Excitation in low-current discharges and breakdown in He at low pressures and very high electric field to gas density ratios E/N

Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

Volumn 71, Issue 1, 2005, Pages

  Jelenkovic B M ^a,b,c   Phelps, A V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE   (Serbia)

^c CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARRIER CONCENTRATION; CATHODES; CHARGE TRANSFER; ELECTRIC BREAKDOWN; ELECTRIC DISCHARGES; ELECTRIC EXCITATION; ELECTRIC FIELDS; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OPTICAL PROPERTIES; PRESSURE EFFECTS;

GAS DENSITY RATIOS; ION ENERGY; LOW-CURRENT DISCHARGES; OPTICAL EMISSIONS;

HELIUM;

EID: 33646977080     PISSN: 15393755     EISSN: 15502376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.71.016410     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. B. M. Jelenkovic and A. V. Phelps, Phys. Rev. A 36, 5310 (1987).
2. A. V. Phelps, B. M. Jelenković, and L. C. Pitchford, Phys. Rev. A 36, 5327 (1987).
3. A. V. Phelps and B. M. Jelenkovic, Phys. Rev. A 38, 2975 (1988).
4. D. A. Scott and A. V. Phelps, Phys. Rev. A 43, 3043 (1991).
5. Z. Lj. Petrović, B. M. Jelenković, and A. V. Phelps, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 325 (1992).
6. Z. Lj. Petrović (private communication).
7. M. J. Druyvesteyn and F. M. Penning, Rev. Mod. Phys. 12, 87 (1940).
8. T. Itoh and T. Musha, J. Appl. Phys. 31, 744 (1960); J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 15, 1675 (1960).
9. T. Itoh and T. Musha, J. Appl. Phys. 31, 744 (1960); J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 15, 1675 (1960).
10. M. Hayashi, Proc. Fourth IEE Int'l. Conference on Gas Discharges, University College of Swansea, (IEEE, London, 1976), p. 195; M. Hayashi, J. Phys. D 15, 1411 (1982).
11. M. Hayashi, Proc. Fourth IEE Int'l. Conference on Gas Discharges, University College of Swansea, (IEEE, London, 1976), p. 195; M. Hayashi, J. Phys. D 15, 1411 (1982).
12. P. Segur, M. Yousfi, J. P. Boeuf, E. Marode, A. J. Davies, and J. G. Evans, in Electric Breakdown and Discharges in Gases, edited by E. E. Kunhardt and L. H. Leusen (Plenum, New York, 1981), p. 331.
13. J. Fletcher, J. Phys. D 18, 221 (1985).
14. E. A. Volkova, V. V. Ivanov, E. Yu. Melkumova, A. M. Popov, O. B. Popovicheva, and T. V. Rakhimova, Fiz. Plazmy 18, 911 (1992) [Sov. J. Plasma Phys. 18, 474 (1992)].
15. E. A. Volkova, V. V. Ivanov, E. Yu. Melkumova, A. M. Popov, O. B. Popovicheva, and T. V. Rakhimova, Fiz. Plazmy 18, 911 (1992) [Sov. J. Plasma Phys. 18, 474 (1992)].
16. P. Hartmann, Z. Donkó, G. Bàno, L. Szalai, and K. Rózsa, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 9, 183 (2000). Our only point of disagreement is that their choice of elastic scattering cross sections for He-He collisions as equal to the "total" cross section is much too large at high energies and should have been assumed equal to the viscosity cross section. See Ref. [63]. Our smaller elastic scattering cross section allows the fast atoms to produce more electrons at the cathode and results in a better fit of theoretical and experimental breakdown data.
17. J. H. Ingold, Phys. Rev. A 43, 3086 (1991).
18. R. Winkler, G. Petrov, F. Sigeneger, and D. Urlandt, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 6, 118 (1997).
19. K.-U. Riemann, Phys. Rev. A 46, 4717 (1992).
20. L. M. Chanin and G. D. Rork, Phys. Rev. 133, A1005 (1964).
21. J. Fletcher and P. H. Purdie, Aust. J. Phys. 40, 383 (1987).
22. A. V. Phelps, Phys. Rev. 117, 619 (1960).
23. I. M. Bortnik, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 38, 1016 (1968); 38, 1026 (1968); [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 13, 769 (1968); 13, 777 (1968)].
24. I. M. Bortnik, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 38, 1016 (1968); 38, 1026 (1968); [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 13, 769 (1968); 13, 777 (1968)].
25. I. M. Bortnik, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 38, 1016 (1968); 38, 1026 (1968); [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 13, 769 (1968); 13, 777 (1968)].
26. I. M. Bortnik, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 38, 1016 (1968); 38, 1026 (1968); [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 13, 769 (1968); 13, 777 (1968)].
27. L. L. Alves and C. M. Ferreira, J. Phys. D 24, 581 (1991).
28. J. Dutton, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 4, 577 (1975).
29. D. K. Davies, F. Llewellyn Jones, and C. G. Morgan, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 80, 898 (1962).
30. M. H. Hughes, J. Phys. B 3, 1544 (1970).
31. A. E. D. Heylen and T. J. Lewis, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 271, 531 (1963).
32. G. Auday, Ph. Guillot, J. Galy, and H. Brunet, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 5917 (1998); G. Auday, Ph. Guillot, and J. Galy, ibid. 88, 4871 (2000).
33. G. Auday, Ph. Guillot, J. Galy, and H. Brunet, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 5917 (1998); G. Auday, Ph. Guillot, and J. Galy, ibid. 88, 4871 (2000).
34. D. K. Davies, F. Llewellyn Jones, and C. G. Morgan, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 83, 137 (1964).
35. A. B. Parker and P. C. Johnson, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 325, 511 (1971); J. D. Pace and A. B. Parker, Third Int'l. Conf. on Gas Discharges (IEEE, London, 1974), p. 91.
36. A. B. Parker and P. C. Johnson, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 325, 511 (1971); J. D. Pace and A. B. Parker, Third Int'l. Conf. on Gas Discharges (IEEE, London, 1974), p. 91.
37. A. V. Phelps and Z. Lj. Pterović, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 8, R21 (1999).
38. J. E. Lawler, Phys. Rev. A 32, 2977 (1985).
39. H. B. Milloy and R. E. Robson, J. Phys. B 6, 1139 (1973).
40. D. Piscitelli, A. V. Phelps, J. de Urquijo, E. Basurto, and L. C. Pitchford, Phys. Rev. E 68, 046408 (2003).
41. S. L. Lin, L. A. Viehland, E. A. Mason, J. H. Whealton, and J. N. Bardsley, J. Phys. B 10, 3567 (1977).
42. H. Helm, J. Phys. B 10, 3683 (1977).
43. M. V. V. S. Rao, R. J. Van Brunt, and J. K. Olthoff, Phys. Rev. E 54, 5641 (1996).
44. J. S. Townsend and G. D. Yarnold, Philos. Mag. 18, 594 (1934).
45. H. Neu, Z. Phys. 154, 423 (1959); 155, 77 (1959).
46. H. Neu, Z. Phys. 154, 423 (1959); 155, 77 (1959).
47. W. D. Davis and T. A. Vanderslice, Phys. Rev. 131, 219 (1963); A. V. Bondarenko, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 43, 821 (1973) [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 18, 515 (1973)].
48. W. D. Davis and T. A. Vanderslice, Phys. Rev. 131, 219 (1963); A. V. Bondarenko, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 43, 821 (1973) [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 18, 515 (1973)].
49. W. D. Davis and T. A. Vanderslice, Phys. Rev. 131, 219 (1963); A. V. Bondarenko, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 43, 821 (1973) [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 18, 515 (1973)].
50. K. N. Ul'yanov, Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 16, 1121 (1978) [High Temp. 16, 955 (1978)]; K. N. Ul'yanov and A. B. Tskhai, ibid. 19, 41 (1981) [ibid. 19, 32 (1981)].
51. K. N. Ul'yanov, Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 16, 1121 (1978) [High Temp. 16, 955 (1978)]; K. N. Ul'yanov and A. B. Tskhai, ibid. 19, 41 (1981) [ibid. 19, 32 (1981)].
52. K. N. Ul'yanov, Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 16, 1121 (1978) [High Temp. 16, 955 (1978)]; K. N. Ul'yanov and A. B. Tskhai, ibid. 19, 41 (1981) [ibid. 19, 32 (1981)].
53. K. N. Ul'yanov, Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 16, 1121 (1978) [High Temp. 16, 955 (1978)]; K. N. Ul'yanov and A. B. Tskhai, ibid. 19, 41 (1981) [ibid. 19, 32 (1981)].
54. D. G. Armour, H. Valisadeh, F. A. H. Soliman, and G. Carter, Vacuum 34, 295 (1984).
55. R. T. C. Tsui, Phys. Rev. 168, 107 (1968); I. Abril, A. Gras-Marti, and J. A. Valles-Abarca, Phys. Rev. A 28, 3677 (1983); I. Abril, A. Gras-Marti, and J. A. Valles-Abarca, J. Phys. D 17, 1841 (1984); J. Rickards, Vacuum 34, 559 (1984).
56. R. T. C. Tsui, Phys. Rev. 168, 107 (1968); I. Abril, A. Gras-Marti, and J. A. Valles-Abarca, Phys. Rev. A 28, 3677 (1983); I. Abril, A. Gras-Marti, and J. A. Valles-Abarca, J. Phys. D 17, 1841 (1984); J. Rickards, Vacuum 34, 559 (1984).
57. R. T. C. Tsui, Phys. Rev. 168, 107 (1968); I. Abril, A. Gras-Marti, and J. A. Valles-Abarca, Phys. Rev. A 28, 3677 (1983); I. Abril, A. Gras-Marti, and J. A. Valles-Abarca, J. Phys. D 17, 1841 (1984); J. Rickards, Vacuum 34, 559 (1984).
58. R. T. C. Tsui, Phys. Rev. 168, 107 (1968); I. Abril, A. Gras-Marti, and J. A. Valles-Abarca, Phys. Rev. A 28, 3677 (1983); I. Abril, A. Gras-Marti, and J. A. Valles-Abarca, J. Phys. D 17, 1841 (1984); J. Rickards, Vacuum 34, 559 (1984).
59. W. H. Long, Jr., Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory, Report No. AEAPL-TR-79-2038, 1979 (unpublished); H. Chatham and A. Gallagher, J. Appl. Phys. 58, 159 (1985).
60. W. H. Long, Jr., Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory, Report No. AEAPL-TR-79-2038, 1979 (unpublished); H. Chatham and A. Gallagher, J. Appl. Phys. 58, 159 (1985).
61. P. Hartmann, H. Matsuo, Y. Ohtsuka, M. Fukao, M. Kando, and Z. Donkó, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 42, 3633 (2003).
62. B. M. Jelenković and A. V. Phelps, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 43, 1432 (1998).
63. Vacuum grade POCO graphite, Poco Graphite, Inc., 300 Old Greenwood Rd., Decatur, Texas 76234.
64. D. L. Albritton, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 22, 1 (1978).
65. B. M. Jelenković, K. Rózsa, and A. V. Phelps, Phys. Rev. E 47, 2816 (1993).
66. F. J. De Hoog and J. Kasdorp, Physica (Amsterdam) 34, 63 (1967); A. K. Bhattacharya, Phys. Rev. A 13, 1219 (1976); J. Appl. Phys. 50, 6207 (1979).
67. F. J. De Hoog and J. Kasdorp, Physica (Amsterdam) 34, 63 (1967); A. K. Bhattacharya, Phys. Rev. A 13, 1219 (1976); J. Appl. Phys. 50, 6207 (1979).
68. F. J. De Hoog and J. Kasdorp, Physica (Amsterdam) 34, 63 (1967); A. K. Bhattacharya, Phys. Rev. A 13, 1219 (1976); J. Appl. Phys. 50, 6207 (1979).
69. Because of the difficulty in extracting the electron excitation component of the 587.6 nm emission from the sum of the electron and heavy-particle components for the highest E/N of Fig. 3, we have omitted that data from Fig. 4.
70. M. I. Datsiev and Yu. I. Belyakov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 39, 1128 (1969) [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 14, 849 (1969)]; T. D. Madey and J. T. Yates, Jr., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 8, 525 (1971).
71. M. I. Datsiev and Yu. I. Belyakov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 39, 1128 (1969) [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 14, 849 (1969)]; T. D. Madey and J. T. Yates, Jr., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 8, 525 (1971).
72. M. I. Datsiev and Yu. I. Belyakov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 39, 1128 (1969) [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 14, 849 (1969)]; T. D. Madey and J. T. Yates, Jr., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 8, 525 (1971).
73. J. S. Townsend, Electricity in Gases (Clarendon, Oxford, 1915), p. 314.
74. L. B. Loeb, Fundamental Processes of Electrical Discharge in Gases (Wiley, New York, 1939), p. 372.
75. C. B. Opal, W. K. Peterson, and E. C. Beaty, J. Chem. Phys. 55, 4100 (1971).
76. G. W. Stuart and E. Gerjuoy, Phys. Rev. 119, 892 (1960).
77. A. V. Phelps, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 47, 41 (2002) and (unpublished). See Ref. [63] for some He-He results.
78. H. F. Wellenstein and W. W. Robertson, J. Chem. Phys. 56, 1411 (1972).
79. J. D. Jobe and R. M. St. John, Phys. Rev. A 5, 295 (1972).
80. A. V. Phelps, Phys. Rev. 110, 1362 (1958).
81. 1 P atoms lost by this process is g(53.7)A(53.7)/A(501.6) ≈ 0.04. Estimates of the escape factor at higher pressures are difficult because of the transition from natural broadening to collisional or impact broadening in the wings of the line profile. See Ref. [93].
82. J. P. Gauyacq, J. Phys. B 9, 3067 (1976).
83. W. L. Wiese, M. W. Smith, and B. M. Glennon, Atomic Transition Probabilities (U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1966), Vol. 1, p. 11.
84. J.-C. Gauthier, F. Devos, and J.-F. Delpech, Phys. Rev. A 14, 2182 (1976).
85. A. V. Phelps (unpublished). These data are available at ftp://jila.colorado.edu/collision_data. The files /electonneutral/electron.txt, /ionneutral/ionatom.txt and /neutralneutral/atomatom.txt list electron-atom, ion-atom, and atom-atom cross sections.
86. N. Kato, Y. Itikawa, and K. Sakimoto, "Compilation of Excitation Cross Sections for He Atoms by Electron Impact," National Institute for Fusion Science, Research Report No. NIFSDÀTA-15, 1992 (unpublished); T. Kato and R. K. Janev, At. Plasma-Mater. Interact. Data Fusion 3, 33 (1992).
87. N. Kato, Y. Itikawa, and K. Sakimoto, "Compilation of Excitation Cross Sections for He Atoms by Electron Impact," National Institute for Fusion Science, Research Report No. NIFSDÀTA-15, 1992 (unpublished); T. Kato and R. K. Janev, At. Plasma-Mater. Interact. Data Fusion 3, 33 (1992).
88. R. B. Kay and R. H. Hughes, Phys. Rev. 154, 61 (1967).
89. S. Sakabe and Y. Izawa, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 49, 257 (1991).
90. S. Sakabe and Y. Izawa, Phys. Rev. A 45, 2086 (1992).
91. H. B. Gilbody and J. B. Hasted, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 240, 382 (1957).
92. R. Okasaka, Y. Konishi, Y. Sato, and K. Fukuda, J. Phys. B 20, 3771 (1987).
93. P. J. MacVicar-Whelan and W. L. Borst, Phys. Rev. A 1, 314 (1970).
94. N. G. Utterbach, Phys. Rev. Lett. 12, 295 (1964).
95. S. A. Evans and N. F. Lane, Phys. Rev. A 8, 1385 (1973).
96. H. C. Hayden and N. G. Utterback, Phys. Rev. 135, A1575 (1964).
97. O. J. Orient, Can. J. Phys. 43, 422 (1965); A. Békiarian, J. Phys. (France) 29, 434 (1968); S. Pareathumby and P. Segur, Lett. Nuovo Cimente Soc. Ital. Fis. 26, 243 (1979); V. P. Nagorny and P. J. Drallos, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 6, 212 (1997).
98. O. J. Orient, Can. J. Phys. 43, 422 (1965); A. Békiarian, J. Phys. (France) 29, 434 (1968); S. Pareathumby and P. Segur, Lett. Nuovo Cimente Soc. Ital. Fis. 26, 243 (1979); V. P. Nagorny and P. J. Drallos, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 6, 212 (1997).
99. O. J. Orient, Can. J. Phys. 43, 422 (1965); A. Békiarian, J. Phys. (France) 29, 434 (1968); S. Pareathumby and P. Segur, Lett. Nuovo Cimente Soc. Ital. Fis. 26, 243 (1979); V. P. Nagorny and P. J. Drallos, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 6, 212 (1997).
100. O. J. Orient, Can. J. Phys. 43, 422 (1965); A. Békiarian, J. Phys. (France) 29, 434 (1968); S. Pareathumby and P. Segur, Lett. Nuovo Cimente Soc. Ital. Fis. 26, 243 (1979); V. P. Nagorny and P. J. Drallos, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 6, 212 (1997).
101. R. A. Aziz and M. J. Salaman, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 8047 (1991).
102. J. C. Brenot, D. Dhuicq, J. P. Gauyacq, J. Pommier, V. Sidis, M. Barat, and E. Pollack, Phys. Rev. A 11, 1245 (1975).
103. -3 Torr but the effective dimension of the collision region appears to have been much smaller than for Fig. 5. These authors found no dependence of the cross section on pressure and made no imprisonment correction.
104. V. Kempter, G. Riecke, F. Veith, and L. Zehnle, J. Phys. B 9, 3081 (1976).
105. L. S. Frost and A. V. Phelps, Phys. Rev. 127, 1621 (1962).
106. 2+ formation by associative ionization (∼12%), and the reverse excitation transfer (∼8%). The estimated effect of collisions on the apparent line excitation cross section for 501.6 nm is shown by a dashed curve in Fig. 4. This comparison suggests that the use of the data from Ref. [56] in our simplified model overestimates the effects of quenching.
107. + formation by associative ionization as well as excitation transfer. The estimated effect of quenching on the apparent line excitation cross section for 587.6 nm at high pressures is shown by a dashed curve in Fig. 4.
108. Because of a missing record, these transient data are normalized to the steady state data at one point by assuming a 100:1 voltage divider.
109. V. N. Melekhin and N. Yu. Naumov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 54, 1521 (1984) [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 29, 888 (1984)]; V. N. Melekhin, N. Yu. Naumov, and V. Tkackenko, ibid. 57, 454 (1987) [ibid. 32, 274 (1987)].
110. V. N. Melekhin and N. Yu. Naumov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 54, 1521 (1984) [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 29, 888 (1984)]; V. N. Melekhin, N. Yu. Naumov, and V. Tkackenko, ibid. 57, 454 (1987) [ibid. 32, 274 (1987)].
111. V. N. Melekhin and N. Yu. Naumov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 54, 1521 (1984) [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 29, 888 (1984)]; V. N. Melekhin, N. Yu. Naumov, and V. Tkackenko, ibid. 57, 454 (1987) [ibid. 32, 274 (1987)].
112. V. N. Melekhin and N. Yu. Naumov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 54, 1521 (1984) [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 29, 888 (1984)]; V. N. Melekhin, N. Yu. Naumov, and V. Tkackenko, ibid. 57, 454 (1987) [ibid. 32, 274 (1987)].
113. A. V. Phelps, Z. Lj. Petrović, and B. M. Jelenković, Phys. Rev. E 47, 2825 (1993).
114. Z. Lj. Petrović, I. Stefanović, S. Vrhovac, and J. Živkovíc, J. Phys. IV 7, C4-341 (1997).
115. S. Živanov, J. Živković, I. Stefanović, S. Vrhovac, and Z. Lj. Petrović, Eur. Phys. J.: Appl. Phys. 11, 59 (2000).
116. I. D. Kaganovich, M. A. Fedotov, and L. D. Tsendin, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 64, 22 (1994) [Tech. Phys. 39, 241 (1994)].
117. I. D. Kaganovich, M. A. Fedotov, and L. D. Tsendin, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 64, 22 (1994) [Tech. Phys. 39, 241 (1994)].
118. I. Stefanović and Z. Lj. Petrovic, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 36, 4728 (1997).
119. F. M. Penning, Phys. Z. 33, 816 (1932). The helium available to Penning may not have been very pure. Ionization of impurities by metastables has been observed to cause positive voltage-current characteristics at low currents [7].
120. L. G. Guseva, in Investigations into Electrical Discharges in Gases, edited by B. N. Klyarfel'd (Pergamon, New York, 1964), Fig. 3.
121. B. N. Klyarfel'd, L. G. Guseva, and A. S. Pokrovkaya-Soboleva, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 36, 704 (1966) [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 11, 520 (1966)].
122. B. N. Klyarfel'd, L. G. Guseva, and A. S. Pokrovkaya-Soboleva, Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 36, 704 (1966) [Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 11, 520 (1966)].
123. We suspect the small contribution of fast atoms to the production of electrons at the cathode in the model of Ref. [13] at our higher E/N is because of their use of much too large an elastic scattering cross section. They used the measured total cross section of Ref. [94], which is expected to be much too large. We used the much smaller theoretical viscosity cross section calculated by Phelps [63,95].
124. A. F. Molisch and B. P. Oehry, Radiation Trapping in Atomic Vapours (Clarendon, Oxford, 1998), Chap. 18.
125. J. E. Jordan and I. Amdur, J. Chem. Phys. 46, 165 (1967).
126. A. V. Phelps, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 45, 28 (2000).