthesia providers should know. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005;22:413-9.
107. Ruschen H, Celaschi D, Bunce C, Carr C. Randomised controlled trial of sub-Tenon's block versus topical anaesthesia for cataract surgery: a comparison of patient satisfaction. Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:291-3.