Complications of ophthalmic regional anesthesia

Ophthalmology Clinics of North America

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 99-114

  Hamilton, R C ^a  

^a Gimbel Eye Center   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; LIDOCAINE;

ALLERGY; ANESTHESIA; BLEEDING; BRAIN STEM; EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE; EYE SURGERY; FACIAL NERVE; HUMAN; ISCHEMIA; MUSCLE INJURY; NERVE BLOCK; OCULOCARDIAC REFLEX; OPTIC NERVE LESION; ORBIT DISEASE; PERFORATING EYE INJURY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; REVIEW;

EID: 0031976825     PISSN: 08961549     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0896-1549(05)70029-8     Document Type: Article

References (167)

1. A.K. Adams R.M. Jones Anaesthesia for eye surgery: General considerations Br J Anaesth 52 1980 663
2. S. Ahmad A. Ahmad H.T. Benzon Clinical experience with the peribulbar block for ophthalmologic surgery Reg Anesth 18 1993 184
3. J.C. Ahn J.A. Stanley Subarachnoid injection as a complication of retrobulbar anesthesia Am J Ophthalmol 103 1987 225
4. J.A. Aldrete F. Romo-Salas S. Arora Reverse arterial blood flow as a pathway for central nervous system toxic responses following injection of local anesthetics Anesth Analg 57 1978 428
5. A.N. Antoszyk E.G. Buckley Contralateral decreased visual acuity and extraocular muscle palsies following retrobulbar anesthesia Ophthalmology 93 1986 462
6. J.V. Aquavella Limbal anesthesia for cataract surgery [commentary] Ophthalmic Surg 21 1990 26
7. R. Arora L. Verma A. Kumar Peribulbar anesthesia in retinal reattachment surgery Ophthalmic Surg 23 1992 499
8. W.S. Atkinson Akinesia of the orbicularis Am J Ophthalmol 36 1953 1255
9. W.S. Atkinson Observations on anesthesia on ocular surgery Transactions of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology 60 1956 376
10. M. Batterbury D. Wong R. Williams Peribulbar anaesthesia: Failure to abolish the oculocardiac reflex Eye 6 1992 293
11. L. Berglin S. Stenkula P.V. Algvere Ocular perforation during retrobulbar and peribulbar injections Ophthalmic Surg Laser 26 1995 429
12. R.D. Brod Transient central retinal occlusion and contralateral amaurosis after retrobulbar anesthetic injection Ophthalmic Surg 20 1989 643
13. D.L. Brown D.J. Wedel Introduction to regional anesthesia Miller R.D. Anesthesia ed 3 1990 Churchill Livingstone New York 1370
14. D.T. Brown D. Beamish J.A.W. Wildsmith Allergic reaction to an amide local anaesthetic Br J Anaesth 53 1981 435
15. G.C. Brown Complications of retrobulbar injection Spaeth G.L. Katz L.J. Parker K.W. Current Therapy in Ophthalmic Surgery 1989 BC Decker Toronto 11
16. G.C. Brown R.C. Eagle E.P. Shakin Retinal toxicity of intravitreal gentamicin Arch Ophthalmol 108 1990 1740
17. M.G. Bucci P. Ducoli G.L. Manni Recovery time after photostress in induced ocular hypertension Glaucoma 14 1992 17
18. C.L. Burns L.A. Seigel Inferior rectus recession for vertical tropia after cataract surgery Ophthalmology 95 1988 1120
19. N.S. Buys Mercury balloon reducer for vitreous and orbital volume control Emery J. Current Concepts in Cataract Surgery 1980 CV Mosby St. Louis 258
20. B. Byers Blindness secondary to steroid injections into the nasal turbinates Arch Ophthalmol 97 1979 79
21. A. Callahan Ultrasharp disposable needles [letter] Am J Ophthalmol 62 1966 173
22. P.A. Campochiaro B.P. Conway Aminoglycoside toxicity—a survey of retinal specialists: Implications for ocular use Arch Ophthalmol 109 1991 946
23. H. Capó E. Roth T. Johnson Vertical strabismus after cataract surgery Ophthalmology 103 1996 918
24. J.R. Carl Optic neuropathy following cataract extraction Semin Ophthalmol 8 1993 144
25. B.M. Carlson S. Emerick T.E. Komorowski Extraocular muscle regeneration in primates Ophthalmology 99 1992 582
26. B.M. Carlson E.A. Rainin Rat extraocular muscle regeneration Arch Ophthalmol 103 1985 1373
27. Chang J.-L. E. Gonzalez-Abola C.E. Larson Brain stem anesthesia following retrobulbar block Anesthesiology 61 1984 789
28. P.A. Cibis Discussion Schepens C.L. Regan C.D.J. Controversial Aspects of the Management of Retinal Detactments 1965 Brown Boston, Little 251
29. S.M. Cohen F.J. Sousa N.E. Kelly Respiratory arrest and new retinal hemorrhages after retrobulbar anesthesia Am J Ophthalmol 113 1992 209
30. B. Davidson R. Kratz T. Mazzoco An evaluation of the Honan intraocular pressure reducer American Intraocular Implant Society Journal 5 1979 237
31. D.B. Davis M.R. Mandel Posterior peribulbar anesthesia: An alternative to retrobulbar anesthesia Geriatric Ophthalmology 86 1987 61
32. D.B. Davis M.R. Mandel Posterior peribulbar anesthesia: An alternative to retrobulbar anesthesia J Cataract Refract Surg 12 1986 182
33. de Faber J.-T.H.N. von Noorden G.K. Inferior rectus muscle palsy after retrobulbar anesthesia for cataract surgery [letter] Am J Ophthalmol 112 1991 209
34. R. Dhaliwal O.M. Demediuk A comparison of peribulbar and retrobulbar anesthesia for vitreoretinal surgical procedures [reply to letter] Arch Ophthalmol 114 1996 502
35. S.C. Dinsmore Drop, then decide approach to topical anesthesia J Cataract Refract Surg 21 1995 666
36. R.C. Drews The Nerf ball for preoperative reduction of introcular pressure Ophthalmic Surg 13 1982 761
37. J.S. Duker J.B. Belmont W.E. Benson Inadvertent globe perforation during retrobulbar and peribulbar anesthesia Ophthalmology 98 1991 519
38. K.R. Edge J.M.V. Nicoll Retrobulbar hemorrhage after 12,500 retrobulbar blocks Anesth Analog 76 1993 1019
39. L.D. Egbert G.E. Battit H. Turndorf The value of preoperative visit by an anesthetist JAMA 185 1963 553
40. P.P. Ellis Occlusion of the central retinal artery after retrobulbar corticosteroid injection Am J Ophthalmol 85 1978 352
41. R.M. Feibel Current concepts in retrobulbar anesthesia Surv Ophthalmol 30 1985 102
42. S.J. Fisher R.D. Cunningham The medical profile of cataract patients Geriatric Clinics of North America 1 1985 339
43. S.J. Fletcher G. O'Sullivan Grand mal seizure after retrobulbar block Anaesthesia 45 1990 696
44. J.W. Follette J.A. LoCascio Bilateral amaurosis following unilateral retrobulbar block Anesthesiology 63 1985 237
45. A.H. Foster B.M. Carlson Myotoxicity of local anesthetics and regeneration of the damaged muscle fibers Anesth Analg 59 1980 727
46. H.L. Friedberg O.R. Klin Contralateral amaurosis after retrobulbar injection Am J Ophthalmol 101 1986 668
47. M. Furuta T. Toriumi K. Kashiwagi Limbal anesthesia for cataract surgery Ophthalmic Surg 21 1990 22
48. S.P. Gainey D.M. Robertson W. Fay Ocular surgery on patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy Am J Ophthalmol 108 1989 142
49. A. Galindo L.R. Keilson R.B. Mondshine Retro-peribulbar anesthesia: Special technique and needle design Ophthalmology Clinics of North America 3 1990 71
50. M.E. Gentili J. Brassier Is peribulbar block safer than retrobulbar? Reg Anesth 17 1992 309 [letter]
51. H. Gifford Motor block of extraocular muscles by deep orbital injection Arch Ophthalmol 41 1949 5
52. J.P. Gills Constant mild compression of the eye to produce hypotension American Intraocular Implant Society Journal 5 1979 52
53. J.P. Gills T.L. Loyd A technique of retrobulbar block with paralysis of orbicularis oculi American Intraocular Implant Society Journal 9 1983 339
54. R.N. Ginsburg J.S. Duker Globe perforation associated with retrobulbar and peribulbar anesthesia Semin Ophthalmol 8 1993 87
55. G. Giuffrè M. Vadala L. Manfrè Retrobulbar anesthesia complicated by combined central retinal vein and artery occlusion and massive vitreoretinal fibrosis Retina 15 1995 439
56. M.O. Goldsmith Occlusion of the central retinal artery following retrobulbar anesthesia Ophthalmologica 153 1967 191
57. H.B. Grabow Topical anesthesia for cataract surgery European Journal of Implant and Refractive Surgery 5 1993 20
58. M.R. Grimmett S.R. Lambert Superior rectus muscle overaction after cataract extraction Am J Ophthalmol 114 1992 72
59. W.S. Grizzard Ophthalmic anesthesia Reinecke R.D. Ophthalmology Annual 1989 Raven Press New York 265
60. W.S. Grizzard N.M. Kirk P.R. Pavan Perforating ocular injuries caused by anesthesia personnel Ophthalmology 98 1991 1011
61. D.L. Hall W.H. Steen J.W. Drummond Anticoagulants and cataract surgery Ophthalmic Surg 19 1988 221
62. L.M. Hamed Strabismus presenting after cataract surgery Ophthalmology 98 1991 247
63. L.M. Hamed A. Mancuso Inferior rectus muscle contracture syndrome after retrobulbar anesthesia Ophthalmology 98 1991 1506
64. R.C. Hamilton Brain-stem anesthesia as a complication of regional anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery Can J Ophthalmol 27 1992 323
65. R.C. Hamilton Brain stem anesthesia following retrobulbar blockade Anesthesiology 63 1985 688
66. R.C. Hamilton Incomplete peribulbar block and oculocardiac reflex [letter] Eye 7 1993 603
67. R.C. Hamilton Retrobulbar block revisited and revised J Cataract Refract Surg 22 1996 1147
68. R.C. Hamilton H.V. Gimbel J.C. Javitt The prevention of complications of regional anesthesia for ophthalmology Ophthalmol Clin North Am 3 1990 111
69. R.C. Hamilton H.V. Gimbel L. Strunin Regional anaesthesia for 12,000 cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation procedures Can J Anaesth 35 1988 615
70. N.R. Hawkesworth Peribulbar anaesthesia [letter] Br J Ophthalmol 76 1992 254
71. A. Hay H.W. Flynn Jr J.I. Hoffman Needle penetration of the globe during retrobulbar and peribulbar injections Ophthalmology 98 1991 1017
72. S.S. Hayreh H.E. Kolder Central retinal occlusion and retinal tolerance time Ophthalmology 87 1980 75
73. V. Hessemer A. Heinrich K.W. Jacobi Ocular circulatory changes induced by retrobulbar anesthesia with and without adrenaline Klin Mbl Augenheilk 197 1990 470
74. V. Hessemer K. Wieth A. Heinrich Changes in uveal and retinal hemodynamics produced by retrobulbar anesthesia with different injection volumes Fortschr Ophthalmol 86 1989 760
75. P.L.O. Heyworth H.C. Seward Local anaesthesia—the ophthalmologist's view European Journal of Implant and Refractive Surgery 5 1993 12
76. I. Hørven Ophthalmic artery pressure during retrobulbar anesthesia Acta Ophthalmol 56 1978 574
77. D.G. Hunter G.C. Lam D.L. Guyton Inferior oblique muscle injury from local anesthesia for cataract surgery Ophthalmology 102 1995 501
78. G. Incaudo M. Schatz R. Patterson Administration of local anesthetics to patients with a history of prior adverse reaction J Allergy Clin Immunol 61 1978 339
79. V.K. Jain R.N. Mames S. McGorray Inadvertent penetrating injury to the globe with periocular corticosteroid injection Ophthalmic Surg 22 1991 508
80. J.C. Javitt R. Addiego H.L. Friedberg Brain stem anesthesia after retrobulbar block Ophthalmology 94 1987 718
81. W.M. Jay M.Z. Aziz K. Green Effect of Honan introcular pressure reducer on ocular and optic nerve blood flow in phakic rabbit eyes Acta Ophthalmol 64 1986 52
82. R.J. Jedeikin S. Hoffman The oculocardiac reflex in eye-surgery anesthesia Anesth Analg 56 1977 333
83. H.P. Joseph J.D.A. McHugh W.A. Franks Perforation of the globe—a complication of peribulbar anaesthesia Br J Ophthalmol 75 1991 504
84. S.L. Kaplan Peribulbar anesthesia Ophthalmic Surg 19 1988 374
85. D.A. Katsev R.C. Drews B.T. Rose An anatomic study of retrobulbar needle path length Ophthalmology 96 1989 1221
86. R.L. Katz J.T. Bigger Cardiac arrhythnias during anesthesia and operation Anesthesiology 33 1970 193
87. S.N. Khalil Local anaesthesia for eye surgery [letter] Anaesthesia 46 1991 232
88. J.A. Kimble R.E. Morris C.D. Witherspoon Globe perforation from peribulbar injection Arch Opththalmol 105 1987 749
89. K. Kishore H.C. Agarwal N.N. Sood Evaluation of peribulbar anesthesia in eye camps Ophthalmic Surg 21 1990 566
90. K.A. Kobet Cerebral spinal fluid recovery of lidocaine and bupivicaine following respiratory arrest subsequent to retrobulbar block Ophthalmic Surg 18 1987 11
91. S.B. Koenig R.W. Snyder J. Kay Respiratory distress after a Nadbath block Ophthalmology 95 1988 1285
92. D.J. Kopacz J.M. Neal M.D. Pollock The regional anesthesia “learning curve.” What is the minimum number of epidural and spinal blocks to reach consistency? Reg Anesth 21 1996 182
93. M.F. Kraushar M.H. Seelendreund D.B. Freilich Central retinal artery closure during orbital hemorrhage from retrobulbar injection Transactions of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology 78 1974 65
94. S. Lam R.W. Beck D. Hall Atonic pupil after cataract surgery Ophthalmology 96 1989 589
95. D.S. Lee N.J. Kwon Shivering following retrobulbar block Can J Anaesth 35 1988 294
96. P.R. Lichter Avoiding complications from local anesthesia [editorial] Ophthalmology 95 1988 565
97. T.D. Lindquist L.A. Kopietz A.V. Spigelman Complications of Nadbath facial nerve block and review of the literature Ophthalmic Surg 19 1988 271
98. C. Liu B. Youl I. Moseley Magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve in extremes of gaze: Implications for the positioning of the globe for retrobulbar anaesthesia Br J Ophthalmol 76 1992 728
99. R.G. Loken S.G. Coupland M.C. Deschênes The electroretinogram during orbital compression following intraorbital (regional) block for cataract surgery Can J Anaesth 41 1994 802
100. J.H. Loots A.S. Koorts J.A. Venter Peribulbar anesthesia: A prospective statistical analysis of the efficacy and predictability of bupivacaine and a lignocaine/bupivacaine mixture J Cataract Refract Surg 19 1993 72
101. R.J. Mackool Intraocular pressure fluctuations [letter] J Cataract Refract Surg 19 1993 563
102. S.R. Martin S.S. Baker W.S. Muenzler Retrobulbar anesthesia and orbicularis akinesia Ophthalmic Surg 17 1986 232
103. H.R. McDonald H. Schatz R.N. Johnson Aminoglycoside toxicity Semin Ophthalmol 8 1993 136
104. E.B. McLean Inadvertant injection of corticosteroid into the choroidal vasculature Am J Ophthalmol 80 1975 835
105. L.K. McLoon J. Wirtschafter Regional differences in the subacute response of rabbit orbicularis oculi to bupivacaine-induced myotoxicity as quantified with a neural cell adhesion molecule immunohistochemical marker Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34 1993 3450
106. L.B. Mahan Anticoagulants and cataract surgery J Cataract Refract Surg 14 1988 569
107. E.F. Meyers Anesthesia Krupin T. Waltman S.R. Complications in ophthalmic surgery 1984 JB Lippincott Philadelphia 1
108. E.F. Meyers R.C. Ramirez I. Boniuk Grand mal seizures after retrobulbar block Arch Ophthalmol 96 1978 847
109. C.M. Morgan H. Schatz A.K. Vine Ocular complications associated with retrobulbar injections Ophthalmology 95 1988 660
110. G.E. Morgan Retrobulbar apnea syndrome: A case for the routine presence of an anesthesiologist [letter] Reg Anesth 15 1990 107
111. R.P. Nadbath I. Rehman Facial nerve block Am J Ophthalmol 55 1963 143
112. D. Neima M.S. Ramsey Systemic illnesses in cataract patients: I. Incidence 2. Prevalence Can J Ophthalmol 22 1987 165
113. N.A. Nianiaris M. Mandelcorn G. Baker Retinal and choroidal embolization following soft-tissue maxillary injection of corticosteroids Can J Ophthalmol 30 1995 321
114. J.M.V. Nicoll P.A. Acharya K. Ahlen Central nervous system complications after 6,000 retrobulbar blocks Anesth Analg 66 1987 1298
115. J.M.V. Nicoll P.A. Acharya K.R. Edge Shivering following retrobulbar block Can J Anaesth 35 1988 671
116. K.D. Novak D.D. Koch Topical anesthesia for phacoemulsification: Initial 20-case series with one month follow-up J Cataract Refract Surg 21 1995 672
117. C.S. O'Brien Local anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery JAMA 90 1928 8
118. C.S. O'Brien Local anesthesia Arch Ophthalmol 12 1934 240
119. H.D. O'Brien Anesthesia for cataract surgery Am J Ophthalmol 57 1964 751
120. L. Ong-Tone W.G. Pearce Inferior rectus muscle restriction after retrobulbar anesthesia for cataract extraction Can J Ophthalmol 24 1989 162
121. D.A. Palay R.D. Stulting The effect of external ocular compression on intraocular pressure following retrobulbar anesthesia Ophthalmic Surg 21 1990 503
122. S.E. Pautler W.S. Grizzard L.N. Thompson Blindness from retrobulbar injection into the optic nerve Ophthalmic Surg 17 1986 334
123. J.L. Pearce General and local anaesthesia in eye surgery Trans Ophthalmol Soc (UK) 102 1982 31
124. S.D. Pendergast D. Eliott R. Machemer Retinal toxic effects following inadvertent intraocular injection of Celestone Soluspan Arch Ophthalmol 113 1995 1230
125. B.K. Philip B.G. Covino Local and regional anesthesia Wetchler B.V. Anesthesia for Ambulatory Surgery ed 2 1991 JB Lippincott Philadelphia 357
126. L. Rabinowitz M. Livingston H. Schneider Respiratory obstruction following the Nadbath facial nerve block [letter] Arch Ophthalmol 104 1986 1115
127. E.A. Rainin B.M. Carlson Postoperative diplopia and ptosis: A clinical hypothesis on the myotoxicity of local anesthetics Arch Ophthalmol 103 1985 1337
128. R.C. Ramsay W.H. Knobloch Ocular perforation following retrobulbar anesthesia for retinal detachment surgery Am J Ophthalmol 86 1978 61
129. V.A. Rao V.K. Kawatra Ocular myotoxic effects of local anesthetics Can J Ophthalmol 23 1988 171
130. F. Reynolds Allergy reaction to an amide local anaesthetic Br J Anaesth 53 1981 901
131. J.S. Rinkoff B.H. Doft L.A. Lobes Management of ocular penetration from injection of local anesthesia preceding cataract surgery Arch Ophthalmol 109 1991 1421
132. G.A. Robinson A. Nylander Warfarin and caratact extraction Br J Ophthalmol 73 1989 702
133. R. Rogers J. Orellana Cranial nerve palsy following retrobulbar anesthesia Br J Ophthalmol 72 1988 78
134. E. Rosen Editorial review: Anaesthesia for cataract surgery European Journal of Implant and Refractive Surgery 5 1993 1
135. A.P. Rubin Anaesthesia for cataract surgery—time for change? [editorial] Anaesthesia 45 1990 717
136. P. Ruusuvaara K. Setala A. Tarkkanen Respiratory arrest after retrobulbar block Acta Ophthalmol 66 1988 223
137. A. Saiz S. Angulo M. Fernandez Atonic pupil: An unusual complication of cataract surgery Ophthalmic Surg 22 1991 20
138. C.L. Schepens A comparison of peribulbar and retrobulbar anesthesia for vitreoretinal surgical procedures [letter] Arch Ophthalmol 114 1996 502
139. T.F. Schlaegal F.M. Wilson Accidental intraocular injection of depot corticosteroids Transactions of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology 78 1974 847
140. M.E. Schneider D.E. Milstein R.T. Oyakawa Ocular perforation from a retrobulbar injection Am J Ophthalmol 106 1988 35
141. M.H. Seelenfreund D.B. Freilich Retinal injuries associated with cataract surgery Am J Ophthalmol 89 1980 654
142. D. Selander K.G. Dhunér G. Lundborg Peripheral nerve injury due to injection needles used for regional anesthesia Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 21 1977 182
143. N. Shorr S.R. Seiff Central retinal artery occlusion asociated with periocular corticosteroid injection for juvenile hemangioma Ophthalmic Surg 17 1986 229
144. J.D. Shuler J.F. Paschal G.N. Holland Antiplatelet therapy and cataract surgery J Cataract Refract Surg 18 1992 567
145. D.C. Smith J.F. Crul Oxygen desaturation following sedation for regional analgesia Br J Anaesth 62 1989 206
146. R.J.H. Smith Why retrobular anaesthesia? [editorial] Br J Ophthalmol 72 1988 1
147. G.L. Spaeth Total facial nerve palsy following modified O'Brien facial nerve block Ophthalmic Surg 18 1987 518
148. J.D. Stevens A new local anaesthesia technique for cataract extraction by one quadrant sub-Tenon's infiltration Br J Ophthalmol 76 1992 670
149. J.D. Stevens Curved, sub-Tenon cannula for local anesthesia Ophthalmic Surg 24 1993 121
150. L.S. Stone O.R. Kline Jr C. Sklar Intraocular lenses and anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy American Intraocular Implant Society Journal 11 1985 165
151. J.G. Straus A new retrobulbar needle and injection technique Ophthalmic Surg 19 1988 134
152. S.L. Sugin L.A. Yannuzzi Choroidal ischemia following intraocular surgery Semin Ophthalmol 8 1993 149
153. K.L. Sullivan G.C. Brown A.R. Forman Retrobulbar anesthesia and retinal vascular obstruction Ophthalmology 90 1983 373
154. K.D. Teichmann D. Uthoff Retrobulbar (intracone) anesthesia with a curved needle: Technique and results J Cataract Refract Surg 20 1994 54
155. S.P. Thorton Ocular anesthesia with the Thornton retrobulbar needle Gills J.P. Hustead R.F. Sanders D.R. Ophthalmic Anesthesia 1993 Slack Thorofare, NJ 155
156. R. Unsöld J.A. Stanley J. DeGroot The CT-topography of retrobulbar anesthesia Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 217 1981 125
157. L.K. Verma M. Goyal H.K. Tewari Inadvertent intraocular injection of depot corticosteroids [case report] Ophthalmic Surg Laser 27 1996 73
158. A.J. Vivian C.R. Canning Scleral perforation with retrobulbar needles European Journal of Implant and Refractive Surgery 5 1993 39
159. S.G. Waller J. Taboada P. O'Connor Retrobulbar anesthesia risk: Do sharp needles really perforate the eye more easily than blunt needles? Ophthalmology 100 1993 506
160. J.L. Weiss C.B. Deichman A comparison of retrobulbar and periocular anesthesia for cataract surgery Arch Ophthalmol 107 1989 96
161. D.H.W. Wong Review article: Regional anaesthesia for intraocular surgery Can J Anaesth 50 1993 635
162. R.E. Wright Blocking of the main trunk of the facial nerve in cataract operations Arch Ophthalmol 55 1926 555
163. J.A. Yagiela P.W. Benoit R.D. Buoncristiani Comparison of myotoxic effects of idocaine with epinephrine in rats and humans Anesth Analg 60 1981 471
164. M. Yanoff E.G. Redovan Anterior eyewall perforation during subconjunctival cararact block Ophthalmic Surg 21 1990 362
165. R.W. Zabel W.N. Clarke S.Y. Shirley Intraocular pressure reduction prior to retrobulbar injection of anesthetic Ophthalmic Surg 19 1988 868
166. B. Zaturansky S. Hyams Perforation of the globe during the injection of local anesthesia Ophthalmic Surg 18 1987 585
167. M. Zehetmayer U. Radax C. Skorpik Topical versus peribulbar anesthesia in clear corneal cataract surgery J Cataract Refract Surg 22 1996 480