Mycoplasma hominis and Trichomonas vaginalis: A unique case of symbiotic relationship between two obligate human parasites

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 11, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2006, Pages 2028-2034

  Dessi, Daniele ^a   Rappelli, Paola ^a   Diaz, Nicia ^a   Cappuccinelli, Piero ^a   Fiori, Pier Luigi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASSARI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Mycoplasma hominis; Review; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Symbiosis; Trichomonas vaginalis

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EQUUS CABALLUS; EUKARYOTA; MOLLICUTES; MYCOPLASMA; MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS; MYCOPLASMATALES; PROTISTA; TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS;

EID: 33744737924     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/1944     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Harb O.S., L.Y. Gao & Y. Abu Kwaik: From protozoa to mammalians cells: a new paradigm in the life cycle of intracellular bacterial pathogens. Environ Microbiol 2, 251-265 (2000)
2. Cirillo J.D., S. Falkow, L.S. Tompkins & L.E. Bermudez: Interaction of Mycobacterium avium with environmental amoebae enhances virulence. Infect Immun 65, 3759-3767 (1997)
3. Molmeret M., M. Horn, M. Wagner, M. Santic & Y. Abu Kwaik: Amoebea as training grounds for intracellular bacterial pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 71, 20-28 (2005)
4. Abd H, A. Weintraub & G. Sandstrom: Intracellular survival and replication of Vibrio cholerae O139 in aquatic free-living amoebae. Environ Microbiol. 7, 1003-1008 (2005)
5. Rowbotham T.J.: Preliminary report on the pathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila for freshwater and soil amoebae. J Clin Pathol 33, 1179-1183 (1980)
6. Cirillo, J. D., L. S. Tompkins & S. Falkow: Growth of Legionella pneumophila in Acanthamoeba castellanii enhances invasion. Infect Immun 62, 3254-3261 (1994)
7. Cirillo, J. D., S. L. Cirillo, L. Yan, L. E. Bermudez, S. Falkow & L. S. Tompkins: Intracellular growth in Acanthamoeba castellanii affects monocyte entry mechanisms and enhances virulence of Legionella pneumophila. Infect Immun 67, 4427-4434 (1999)
8. Brieland, J. K., J. C. Fantone, D. G. Remick, M. LeGendre, M. McClain & N. C. Engleberg: The role of Legionella pneumophila-infected Hartmanella vermiformis as an infectious particle in a murine model of Legionnaires' disease. Infect Immun 65, 4892-4896 (1997)
9. Cirillo J.D.: Exploring a novel perspective on pathogenic relationship. Trends Microbiol 7, 96-98 (1999)
10. World Health Organization: Trichomoniasis, p. 26-27. In Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2001
11. Rein M. F. Clinical manifestations of urogenital trichomoniasis in women. In: Trichomonads parasitic in humans. Ed: B. M. Honigberg, Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y. p. 225-234 (1990)
12. Krieger J. N. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of urogenital trichomoniasis in men. In: Trichomonads parasitic in humans. Ed: B. M. Honigberg, Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y. p. 235-245 (1990)
13. Yap E. H., T. H. Ho, Y. C. Chan, T. W. Thong, G. C. Ng, L. C. Ho & M. Singh: Serum antibodies to Trichomonas vaginalis in invasive cervical cancer patients. Genitourin Med 71, 402-404. (1995)
14. Laga M., A. Manoka, M. Kivuvu, B. Malele, M. Tuliza & N. Nzila: Nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS 7, 95-102. (1993)
15. Sutton M.Y., M. Sternberg, M. Nsuami, F. Behets, A.M. Nelson & M.E. St Louis: Trichomoniasis in pregnant human immunodeficiency virus-infected and human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected Congolese women: prevalence, risk factors, and association with low birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181, 656-662 (1999)
16. Addis M.F., P. Rappelli & P.L Fiori: Host and tissue specificity of Trichomonas vaginalis is not mediated by its known adhesion proteins. Infect Immun 68, 4358-4360 (2000)
17. Alderete J.F. & E. Pearlman: Pathogenic Trichomonas vaginalis citotoxicity to cell culture monolayers. Br J Vener Dis 60, 99-105 (1984)
18. Krieger J.K., J.I. Ravdin & M.F. Rein: Contact-dependent cytopathogenic mechanism of Trichomonas vaginalis. Infect Immun 50, 778-786 (1985)
19. Fiori P.L., P. Rappelli, A.M. Rocchigiani & P.Cappuccinelli: Trichomonas vaginalis haemolysis: evidence of functional pores formation on red cell membranes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 109, 13-18 (1993)
20. Fiori P.L., P. Rappelli, M.F. Addis, A. Sechi & P. Cappuccinelli: Trichomonas vaginalis haemolysis: pH regulates a contact-independent mechanism based on pore-forming proteins. Microb Pathog 20, 109-118 (1996)
21. Fiori P.L., P. Rappelli, M.F. Addis, F. Mannu & P. Cappuccinelli: Contact-dependent disruption of the host cell membrane skeleton induced by Trichomonas vaginalis. Infect Immun 65, 5142-5148. (1997)
22. Ladefoged S.A.: Molecular dissection of Mycoplasma hominis. APMIS Suppl 97, 1-45 (2000)
23. Taylor-Robinson D. & W.M. McCormack: The genital mycoplasmas. N. Eng. J. Med. 302, 1003-1010. (1980)
24. Cassell, G.H., K.B. Waites & D.T. Crouse: Perinatal mycoplasmal infections. Clin Perinatal 18, 241-262 (1991)
25. Cotch, M.F., J.G. Pastorek, R.P. Nugent, S.L. Hillier, R.S. Gibbs, D.H. Martin, D.A. Eschenbach, R. Edelman, J.C. Carey, J.A. Regan, M.A. Krohn, M.A. Klebanoff, A.V. Rao & G.G. Rhoads: Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and pre-term delivery. Sex Transm Dis 24, 353-360 (1997)
26. Paul V.K., U. Gupta, M. Singh, V.L. Nag, D. Takkar & M.K. Bhan: Association of genital mycoplasma colonization with low birth weight. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 63, 109-114 (1998)
27. Platt R., J.S.L. Lin, J.W. Warren, B. Bosner, K.C. Edelin & W.M. McCormack: Infection with Mycoplasma hominis in postpartum fever. Lancet 2, 1217-1221 (1980)
28. Nielsen M.H. The ultrastructure of Trichomonas vaginalis Donnè before and after transfer from vaginal secretion to diamonds medium. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 83, 381-389 (1975)
29. Scholtyseck E, J Teras, I Kasakova & KK Sethi: Electron microscope observations on the interaction of Mycoplasma fermentons with Trichomonas vaginalis. Z Parasitenkd. 71, 435-442 (1985)
30. Turrini F., G. Giribaldi, E. Valente & P. Arese: Mycoplasma contamination of Plasmodium cultures: a case of parasite parasitism. Parasitol Today 13, 367-368 (1997)
31. Koch A., A. Bilina, L. Teodorowicz & A. Stary: Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in patients with sexually transmitted diseases. Wien Klin Wochenschr 109, 584-589 (1997)
32. Van Belkum A, C. van der Schee, W.I. van der Meijden, H.A. Verbrugh, & H.J. Sluiters: A clinical study on the association of Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis infections in women attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) outpatient clinic. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 32, 27-32 (2001)
33. Rappelli P., M.F. Addis, F. Carta & P.L. Fiori: Mycoplasma hominis parasitism of Trichomonas vaginalis. Lancet 352, 1286 (1998)
34. Taylor-Robinson D. Mycoplasma hominis parasitism of Trichomonas vaginalis. Lancet 352, 2022 (1998)
35. Rappelli P., M.F. Addis, F. Carta & P.L. Fiori: Mycoplasma hominis parasitism of Trichomonas vaginalis. Author's reply Lancet 352, 2023 (1998)
36. Fraser, C. M., J. D. Gocayne, O. White, M. D. Adams, R. A. Clayton, R. D. Fleischmann, C. J. Bult, A. R. Kerlavage, G. Sutton, J. M. Kelley, J. L. Fritchman, J. F. Weidman, K. V. Small, M. Sandusky, J. Fuhrmann, D. Nguyen, T. R. Utterback, D. M. Saudek, C. A. Phillips, J. M. Merrick, J.F. Tomb, B. A. Dougherty, K. F. Bott, P.-C. Hu, T. S. Lucier, S. N. Petterson, H. O. Smith, C. A. Hutchison III & J. C. Venter: The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science 270, 397-403 (1995)
37. Glass J.I., E.J. Lefkowitz, J.S. Glass, C.R. Heiner, E.Y. Chen & G.H. Cassel: The complete sequence of the mucosal pathogen Ureaplasma urealyticum. Nature 407, 757-762 (2000)
38. Vasconcelos AT, HB Ferreira, CV Bizarro, SL Bonatto, MO Carvalho, PM Pinto, DF Almeida, LG Almeida, R Almeida, L Alves-Filho, EN Assuncao, VA Azevedo, MR Bogo, MM Brigido, M Brocchi, HA Burity, AA Camargo, SS Camargo, MS Carepo, DM Carraro, JC de Mattos Cascardo, LA Castro, G Cavalcanti, G Chemale, RG Collevatti, CW Cunha, B Dallagiovanna, BP Dambros, OA Dellagostin, C Falcao, F Fantinatti-Garboggini, MS Felipe, L Florentin, GR Franco, NS Freitas, D Frias, TB Grangeiro, EC Grisard, CT Guimaraes, M Hungria, SN Jardim, MA Krieger, JP Laurino, LF Lima, MI Lopes, EL Loreto, HM Madeira, GP Manfio, AQ Maranhao, CT Martinkovics, SR Medeiros, MA Moreira, M Neiva, CE Ramalho-Neto, MF Nicolas, SC Oliveira, RF Paixao, FO Pedrosa, SD Pena, M Pereira, L Pereira-Ferrari, I Piffer, LS Pinto, DP Potrich, AC Salim, FR Santos, R Schmitt, MP Schneider, A Schrank, IS Schrank, AF Schuck, HN Seuanez, DW Silva, R Silva, SC Silva, CM Soares, KR Souza, RC Souza, CC Staats, MB Steffens, SM Teixeira, TP Urmenyi, MH Vainstein, LW Zuccherato, AJ Simpson & A. Zaha: Swine and poultry pathogens: the complete genome sequences of two strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and a strain of Mycoplasma synoviae. J Bacteriol 187, 5568-5577 (2005)
39. Himmelreich R., H. Hubert, H. Plagens, E. Pirkl, B.C. Li & R. Herrmann: Complete sequence analysis of the genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Nucleic Acids Res 24, 4420-4449. (1996)
40. Papazisi L, T.S. Gorton, G. Kutish, P.P. Markham, G.F. Browning, D.K. Nguyen, S. Swartzell, A. Madan, G. Mahairas & S.J. Geary: The complete genome sequence of the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain R(low). Microbiology 149, 2307-16 (2003)
41. Rottem S: Interaction of mycoplasmas with host cells. Physiol Rev 83, 417-432. (2003)
42. Oshima K., S. Kakizawa, H. Nishigawa, H.Y. Jung, W. Wei, S. Suzuki, R. Arashida, D. Nakata, S. Miyata, M. Ugaki & S. Namba: Reductive evolution suggested from the complete genome sequence of a plant-pathogenic phytoplasma. Nat Genet 36, 27-29. (2004)
43. Rappelli P., F. Carta, G. Delogu, M.F. Addis, D. Dessi, P. Cappuccinelli & P.L. Fiori: Mycoplasma hominis and Trichomonas vaginalis symbiosis: multiplicity of infection and transmissibility of M.hominis to human cells. Arch Microbiol 175, 70-74 (2001)
44. Dessi D., G. Delogu, E. Emonte, M.R. Catania, P.L. Fiori & P. Rappelli: Long-term survival and intracellular replication of Mycoplasma hominisi in Trichomonas vaginalis cells: a potential role of the protozoon in transmitting bacterial infection. Infect Immun 73, 1180-1186 (2005)
45. Marshall A., B. Afshar, J. Pacy, D. Pitcher & R. Miles: Intracellular location of mycoplasmas. Microbiology 144, 3240-3241 (1998)
46. Baseman J.B., M. Lange, N.L. Criscimagna, J.A. Giron & C.A. Thomas: Interplay between mycoplasmas and host target cells. Microb Pathog 19, 105-116 (1995)
47. Dallo S.F. & J.B. Baseman: Intracellular DNA replication and long-term survival of pathogenic mycoplasmas. Microb Pathog 29, 301-309 (2000)
48. Taylor-Robinson D., H.A. Davies, P. Sarathchandra & P.M. Furr: Intracellular location of mycoplasmas in cultured cells demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Int J Exp Pathol 72: 705-14 (1991)
49. Rendon-Maldonado J., M. Espinosa-Castellano, C. Soler, J.V. Torres & A. Martinez-Palomo: Trichomonas vaginalis: in vitro attachment and internalization of HIV-1 and HIV-1-infected lymphocytes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 50, 43-48 (2003)
50. Valore E.V., C.H. Park, S.L. Igreti & T.Ganz: Antimicrobial components of vaginal fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187, 561-568 (2000)
51. Feely D.E., D.G. Chase, E.L. Hardin & S.L. Erlandsen: Ultrastructural evidence for the presence of bacteria, viral-like particles, and mycoplasma-like organisms associated with Giardia spp. J Protozool 35, 151-158 (1988)
52. Razin S., D. Yogev & Y. Naot: Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62, 1094-1156 (1998)
53. Petrin D., K. Delgaty, R. Bhatt & G. Garber Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis Clin Microbiol Rev 11, 300-317 (1998)
54. Lyons E.J. & J. Carlton: Mind the gap: bridging the divide between clinical and molecular studies of the trichomonads. Trends Parasitol 20, 204-207 (2004)