Continuum or zonation? Altitudinal gradients in the forest vegetation of Mt. Kilimanjaro

Plant Ecology

Volumn 184, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 27-42

  Hemp, Andreas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Cloud forest; East Africa; Epiphytes; Tropical montane forest; Vegetation zonation

Indexed keywords

FOREST; MONTANE FOREST; PLANT; RAINFALL; SPECIES RICHNESS;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; KILIMANJARO [KILIMANJARO (RGA)]; KILIMANJARO [TANZANIA]; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; TANZANIA;

EID: 33745047511     PISSN: 13850237     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11258-005-9049-4     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Barkman J.J. 1973. Synusial approaches to classification. In: Whittaker R.H. (ed.), Ordination and Classification of Communities. Handbook of Vegetation Science V. Junk, The Hague, pp. 437-491.
2. Beals E.W. 1969. Vegetational change along altitudinal gradients. Science 165: 981-985.
3. Beentje H.J. 1994. Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi.
4. Boughey A.S. 1955a. The vegetation of the mountains of Biafra. In: Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. Session 165, 1952-1953. Pt. 2, pp. 144-150.
5. Boughey A.S. 1955b. The nomenclature of the vegetation zones on the mountains of tropical Africa. Webbia 11: 413-423.
6. Braun-Blanquet J. 1964. Pflanzensoziologie. Springer, Wien.
7. Bray J.R. and Curtis J.T. 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecol. Monogr. 27: 325-349.
8. Bruijnzeel L.A. and Veeneklaas E.J. 1998. Climatic conditions and tropical montane forest productivity: The fog has not lifted yet. Ecology 79: 3-9.
9. Clutton-Brock T.H. and Gillett J.B. 1979. A survey of forest composition in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. 17: 131-158.
10. Colwell R.K. and Hurtt G.C. 1994. Nonbiological gradients in species richness and a spurious Rapoport effect. Am. Nat. 144: 570-595.
11. Curtis J.T. 1959. The Vegetation of Wisconsin. An Ordination of Plant Communities. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
12. Daubenmire R. 1966. Vegetation: identification of typical communities. Science 151: 291-298.
13. Frahm J.-P. 1994. Scientific results of the BRYOTROP Expedition to Zaire and Rwanda. 2. The altitudinal zonation of the bryophytes on Mt. Kahuzi, Zaire. Trop. Bryol. 9: 153-167.
14. Friis I. and Lawesson J.E. 1993. Altitudinal zonation in the forest tree flora of Northeast tropical Africa. Opera Bot. 121: 125-127.
15. Friis I. 1992. Forest and Forest Trees of Northeast Tropical Africa - Their Natural Habitats and Distribution Patterns in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XV. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
16. FTEA 1952-2003. Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew.
17. Gentry A.H. and Dodson C.H. 1987. Contribution of nontrees to species richness of a tropical rain forest. Biotropica 19: 149-156.
18. Gentry A.H. 1995. Patterns of diversity and floristic composition in neotropical montane forests. In: Churchill S.P., Balslev H., Forero E. and Lurteyn J.L. (eds), Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests. Proceedings of the Neotropical Montane Forest Biodiversity and Conservation Symposium. The New York Botanical Garden, pp. 103-126.
19. Givnish T.J. 1999. On the causes of gradients in tropical tree diversity. J. Ecol. 87: 193-210.
20. Grubb P.J. and Whitmore T.C. 1966. A comparison of montane and lowland rain forest in Ecuador. II. The climate and its effects on the distribution and physiognomy of the forests. J. Ecol. 54: 303-333.
21. Grubb P.J. 1971. Interpretation of the 'Massenerhebung' effect on tropical Mountains. Nature 229: 44-45.
22. Grubb P.J. 1977. Control of forest growth and distribution on wet tropical mountains: with special reference to mineral nutrition. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 8: 83-107.
23. Hall J.B. and Swaine M.D. 1976. Classification and ecology of closed-canopy forest in Ghana. J. Ecol. 64: 913-951.
24. Hamilton A.C. 1975. A quantitative analysis of altitudinal zonation in Uganda forests. Vegetatio 30: 99-106.
25. Hamilton A.C. and Perrott R.A. 1981. A study of altitudinal zonation in the montane forest belt of Mt. Elgon, Kenya/Uganda. Vegetatio 45: 107-125.
26. Hamilton A.C., Ruffo C.K., Mwasha I.V., Mmari C. and Lovett J.C. 1989. A survey of forest types on the East Usambaras using the variable - area tree plot method. In: Hamilton A.C. and Bensted-Smith R. (eds), Forest Conservation in the East Usambara Mountains Tanzania. The IUCN Tropical Forest Programme, pp. 213-225.
27. Hastenrath S.L. 1967. Rainfall Distribution and Regime in Central America. Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Ser. B: Allgemeine und biologische Klimatologie 15(3): 201-241.
28. Hastenrath S. 1973. Observations on the periglacial morphology of Mts. Kenya and Kilimanjaro, East Africa. Z. Geomorph. N.F. 16: 161-179.
29. Hedberg O. 1951. Vegetation belts of the East African mountains. Svensk Bot. Tidskrift. 45: 140-202.
30. Hemp A. and Beck E. 2001. Erica excelsa as a component of Mt. Kilimanjaro's forests. Phytocoenologia 31: 449-475.
31. Hemp A. 2001a. Ecology of the pteridophytes on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Part II: Habitat selection. Plant Biol. 3: 493-523.
32. Hemp A. 2001b. Life form and strategies of forest ferns on Mt. Kilimanjaro. In: Gottsberger G. and Liede S. (eds), Life Forms and Dynamics in Tropical Forests. Disserationes Botanicae 346, pp. 95-130.
33. Hemp A. 2002a. Ecology of the pteridophytes on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Part I: Altitudinal distribution. Plant Ecol. 159: 211-239.
34. Hemp A. 2002b. Fränkische Steppenheide, tropische Bergregenwälder - zwei gegensätzliche Florenregionen, eine gemeinsame Klassifikationsmethode? Habilitationsschrift, Universität Bayreuth.
35. Hemp A. 2005a. The banana forests of Kilimanjaro: biodiversity and conservation of the Chagga home gardens. Biodiv. Conserv. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1007/s10531-004-8230-8.
36. Hemp A. 2005b. Climate change-driven forest fires marginalize the impact of ice cap wasting on Kilimanjaro. Global Change Biol. 11: 1013-1023.
37. Hemp A. 2005c. The impact of fire on diversity, structure and composition of Mt Kilimanjaro's vegetation. In: Spehn E., Liberman M. and Körner C. (eds), (In press) Land Use Changes and Mountain Biodiversity, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton FL, USA.
38. Hemp A. (a). Altitudinal zonation and diversity patterns of the forests of Mt. Kilimanjaro. In: Bruijnzeel S. and Juvik J. (eds), Mountains in the Mist: Science for Conserving and Managing Tropical Montane Cloud Forests (In press).
39. Hemp A. (b). Ecology and altitudinal zonation of pteridophytes on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Proceedings of the XVIIth AETFAT Congress 21-26 September 2003 (In press).
40. Hemp A. (c). Kilimanjaro and its missing bamboo zone. Mountain Research and Development. (In press).
41. Hemp C. 2001c. Aerotegmina, a new genus of African Listroscelidinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Listroscelidinae, Hexacentrini). J. Ortho. Res. 10: 125-132.
42. Hemp C. 2005d. The Chagga home gardens - relict areas for endemic Saltatoria species (Insecta: Orthoptera) on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Biol. Conserv. 125: 203-210.
43. Holdridge L.R. 1967. Life Zone Ecology. Tropical Science Center San José, Costa Rica.
44. Jacobsen W.B.G. and Jacobsen N.H.G. 1989. Comparison of the pteridophyte floras of Southern and Eastern Africa, with special reference to high-altitude species. Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 59: 261-317.
45. Kessler M. and Bach K. 1999. Using indicator families for vegetation classification in species-rich Neotropical forests. Phytocoenologia 29: 485-502.
46. Kessler M. 2000. Altitudinal zonation of Andean cryptogam communities. J. Biogeogr. 27: 275-282.
47. Kitayama K. 1992. An altitudinal transect study of the vegetation on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo. Vegetatio 102: 149-171.
48. Kitayama K. and Mueller-Dombois D. 1992. Vegetation of the wet windward slope of Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii. Pacific Sci. 46: 197-220.
49. Kress W.J. 1986. The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes: an update. Selbyana 9: 2-22.
50. Kürschner H. 1990. Höhengliederung von epiphytischen Laub-und Lebermoosen in Nord-Borneo (Mt. Kinabalu). Nova Hedwigia 51: 77-86.
51. Lambrechts C., Woodley B., Hemp A., Hemp C. and Nnyiti P. 2002. Aerial Survey of the Threats to Mt. Kilimanjaro Forests. UNDP, Dar es Salaam.
52. Lauer W. 1976. Klimatische Grundzüge der Höhenstufung tropischer Gebirge. Tagungsber. wiss. Abh. 40. dt. Geographentag Innsbruck, Wiesbaden, pp. 76-90.
53. Lauer W., Rafiqpoor M.D. and Frankenberg P. 1996. Die Klimate der Erde. Eine Klassifikation auf ökophysiologischer Grundlage der realen Vegetation. Erdkunde 50: 275-300.
54. Legendre P. and Legendre L. 1998. Numerical Ecology. 2nd English Edition. Developments in Environmental Modelling 20. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
55. Legendre P. and Vaudor A. 1991. The R Package: Multidimensional Analysis, Spatial Analysis. Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal.
56. Legendre P., Dallot S. and Legendre L. 1985. Succession of species within a community: chronological clustering, with applications to marine and freshwater zooplankton. Am. Nat. 125: 257-288.
57. Lieberman D., Lieberman M., Peralta R. and Hartshorn G.S. 1996. Tropical forest structure and composition on a large-scale altitudinal gradient in Costa Rica. J. Ecol. 84: 137-152.
58. Lind E.M. and Morrison M.E.S. 1974. East African Vegetation. Longman, London.
59. Lovett J.C. 1996. Elevational and latitudinal changes in tree associations and diversity in the Eastern Arc mountains of Tanzania. J. Trop. Ecol. 12: 629-650.
60. Lovett J.C. 1998. Continuous change in Tanzanian moist forest tree communities with elevation. J. Trop. Ecol. 14: 719-722.
61. McIntosh R.P. 1967. The continuum concept of vegetation. Bot. Rev. 33: 130-187.
62. Moravec J. 1989. Influences of the individualistic concept of vegetation on syntaxonomy. Vegetatio 81: 29-39.
63. Moreau R.E. 1935. A synecological study of Usambara, Tanganyika Territory, with particular reference to birds. J. Ecol. 23: 1-43.
64. Mueller-Dombois D. and Ellenberg H. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. Wiley and Sons, New York.
65. Müller M.J. 1983. Handbuch ausgewählter Klimastationen der Erde. Forschungsstelle Bodenerosion der Universität Trier Mertesdorf (Ruwertal), Trier.
66. Pócs T. 1976. Bioclimatic studies in the Uluguru Mountains (Tanzania, East Africa). II. Correlations between orography, climate and vegetation. Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 22(1/2): 163-183.
67. Pócs T. 1994. The altitudinal distribution of Kilimanjaro bryophytes. In: Seyani J.H. and Chikuni A.C. (eds), Proceedings of XIII Plenary Meeting AETFAT. Malawi, pp. 797-812.
68. Richards P.W. 1996. The Tropical Rain Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
69. Richter M. 1996. Klimatologische und pflanzenmorphologische Vertikalgradienten in Hochgebirgen. Erdkunde 50: 205-237.
70. Thompson L.G., Mosley-Thompson E., Davis M.E., Henderson K.A., Brecher H.H., Zagorodnov V.S., Mashiotta T.A., Lin P.-N., Mikhalenko V.N., Hardy D.R. and Beer J. 2002. Kilimanjaro ice core records: evidence of holocene climate change in tropical Africa. Science 298: 589-593.
71. Tuomisto H. and Ruokolainen K. 1993. Distribution of Pteridophyta and Melastomataceae along an edaphic gradient in an Amazonian rain forest. J. Veg. Sci. 4: 25-34.
72. Tuomisto H., Ruokolainen K., KalliolaR. Linna A., Danjoy W. and Rodriguez Z. 1995. Dissecting Amazonian biodiversity. Science 269: 63-66.
73. Tuomisto H., Ruokolainen K., Aguilar M. and Sarmiento A. 2003. Floristic patterns along a 43-km long transect in an Amazonian rain forest. J. Ecol. 91: 743-756.
74. Van Steenis C.G.G.J. 1984. Floristic altitudinal zones in Malaysia. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 89: 289-292.
75. Vázquez G.J.A. and Givnish T.J. 1998. Altitudinal gradients in tropical forest composition, structure, and diversity in the Sierra de Manantlán. J. Ecol. 86: 999-1020.
76. Walter H., Harnickell E. and Mueller-Dombois D. 1975. Climate-diagram Maps of the Individual Continents and the Ecological Climatic Regions of the Earth. Springer, Berlin.
77. Walter H. and Lieth H. 1967. Klimadiagramm-Weltatlas. Jena.
78. Whittaker R.H. 1962. Classification of natural communities. Bot. Rev. 28: 1-239.
79. Whittaker R.H. 1967. Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biol. Rev. 49: 207-264.
80. Woldu Z., Feoli E. and Nigatu L. 1989. Partitioning an elevation gradient of vegetation from southeastern Ethiopia by probabilistic methods. Vegetatio 81: 189-198.