Liberalization, transition and consolidation: Measuring the components of democratization

Democratization

Volumn 11, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 59-90

  Schneider, Carsten Q ^a   Schmitter, Philippe C ^b  

^a CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

^b EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Consolidation; Democratic transition; Eastern Europe; Latin America; Measurement; North Africa; Southern Europe

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION; DEMOCRATIZATION; LIBERALIZATION; POLITICAL CHANGE;

EID: 11844300320     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340412000287271     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter (eds), Transitions From Authoritarian Rule. Some Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
2. Adam Przeworski, Michael E. Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub and Ferdinando Limongi, Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
3. O'Donnell and Schmitter (note 1)
4. Robert A. Dahl, After the Revolution: Authority in Good Society (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970).
5. O'Donnell and Schmitter (note 1);
6. Philippe C. Schmitter, Democratic Theory and Neocorporatist Practice Working Paper No.74 (Florence: European University Institute, 1983).
7. Philippe C. Schmitter, 'The Consolidation of Democracy and Representation of Social Groups', American Behavioral Scientist, Vol.35, Nos 4/5 (1992), pp.422-49.
8. Michael Foley, The Silence of Constitutions. Gaps, 'Abeyance' and Political Temperament in the Maintenance of Government (London: Routledge, 1989).
9. Thomas Carothers, 'The End of the Transition Paradigm', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No.1 (2002), pp.5-21.
10. Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
11. Terry Lynn Karl and Philippe C. Schmitter, 'Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe', International Social Science Journal, Vol. 128, No.2 (1991), pp.267-82;
12. Valerie Bunce, 'The Political Economy of Postsocialism', Slavic Review, Vol.58, No.4 (1999),pp.756-93;
13. Michael McFaul, 'The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship. Non-cooperative Transitions in the Post-communist World', World Politics, Vol.54, No.1 (2002), pp.212-44.
14. Karl and Schmitter (note 12).
15. Terry Lynn Karl, 'Imposing Consent? Electoralism Versus Democratization in El Salvador', in Paul W. Drake and Eduardo Silva (eds), Elections and Democratization in Latin America, 1980-1985 (San Diego, CA: Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies, University of California 1986), pp.9-36.
16. Adam Przeworski, 'Minimalist Conceptions of Democracy: a Defense', in Ian Shapiro and Casiona Hacker-Cordón (eds), Democracy's Values (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp.23-55
17. 'Parties Are Not What They Used to Be', in Larry Diamond and Richard Gunther (eds), Political Parties and Democracy (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), pp.67-89.
18. Robert Adcock and David Collier, 'Measurement Validity: a Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research', American Political Science Review, Vol.95, No.3 (2000), pp.529-46.
19. Gerardo L. Munck and Jay Verkuilen, 'Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices', Comparative Political Studies, Vol.35, No.1 (2002), pp.5-33.
20. For Latin America, for example, Scott Mainwaring et al., Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America, 1945-1999, Working Paper Series 280 (Notre Dame, IN: Kellogg Institute for International Studies, 2000).
21. For Africa, for example Robert Bates, Karen Ferree, A.J. Robinson, Smita Singh and Anne Wren, Towards the Systematic Study of Transitions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Institute for International Development, 1996).
22. David Collier and Robert Adcock, 'Democracy and Dichotomies: A Pragmatic Approach to Choices About Concepts', Annual Review of Political Science, Vol.2 (1999), pp.537-65, esp. p.544.
23. Michael Coppedge, 'Democracy and Dimensions. Comments on Munck and Verkuilen', Comparative Political Studies, Vol.35, No.1 (2002), pp.35-9, esp. p.37.
24. Munck and Verkuilen (note 22).
25. John Mciver and Edward G. Carmines, Unidimensional Scaling (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1991);
26. Paul Pennings, Hans Keman and Jan Kleinnijenhuis, Doing Research in Political Science. An Introduction to Comparative Methods and Statistics (London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: Sage, 1999).
27. J. Reynaldo A. Santos, 'Cronbach's Alpha: A Tool for Assessing the Reliability of Scales', Journal of Extension, Vol.37, No.2 (1999), pp.l-4.
28. Jacqueline J. Meulman and Willem J. Heiser, SPSS Categories 10.0 (Chicago, IL: SPSS, 1999). Roughly speaking, this is the equivalent of factor analysis for categorical data. The results (not reported here) provide further evidence that each of our item sets forms a one-dimensional space.
29. Samuel Valenzuela, 'Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notion, Process, and Facilitating Conditions', in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell and Samual Valenzuela, Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame, IN: The University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), pp.57-104.
30. Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Foundations (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1991).
31. O'Donnell and Schmitter (note 1).
32. Daniel Brumberg, 'The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy', Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No.4 (2002), pp.56-68
33. Daniel Brumberg, Liberalization Versus Democratization. Understanding Arab Political Reform (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003) for some insights into how liberal autocracies in the Middle East and North Africa manage to survive, the consequences for attempts to democratize, and implications for external democracy promotion.
34. M. Steven Fish, 'Mongolia: Democracy Without Prerequisites', Journal of Democracy, Vol.9, No.3 (1998), pp.127-41;
35. Verena Fritz, 'Mongolia: Dependent Democratization', Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 18, No.4 (2002), pp.75-200.