A highly sensitive immunoassay resistant to autoantibody interference for detection of the diabetes-associated autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 in blood and other biological samples

Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 207-218

  Waldrop, Megan A ^a   Suckow, Arthur T ^a,b   Hall, Tyler R ^c   Hampe, Chris S ^c   Marcovina, Santica M ^c   Chessler, Steven D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; AUTOANTIGEN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE 65; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE 65 ANTIBODY; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; POLYCLONAL ANTIBODY;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTIBODY DETECTION; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; GRAFT REJECTION; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; IMMUNOASSAY; IMMUNODETECTION; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; IN VIVO STUDY; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PANCREAS ISLET TRANSPLANTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DENATURATION; RAT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOANTIGENS; DIABETES MELLITUS; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE; HUMANS; IMMUNOSORBENT TECHNIQUES; INSULIN-SECRETING CELLS; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS; PLASMA; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; SERUM; TISSUE EXTRACTS;

EID: 33744898768     PISSN: 15209156     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/dia.2006.8.207     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Lernmark A: Glutamic acid decarboxylase-gene to antigen to disease. J Intern Med 1996;240:259-277.
2. Tillakaratne NJ, Erlander MG, Collard MW, Greif KP, Tobin AJ: Glutamate decarboxylases in nonneural cells of rat testis and oviduct: differential expression of GAD65 and GAD67. J Neurochem 1992;58:618-627.
3. Mally MI, Cirulli V, Otonkoski T, Soto G, Hayek A: Ontogeny and tissue distribution of human GAD expression. Diabetes 1996;45:496-501.
4. Chessler SD, Lernmark A: The role of glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA in the pancreas and diabetes. In: Martin DL, Olson RW, eds. GABA in the Nervous System: The View at Fifty Years. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000:471-484.
5. Chessler SD, Lernmark A: Alternative splicing of GAD67 results in the synthesis of a third form of glutamic-acid decarboxylase in human islets and other non-neural tissues. J Biol Chem 2000;275:5188-5192.
6. Chessler SD, Simonson WT, Sweet IR, Hammerle LP: Expression of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter in pancreatic islet cells: distribution of the transporter within rat islets. Diabetes 2002;51:1763-1771.
7. Baekkeskov S, Kanaani J, Jaume JC, Kash S: Does GAD have a unique role in triggering IDDM? J Autoimmun 2000;15:279-286.
8. von Boehmer H, Sarukhan A: GAD, a single autoantigen for diabetes. Science 1999;284:1135, 1137.
9. Yoon JW, Yoon CS, Lim HW, Huang QQ, Kang Y, Pyun KH, Hirasawa K, Sherwin RS, Jun HS: Control of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by GAD expression or suppression in beta cells. Science 1999;284:1183-1187.
10. Solimena M, Folli F, Denis-Donini S, Comi GC, Pozza G, De Camilli P, Vicari AM: Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in a patient with stiff-man syndrome, epilepsy, and type I diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1012-1020.
11. Tuomi T, Groop LC, Zimmet PZ, Rowley MJ, Knowles W, Mackay IR: Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase reveal latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults with a non-insulin-dependent onset of disease. Diabetes 1993;42:359-362.
12. Zimmet PZ, Tuomi T, Mackay IR, Rowley MJ, Knowles W, Cohen M, Lang DA: Latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults (LADA): the role of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in diagnosis and prediction of insulin dependency. Diabet Med 1994;11:299-303.
13. Ziegler B, Augstein P, Schroder D, Mauch L, Hahmann J, Schlosser M, Ziegler M: Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is not detectable on the surface of rat islet cells examined by cytofluorometry and complement-dependent antibody-mediated cytotoxicity of monoclonal GAD antibodies. Horm Metab Res 1996;28:11-15.
14. Kanaani J, Diacovo MJ, El-Husseini Ael D, Bredt DS, Baekkeskov S: Palmitoylation controls trafficking of GAD65 from Golgi membranes to axon-specific endosomes and a Rab5a-dependent pathway to presynaptic clusters. J Cell Sci 2004;117:2001-2013.
15. Shi Y, Veit B, Baekkeskov S: Amino acid residues 24-31 but not palmitoylation of cysteines 30 and 45 are required for membrane anchoring of glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD65. J Cell Biol 1994;124:927-934.
16. Hampe CS, Ortqvist E, Rolandsson O, Landin-Olsson M, Torn C, Agren A, Persson B, Schranz DB, Lernmark A: Species-specific autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:643-648.
17. Hampe CS, Hammerle LP, Bekris L, Ortqvist E, Kockum I, Rolandsson O, Landin-Olsson M, Torn C, Persson B, Lernmark A: Recognition of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) by autoantibodies from different GAD antibody-positive phenotypes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:4671-4679.
18. Hao W, Daniels T, Pipeleers D, Smismans A, Reijonen H, Nepom G, Lernmark A: Radioimmunoassay for glutamic acid decarboxylase-65. Diabetes Technol Ther 1999;1:13-20.
19. Scholin A, Bjorklund L, Borg H, Arnqvist H, Bjork E, Blohme G, Bounder J, Eriksson JW, Gudbjornsdottir S, Nystrom L, Ostman J, Karlsson AF, Sundkvist G: Islet antibodies and remaining beta-cell function 8 years after diagnosis of diabetes in young adults: a prospective follow-up of the nationwide Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden. J Intern Med 2004;255:384-391.
20. Smismans A, Ling Z, Pipeleers D: Damaged rat beta cells discharge glutamate decarboxylase in the extracellular medium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996;228:293-297.
21. Ling Z, Malaisse-Lagae F, Malaisse WJ, Pipeleers D: Reduced glutamate decarboxylase activity in rat islet beta cells which survived streptozotocin-induced cytotoxicity. FEBS Lett 1993;324:262-264.
22. Shapiro AM, Hao EG, Lakey JR, Yakimets WJ, Churchill TA, Mitlianga PG, Papadopoulos GK, Elliott JF, Rajotte RV, Kneteman NM: Novel approaches toward early diagnosis of islet allograft rejection. Transplantation 2001;71:1709-1718.
23. Palmer JP, Fleming GA, Greenbaum CJ, Herold KC, Jansa LD, Kolb H, Lachin JM, Polonsky KS, Pozzilli P, Skyler JS, Steffes MW: C-peptide is the appropriate outcome measure for type 1 diabetes clinical trials to preserve beta-cell function: report of an ADA workshop, 21-22 October 2001. Diabetes 2004;53:250-264.
24. Bonner-Weir S: Regulation of pancreatic beta-cell mass in vivo. Recent Prog Horm Res 1994;49:91-104.
25. Selby C: Interference in immunoassay. Ann Clin Biochem 1999;36:704-721.
26. Schlosser M, Hahmann J, Ziegler B, Augstein P, Ziegler M: Sensitive monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA for determination of the diabetes-associated autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase GAD65. J Immunoassay 1997;18:289-307.
27. Hamann J, Hahmann J, Strebelow M, Ziegler B, Ziegler M: A monoclonal antibody based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of GAD65, the smaller isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase. Diabetes Res 1994;26:109-116.
28. Moody AJ, Hejnaes KR, Marshall MO, Larsen FS, Boel E, Svendsen I, Mortensen E, Dyrberg T: Isolation by anion-exchange of immunologically and enzymatically active human islet glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells. Diabetologia 1995;38:14-23.
29. Ziegler B, Strebelow M, Rjasanowski I, Schlosser M, Ziegler M: A monoclonal antibody-based characterization of autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase in adults with latent autoimmune diabetes. Autoimmunity 1998;28:61-68.
30. Leslie RD, Atkinson MA, Notkins AL: Autoantigens IA-2 and GAD in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 1999;42:3-14.
31. Padoa CJ, Banga JP, Madec AM, Ziegler M, Schlosser M, Ortqvist E, Kockum I, Palmer J, Rolandsson O, Binder KA, Foote J, Luo D, Hampe CS: Recombinant Fabs of human monoclonal antibodies specific to the middle epitope of GAD65 inhibit type 1 diabetes-specific GAD65Abs. Diabetes 2003;52:2689-2695.
32. Falorni A, Ackefors M, Carlberg C, Daniels T, Persson B, Robertson J, Lernmark A: Diagnostic sensitivity of immunodominant epitopes of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) autoantibodies in childhood IDDM. Diabetologia 1996;39:1091-1098.
33. Agardh CD, Cilio CM, Lethagen A, Lynch K, Leslie RD, Palmer M, Harris RA, Robertson JA, Lernmark A: Clinical evidence for the safety of GAD65 immunomodulation in adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2005;19:238-246.
34. Karlsen AE, Hagopian WA, Petersen JS, Boel E, Dyrberg T, Grubin CE, Michelsen BK, Madsen OD, Lernmark A: Recombinant glutamic acid decarboxylase (representing the single isoform expressed in human islets) detects IDDM-associated 64,000-M(r) autoantibodies. Diabetes 1992;41:1355-1359.
35. Landin-Olsson M, Palmer JP, Lernmark A, Blom L, Sundkvist G, Nystrom L, Dahlquist G: Predictive value of islet cell and insulin autoantibodies for type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a population-based study of newly-diagnosed diabetic and matched control children. Diabetologia 1992;35:1068-1073.
36. Hao W, Davis C, Hirsch IB, Eng LJ, Daniels T, Walsh D, Lernmark A: Plasmapheresis and immunosuppression in stiff-man syndrome with type 1 diabetes: a 2-year study. J Neurol 1999;246:731-735.
37. Sweet IR, Cook DL, Wiseman RW, Greenbaum CJ, Lernmark A, Matsumoto S, Teague JC, Krohn KA: Dynamic perifusion to maintain and assess isolated pancreatic islets. Diabetes Technol Ther 2002;4:67-76.
38. 2) method of pancreas preservation on human islet isolation, as assessed by the Edmonton Isolation Protocol. Transplantation 2002;74:1414-1419.
39. Sweet IR, Khalil G, Wallen AR, Steedman M, Schenkman KA, Reems JA, Kahn SE, Callis JB: Continuous measurement of oxygen consumption by pancreatic islets. Diabetes Technol Ther 2002;4:661-672.
40. Hampe CS, Lundgren P, Daniels TL, Hammerle LP, Marcovina SM, Lernmark A: A novel monoclonal antibody specific for the N-terminal end of GAD65. J Neuroimmunol 2001;113:63-71.
41. Schwartz HL, Chandonia JM, Kash SF, Kanaani J, Tunnell E, Domingo A, Cohen FE, Banga JP, Madec AM, Richter W, Baekkeskov S: High-resolution autoreactive epitope mapping and structural modeling of the 65 kDa form of human glutamic acid decarboxylase. J Mol Biol 1999;287:983-999.
42. Narhi LO, Caughey DJ, Horan T, Kita Y, Chang D, Arakawa T: Effect of three elution buffers on the recovery and structure of monoclonal antibodies. Anal Biochem 1997;253:236-245.
43. Wang XD, Luo J, Guo ZQ, Zhou JM, Tsou CL: Perturbation of the antigen-binding site and staphylococcal protein A-binding site of IgG before significant changes in global conformation during denaturation: an equilibrium study. Biochem J 1997;325:707-710.
44. Rowe ES: Dissociation and denaturation equilibria and kinetics of a homogeneous human immunoglobulin Fab fragment. Biochemistry 1976;15:905-916.
45. Kaiser H: Quantitation in elemental analysis. Anal Chem 1970;42:26-59.
46. Liabakk NB, Nustad K, Espevik T: A rapid and sensitive immunoassay for tumor necrosis factor using magnetic monodisperse polymer particles. J Immunol Methods 1990;134:253-259.
47. Millan JL, Nustad K, Norgaard-Pedersen B: Highly sensitive solid-phase immunoenzymometric assay for placental and placental-like alkaline phosphatases with a monoclonal antibody and monodisperse polymer particles. Clin Chem 1985;31:54-59.
48. Pratt DS, Kaplan MM: Evaluation of the liver: laboratory tests. In: Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, Maddrey WC, eds. Schiffs Diseases of the Liver, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1999:205-225.
49. 3H recombinant human ligands. J Immunol Methods 1995;186:89-99.
50. Saito K, Iwama N, Takahashi T: Morphometrical analysis on topographical difference in size distribution, number and volume of islets in the human pancreas. Tohoku J Exp Med 1978;124:177-186.
51. Drewes LR: What is the blood-brain barrier? A molecular perspective. Cerebral vascular biology. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999;474:111-122.
52. Spencer CA, LoPresti JS, Fatemi S, Nicoloff JT: Detection of residual and recurrent differentiated thyroid carcinoma by serum thyroglobulin measurement. Thyroid 1999;9:435-441.
53. Erali M, Bigelow RB, Meikle AW: ELISA for thyroglobulin in serum: recovery studies to evaluate autoantibody interference and reliability of thyroglobulin values. Clin Chem 1996;42:766-770.
54. Morgenthaler NG, Froehlich J, Rendl J, Willnich M, Alonso C, Bergmann A, Reiners C: Technical evaluation of a new immunoradiometric and a new immunoluminometric assay for thyroglobulin. Clin Chem 2002;48:1077-1083.
55. Kim J, Richter W, Aanstoot HJ, Shi Y, Fu Q, Rajotte R, Warnock G, Baekkeskov S: Differential expression of GAD65 and GAD67 in human, rat, and mouse pancreatic islets. Diabetes 1993;42:1799-1808.
56. Holz A, Dyrberg T, Hagopian W, Homann D, von Herrath M, Oldstone MB: Neither B lymphocytes nor antibodies directed against self antigens of the islets of Langerhans are required for development of virus-induced autoimmune diabetes. J Immunol 2000;165:5945-5953.
57. Ziegler B, Augstein P, Luhder F, Northemann W, Hamann J, Schlosser M, Kloting I, Michaelis D, Ziegler M: Monoclonal antibodies specific to the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 kDa isoform derived from a non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Diabetes Res 1994;25:47-64.
58. Sheikh SN, Martin SB, Martin DL: Regional distribution and relative amounts of glutamate decarboxylase isoforms in rat and mouse brain. Neurochem Int 1999;35:73-80.