Mesozoic seed ferns: Old paradigms, new discoveries

Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society

Volumn 133, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 62-82

  Taylor, Edith L ^a   Taylor, Thomas N ^a   Kerp, Hans ^b   Hermsen, Elizabeth J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Antarctica; Caytoniales; Corystospermales; Cretaceous; Gondwana; Jurassic; Peltaspermales; Permineralized peat; Pteridosperms; Seed ferns; Seed plants; Triassic

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY; FERN; FOSSIL RECORD; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; GEOLOGICAL RECORD; MESOZOIC; MORPHOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; POLLEN; TRIASSIC;

ANTARCTICA; ARGENTINA; SOUTH AMERICA; TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS;

CAYTONIACEAE; CORYSTOSPERMALES; FILICOPHYTA; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; PELTASPERMALES; SPERMATOPHYTA;

EID: 33646752767     PISSN: 10955674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[62:MSFOPN]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. ALBERT, V. A., A. BACKLUND, K. BREMER, M. W. CHASE, J. R. MANHART, B. D. MISHLER, AND K. C. NIXON. 1994. Functional constraints and rbcL evidence for land plant phylogeny. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 81: 534-567.
2. ANDERSON, J. M. AND H. M. ANDERSON. 1983. Palaeoflora of Southern Africa: Molteno Formation (Triassic)-Volume 1, Part 1. Introduction, Part 2. Dicroidium. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 227 p.
3. ANDERSON, J. M. AND H. M. ANDERSON. 1985. Palaeoflora of Southern Africa: Prodromus of South African Megafloras Devonian to Lower Cretaceous. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 423 p.
4. ANDERSON, J. M. AND H. M. ANDERSON. 1989. Palaeoflora of Southern Africa: Molteno Formation (Triassic). Volume 2-Gymnosperms (excluding Dicroidium). A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 567 p.
5. ANDERSON, J. M. AND H. M. ANDERSON. 2003. Heyday of the gymnosperms: systematics and biodiversity of the Late Triassic Molteno fructifications. Nat. Bot. Inst., Pretoria, S. Africa. 398 p.
6. ANTEVS, E. 1914. Lepidopteris ottonis (Göpp.) Schimp. and Antholithus zeilleri Nath. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. 51(7): 3-17.
7. ARCHANGELSKY, S. 1963. A new Mesozoic flora from Ticó, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Geol. 8: 45-92.
8. ARCHANGELSKY, S. 1968. Studies on Triassic fossil plants from Argentina. IV. The leaf genus Dicroidium and its possible relation to Rhexoxylon stems. Palaeontology 11: 500-512.
9. ARCHANGELSKY, S. AND D. W. BRETT. 1961. Studies on Triassic fossil plants from Argentina. I. Rhexoxylon from the Ischigualasto Formation. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. 244B: 1-19.
10. ARTABE, A. E., M. BREA, AND A. B. ZAMUNER. 1999. Rhexoxylon brunoi Artabe, Brea et Zamuner, sp. nov., a new Triassic corystosperm from the Paramillo de Uspallata, Mendoza, Argentina. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 105: 63-74.
11. AXSMITH, B. J., E. L. TAYLOR, T. N. TAYLOR AND N. R. CÚNEO. 2000. New perspectives on the Mesozoic seed fern order Corystospermales based on attached organs from the Triassic of Antarctica. Am. J. Bot. 87: 757-768.
12. BALDONI, A. M. 1972. El género Lepidopteris (Pteridosperma) en el Triasico de Argentina. Ameghiniana 9: 1-16.
13. BALDONI, A. M. 1980. Revision de las especies del genero Xylopteris (Corystospermaceae) in el Triásico de Argentina, Australia, y Sudafrica. Ameghiniana 17: 135-155.
14. BALDONI, B. AND G. BARALE. 1996. El género Pachypteris Brongniart emend. Harris en el Jurásico medio de Argentina: consideracion sobre la distribución estratigrafica y geografica. Rev. Esp. Paleont. 11: 134-142.
15. BALME, B. E. 1995. Fossil in situ spores and pollen grains: An annotated catalogue. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 87: 81-323.
16. BANCROFT, N. 1913. Rhexoxylon africanum, a new medullosean stem. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 8: 87-103.
17. BANERJI, J. 1997. Floral change across the Permian-Triassic Boundary in Damodar and Auranga Valleys. Palaeobotanist 46: 97-100.
18. BARALE, G., M. PHILIPPE, T. TORRES, AND F. THÉVENARD. 1995. Reappraisal of the Triassic flora from Williams Point, Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica): Systematical, biostratigraphical and paleogeographical implications. Ser. Cient. Inst. Antárt. Chil. 45: 9-38.
19. BARBACKA, M. 1991. Lepidopteris ottonis (Goepp.) Schimp. and Peltaspermum rotula Harris from the Rhaetian of Poland. Acta Palaeobot. 31: 23-47.
20. BARBACKA, M. 1994. Pachypteris banatica (Humml) Doludenko from Liassic locality in Mecsek Mountains, Hungary. Acta Palaeobot. 34: 5-19.
21. BARBACKA, M. AND K. BÓKA. 2000a. The stomatal ontogeny and structure of the Liassic pteridosperm Sagenopteris (Caytoniales) from Hungary. Int. J. Plant Sci. 161: 149-157.
22. BARBACKA, M. AND K. BÓKA. 2000b. A new early Liassic Caytoniales fructification from Hungary. Acta Palaeobot. 40: 85-111.
23. BARTHEL, M. 2001. Arnhardtia scheibei (Gothan) Haubold & Kerp und andere Rotliegend-Peltaspermaceen. Wege und Irrwege ihrer Erforschung. Hallesches Jahrb. Geowiss. B 23: 1-8.
24. BARTHEL, M. AND H. KOZUR. 1981. Ein Callipteris-Vorkommen im Thüringer Wald. Freiberger Forschungshefte C 363: 27-41.
25. BOSE, M. N. AND BANERJI, J. 1977. The occurrence of Sagenopteris Presl in Kutch, India. Palaeobotanist 26: 226-229.
26. BOSE, M. N., E. L. TAYLOR AND T. N. TAYLOR. 1990. Gondwana floras of India and Antarctica-A survey and appraisal, pp. 118-148. In: T. N. Taylor and E. L. Taylor [eds.], Antarctic paleobiology: Its role in the reconstruction of Gondwana. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
27. BOWE, M. L., G. COAT, AND C. W. DEPAMPHILIS. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 97: 4092-4097.
28. BOYD, A. 1992. Revision of the Late Cretaceous Pautut flora from West Greenland: Gymnospermopsida (Cycadales, Cycadeoidales, Caytoniales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales). Palaeontographica 225B: 105-172.
29. BRETT, D. W. 1968. Studies on Triassic fossil plants from Argentina. III. The trunk of Rhexoxylon. Palaeontology 11: 236-245.
30. BURLEIGH, J. G. AND S. MATHEWS. 2004. Phylogenetic signal in nucleotide data from seed plants: implications for resolving the seed plant tree of life. Am. J. Bot. 91: 1599-1613.
31. CANTRILL, D. J. 2000a. A new macroflora from the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica; evidence of an Early to Middle Jurassic age for the Powell Island Conglomerate. Antarctic Sci. 12: 185-195.
32. CANTRILL, D. J. 2000b. A Cretaceous (Aptian) flora from President Head, Snow Island, Antarctica. Palaeontographica 253B: 153-191.
33. CANTRILL, D. J., A. N. DRINNAN, AND J. A. WEBB. 1995. Late Triassic plant fossils from the Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica. Antarctic Sci. 7: 51-62.
34. CHAW, S.-M., C. L. PARKINSON, Y. CHENG, T. M. VINCENT, AND J. D. PALMER. 2000. Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 97: 4086-4091.
35. CLADERA, G., R. ANDREIS, S. ARCHANGELSKY, AND R. CÚNEO. 2002. Estratigrafía del Grupo Baqueró, Patagonia (provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina). Ameghiniana 39: 3-20.
36. CLEAL, C. J. AND P. M. REES. 2003. The Middle Jurassic flora from Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, UK. Palaeontology 46: 739-801.
37. CLIFFORD, H. T. 1998. First record of Caytonia in Australia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 42: 448.
38. CRANE, P. R. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants and the origin of angiosperms. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 72: 716-793.
39. CÚNEO, N. R., TAYLOR, E. L., TAYLOR, T. N. AND M. KRINGS. 2003. An in situ fossil forest from the upper Fremouw Formation (Triassic) of Antarctica: Paleoenvironmental setting and paleoclimate analysis. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 197: 239-261.
40. DEL FUEYO, G., E. L. TAYLOR, T. N. TAYLOR, AND N. R. CUNEO. 1995. Triassic wood from the Gordon Valley, central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica. IAWA Journal 16: 111-126.
41. DIMICHELE, W. A., H. KERP, AND D. S. CHANEY. 2004. Tropical floras of the Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian transition-Carrizo Arroyo in context, pp. 105-109. In: S. G. Lucas and K. Zeigler [eds.], Carboniferous-Permian transition at Carrizo Arroyo, central New Mexico (New Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 25), Albuquerque, NM.
42. DOBRUSKINA, I. A. 1975. The role of peltaspermacean pteridosperms in Late Permian and Triassic floras. Paleontol. J. 9: 536-549.
43. DOLUDENKO, M. P. 1971. Thinnfeldia, a junior synonym of Pachypteris. Paleontol. J. 5: 230-235.
44. DOLUDENKO, M. P., E. I. KOSTINA, AND V. A. SAMYLINA. 1998. A reconsideration of Pachypteris Brongniart and Thinnfeldia Ettingshausen. Palaeontographica 247B: 55-64.
45. DOWELD, A. B. 2001. Dellephyllum-a new replacement name for Scytophyllum Bornemann, 1856 (Peltaspermophyta). Paleontol. J. 35: 447-449.
46. DOYLE, J. A. 1978. Origin of angiosperms. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 9: 365-392.
47. DOYLE, J. A. 1996. Seed plant phylogeny and the relationships of Gnetales. Int. J. Plant Sci. 157(6 Suppl.): S3-S39.
48. DOYLE, J. A. AND M. J. DONOGHUE. 1986. Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms: an experimental cladistic approach. Bot. Rev. 52: 321-431.
49. DOYLE, J. A. AND M. J. DONOGHUE. 1987. The importance of fossils in elucidating seed plant phylogeny and macroevolution. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 50: 63-96.
50. DOYLE, J. A. AND M. J. DONOGHUE. 1992. Fossils and seed plant phylogeny reanalyzed. Brittonia 44: 89-106.
51. GAUSSEN, H. 1945. Les gymnospermes, actuelles et fossiles. Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse, Tome II, Étud. Dendrologiques., Vol. 1, Fasc. 3.
52. GEE, C. T. 1989. Revision of the Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous flora from Hope Bay, Antarctica. Palaeontographica 213B: 149-214.
53. GNAEDINGER, S. AND R. HERBST. 1998. La flora triásica del Grupo El Tranquilo, Provincia de Santa Cruz (Patagonia). Part IV. Pteridospermae. Ameghiniana 35: 33-52.
54. GNAEDINGER, S. AND R. HERBST. 2001. Pteridospermas triásicas del Norte Chico de Chile. Ameghiniana 38: 281-298.
55. GOMANKOV, A. V. AND S. V. MEYEN. 1979. Members of the family Peltaspermaceae from the Permian of the Russian platform. Paleontol. J. 2: 240-254.
56. GOULD, R. E. AND T. DELEVORYAS. 1977. The biology of Glossopteris: Evidence from petrified seed-bearing and pollen-bearing organs. Alcheringa 1: 387-399.
57. GUERRA-SOMER, M., M. CAZZULO-KLEPZIG, AND R. IANNUZZI. 1999. The Triassic taphoflora of the Paraná Basin, southern Brazil: a biostratigraphic approach. J. Afr. Ear. Sci. 29: 243-255.
58. HARRIS, T. M. 1932. The fossil flora of Scoresby Sound East Greenland. Part 2. Description of seed plants Incertae Sedis together with a discussion of certain cycadophyte cuticles. Medd. om Grønland 85(3): 1-112.
59. HARRIS, T. M. 1937. The fossil flora of Scoresby Sound East Greenland. V. Stratigraphic relations of the plant beds. Medd. om Grønland 112(2): 3-104.
60. HARRIS, T. M. 1940. Caytonia. Ann. Bot. 4: 713-734.
61. HARRIS, T. M. 1964. The Yorkshire Jurassic Flora. II. Caytoniales, Cycadales and Pteridosperms. British Museum (Natural History), London, 191 pp.
62. HARRIS, T. M. 1972. The stem of Caytonia. Geophytology 1(1): 23-29.
63. HARRIS, T. M. 1983. The stem of Pachypteris papillosa (Thomas & Bose) Harris. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 86: 149-159.
64. HERBST, R. 1966. La flora liasica del grupo Pampa de Agnia, Chubut, Patagonia. Ameghiniana 4: 337-347.
65. HERBST, R. AND A. I. LUTZ. 1988. Rhexoxylon brasiliensis n. sp. (Corystospermaceae, Pteridospermales) from the Upper Triassic Caturrita Formation, Brazil, with comments on biology and environment. Med. Rijks Geol. Dienst 42: 21-30.
66. HERBST, R. AND A. I. LUTZ. 1995. Tranquiloxylon petriellai nov. gen. et sp. (Pteridospermales) from the Upper Triassic Laguna Colorado Formation, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Ameghiniana 32: 231-236.
67. HOLMES, W. B. K. 1982. The Middle Triassic flora from Benolong, near Dubbo, central-western New South Wales. Alcheringa 6: 1-33.
68. HOLMES, W. B. K. 1987. New corystosperm ovulate fructifications from the middle Triassic of eastern Australia. Alcheringa 11: 165-173.
69. HOLMES, W. B. K. AND H. M. ANDERSON. 2005. The Middle Triassic megafossil flora of the Basin Creek Formation, Nymboida Coal Measures, New South Wales, Australia, Part 4. Umkomasiaceae. Dicroidium and affiliated fructifications. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 126: 1-37.
70. HOLMES, W. B. K., AND S. R. ASH. 1979. An early Triassic megafossil flora from the Lome Basin, New South Wales. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 103: 47-70.
71. KERP, H. 1996. Post-Variscan Late Palaeozoic Northern Hemisphere gymnosperms: The onset to the Mesozoic. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 90: 263-285.
72. KERP, J. H. F. 1982. Aspects of Permian palaeobotany and palynology. II. On the presence of the ovuliferous organ Autunia milleryensis (Renault) Krasser (Peltaspermaceae) in the Lower Permian of the Nahe area (F.G.R.) and its relationship to Callipteris conferta (Sternberg) Brongniart. Acta Bot. Neerl. 31: 417-427.
73. KERP, J. H. F. 1988. Aspects of Permian palaeobotany and palynology. X. The west- and central European species of the genus Autunia Krasser emend. Kerp (Peltaspermaceae) and the form-genus Rhachiphyllum Kerp (callipterid foliage). Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 54: 249-360.
74. KERP, J. H. F AND H. HAUBOLD. 1988. Aspects of Permian palaeobotany and palynology. VIII. On the reclassification of the west- and central European species of the form-genus Callipteris Brongniart 1849. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 54: 135-150.
75. KERP, H., J. BROUTIN, S. LAUSBERG, AND H. AASSOUMI. 2001. Discovery of the latest Carboniferous-Early Permian radially symmetrical peltaspermaceous megasporophylls from Europe and North Africa. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Sér II 332: 513-519.
76. KIRCHNER, M. AND MüLLER, A. 1992. Umkomasia franconica n. sp. und Pteruchus septentrionalis n. sp., Fruktifikationen von Thinnfeldia Ettingshausen. Palaeontographica 224B: 63-73.
77. KLAVINS, S. D., T. N. TAYLOR, AND E. L. TAYLOR. 2002. Anatomy of Umkomasia (Corystospermales) from the Triassic of Antarctica. Am. J. Bot. 89: 664-676.
78. KRASSILOV, V. A. 1977. Contributions to the knowledge of the Caytoniales. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 24: 155-178.
79. LACEY, W. S. 1976. Further observation on the Molteno flora of Rhodesia. Arnoldia 7: 1-14.
80. LAPASHA, C. A. AND C. N. MILLER. 1985. Flora of the Early Cretaceous Kootenai Formation in Montana, bryophytes and tracheophytes excluding conifers. Palaeontographica 196B: 111-145.
81. LIU, L.-J., AND Z.-Q. YAO. 2000. The earliest Permian Peltaspermum and some gymnospermous seeds from southern border of the Turpan-Hami Basin of Xinjiang, China. Acta Palaeont. Sin. 39(Suppl): 110-118.
82. LOSKE, W. P. 1988. U-Pb isotopic age for detrital zircons from the Williams Point Beds, Livingston Island. Inst. Antartico Chilefto, Ser. Cientif. (INACH) 38: 81-88.
83. LUNDBLAD, B. 1948. On some Caytonia plant remains from the coal mines of Bjuv in Scania (Rhaetic). Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 42: 85-86.
84. LUNDBLAD, A. B. 1950. Studies in the Rhaeto-Liassic floras of Sweden. I. Pteridophyta, Pteridospermae, and Cycadophyta from the mining district of NW Scania. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Avhandl. I Naturskyd. 1(8): 3-82.
85. MACLEOD, S. E. AND L. V. HILLS. 1991. Late Jurassic to early Cretaceous (Tithonian to pre-Altaian) plant macrofossils, northern Bowser basin, British Columbia, Canada. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 70: 9-45.
86. MCLOUGHLIN, S. 1996. Early Cretaceous macrofloras of Western Australia. Rec. W. Austral. Mus. 18: 19-65.
87. MCLOUGHLIN, S., S. LINDSTRöM, AND A. M. DRINNAN. 1997. Gondwanan floristic and sedimentological trends during the Permian-Triassic transition: new evidence from the Amery Group, northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica. Antarctic Sci. 9: 281-298.
88. MEYEN, S. V. 1982. The Carboniferous and Permian floras of Angaraland (a synthesis). Biological Memoirs 7: 1-109.
89. MEYEN, S. V. AND A. V. GOMANKOV. 1980. Peltaspermaceous pteridosperms of the genus Tatarina. Paleontol. J. 2: 104-120.
90. MEYEN, S. V. AND A. V. MIGDISOVA. 1969. Epidermal studies of Callipteris and Compsopteris. In: Pteridospermy Verkhnego Paleozoya I Mezozoya, Akad. Nauk CCCP, Trudy Geol. Inst. 190: 59-84. (in Russian)
91. MEYER-BERTHAUD, B., E. L. TAYLOR, AND T. N. TAYLOR. 1992. Reconstructing the Gondwana seed fern Dicroidium: evidence from the Triassic of Antarctica. Géobios 25: 341-344.
92. MEYER-BERTHAUD, B., E. L. TAYLOR, AND T. N. TAYLOR. 1993. Petrified stems bearing Dicroidium leaves from the Triassic of Antarctica. Palaeontology 36: 337-356.
93. MILLAY, M. A. AND D. A. EGGERT. 1974. Microgametophyte development in the Paleozoic seed fern family Callistophytaceae. Am. J. Bot. 61: 1067-1075.
94. NATHORST, A. G. 1908. Antholithus zeilleri n. Sp., mit noch erhaltenen Pollenkörnern aus den rhätisehen Ablagerungen Schonens (Paläobotanische Mitteilungen 6). K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. 43(6): 20-24.
95. NAUGOLNYKH, S. V. 2001. A new peltaspermaceous pteridosperm from the Upper Permian of the Russian Platform. Palaeobotanist. 50: 189-205.
96. NAUGOLNYKH, S. V., AND H. KERP. 1996. Aspects of Permian palaeobotany and palynology. XV. On the oldest known peltasperms with radially symmetrical ovuliferous discs from the Kungurian (upper-most Lower Permian) of the fore-Urals (Russia). Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 91: 35-62.
97. NIXON, K. C., W. L. CREPET, D. STEVENSON, AND E. M. FRIIS. 1994. A reevaluation of seed plant phylogeny. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 81: 484-533.
98. OLIVER, F. W. AND D. H. SCOTT. 1904. On the structure of the Palaeozoic seed Lagenostoma lomaxi, with a statement of the evidence upon which it is referred to Lyginodendron. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. 197B: 193-247.
99. OSBORN, J. M. 1994. The morphology and ultrastructure of Caytonanthus. Can. J. Bot. 72: 1519-1527.
100. OSBORN, J. M. AND T. N. TAYLOR. 1993. Pollen morphology and ultrastructure of the Corystospermales: permineralized in situ grains from the Triassic of Antarctica. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 79: 205-219.
101. PANT, D. D. AND N. BASU. 1973. Pteruchus indicus sp. nov. from the Triassic of Nidpur, India. Palaeontographica 144B: 11-24.
102. PEDERSEN, K. R. AND E. M. FRIIS. 1986. Caytonanthus pollen from the Lower and Middle Jurassic. In: J. T. Moller [ed.], Twenty-five Years of Geology in Aarhus. Geo Skrifter 24: 255-267.
103. PETRIELLA, B. 1978. La reconstruccion de Dicroidium (Pteridospermopsida, Corystospermaceae). Obra Cent. Mus. La Plata 5: 107-110.
104. PETRIELLA, B. 1979. Sinopsis de las Corystospermaceae (Corystospermales, Pteridospermophyta) de Argentina. I. Hojas. Ameghiniana 16: 81-102.
105. PETRIELLA, B. 1980. Sinopsis de las Corystospermaceae (Corystospermales, Pteridospermophyta) de Argentina. II. Estructuras fértiles. Ameghiniana 17: 168-180.
106. PETRIELLA, B. 1981. Sistemática y vinculaciones de las Corystospermaceae H. Thomas. Ameghiniana 18: 221-234.
107. PETRIELLA, B. 1983. Sinopsis de las Corystospermaceae (Corystospermales, Pteridospermophyta) de la Argentina. III. Troncos y chronoestratigrafía. Ameghiniana 20: 41-46.
108. PIGG, K. B. 1990. Anatomically preserved Dicroidium foliage from the central Transantarctic Mountains. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 66: 129-145.
109. POORT, R. J. AND J. H. F. KERP. 1990. Aspects of Permian palaeobotany and palynology. XI. On the recognition of true peltasperms in the Upper Permian of Western and Central Europe and a reclassification of species formerly included in Peltaspermum Harris. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 63: 197-225.
110. REES, P. M. 1993. Caytoniales in Early Jurassic floras from Antarctica. Géobios 26: 33-42.
111. REES, P. M. AND J. L. SMELLIE. 1989. Cretaceous angiosperms from an allegedly Triassic flora at Williams Point, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands. Antarctic Sci. l: 239-248.
112. REMY, W. 1954. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Rotliegendflora Thüringens. II. Fruktifikationen. Sitzungsb. Deutsch. Akad. Wiss., Kl. Math. Allg. Naturwiss. 1953(3): 1-20.
113. REMY, W., R. REMY, G. A. LEISMAN AND H. HASS. 1980. Der Nachweis von Callipteris flabellifera (Weiss 1879) Zeiller 1898 in Kansas, U.S.A. Arg. Palaeobot. 6: 1-36.
114. RETALLACK, G. J. 1977. Reconstructing Triassic vegetation of eastern Australasia: a new approach for the biostratigraphy of Gondwanaland. Alcheringa 1: 247-277.
115. RETALLACK, G. J. 2002. Lepidopteris callipteroides, an earliest Triassic seed fern of the Sydney Basin, southeastern Australia. Alcheringa 26: 475-500.
116. REYMANÓWNA, M. 1973. The Jurassic flora from Grojec near Kraków in Poland. Part II-Caytoniales and anatomy of Caytonia. Acta Palaeobot. 14: 46-87.
117. ROSELT, G. 1962. Untersuchungen zur Gattung Callipteris. I. Callipteris scheibei Gothan, Aufbau und Habitus des ganzen Gewächses sowie stratigraphisches und geographisches Vorkommen. II. Callipterianthus arnhardtii n.gen., n.sp., die erste durch Zusammenhang erwiesene Callipteris- Fruktifikation. Freiberger Forschungshefte C 131: 1-81.
118. ROTHWELL, G. W. 1977. Evidence for a pollination-drop mechanism in Paleozoic pteridosperms. Science 198: 1251-1252.
119. ROTHWELL, G. W. AND R. SERBET. 1994. Lignophyte phylogeny and the evolution of the spermatophytes: a numerical cladistic analysis. Syst. Bot. 19: 443-482.
120. RYDIN, C., M. KäLLERSJö, AND E. M. FRIIS. 2002. Seed plant relationships and the systematic position of Gnetales based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA: conflicting data, rooting problems, and the monophyly of conifers. Int. J. Pl. Scis. 163: 197-214.
121. SCHENK, A. 1867. Die fossile Flora der Grenzschichten des Keupers und Lias Frankens. Kreidel, Wiesbaden, 232 pp. + Atlas.
122. SEWARD, A. C. AND R. E. HOLTTUM. 1921. On a collection of fossil plants from southern Rhodesia. Geol. Surv. Rhod. Bull. 8(2): 39-45.
123. SOLTIS, D. E., P. S. SOLTIS, AND M. J. ZANIS. 2002. Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes. Am. J. Bot. 89: 1670-1681.
124. STEWART, W. N. AND G. W. ROTHWELL. 1993. Paleobotany and the evolution of plants, second edition. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, NY. 521 p.
125. TAYLOR, E. L. 1992. The occurrence of a Rhexoxylon-like stem from Antarctica. Cour. Forsch. Senck. 147: 183-189.
126. TAYLOR, E. L. 1996. Enigmatic gymnosperms? Structurally preserved Permian and Triassic seed ferns from Antarctica. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 90: 303-318.
127. TAYLOR, E. L. AND T. N. TAYLOR. 1993. Fossil tree rings and paleoclimate from the Triassic of Antarctica. In: S. G. Lucas and M. Morales [eds.], The Nonmarine Triassic, New Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 3: 453-455.
128. TAYLOR, E. L., T. N. TAYLOR AND J. W. COLLINSON. 1989. Depositional setting and paleobotany of Permian and Triassic permineralized peat from the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica. Int. J. Coal Geol. 12: 657-659.
129. TAYLOR, E. L., T. N. TAYLOR AND N. R. CÚNEO. 2000. Permian and Triassic high latitude paleoclimates: Evidence from fossil biota, pp. 321-350. In: B. T. Huber, K. G. MacLeod, and S. L. Wing [eds.], Warm Climates in Earth History. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
130. TAYLOR, T. N. AND S. ARCHANGELSKY. 1985. The Cretaceous pteridosperms Ruflorinia and Ktalenia and implications on cupule and carpel evolution. Am. J. Bot. 72: 1842-1863.
131. TAYLOR, T. N., AND E. L. TAYLOR. 1987. An unusual gymnospermous reproductive organ of Triassic age. Antarc. J. U.S. 22(5): 29-30.
132. TAYLOR, T. N. AND E. L. TAYLOR. 1993. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 982 p.
133. TAYLOR, T. N., M. A. CICHAN AND A. M. BALDONI. 1984. The ultrastructure of Mesozoic pollen: Pteruchus dublus (Thomas) Townrow. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 41: 319-327.
134. TAYLOR, T. N., G. M. DEL FUEYO AND E. L. TAYLOR. 1994. Permineralized seed fern cupules from the Triassic of Antarctica: implications for cupule and carpel evolution. Am. J. Bot. 81: 666-677.
135. THOMAS, H. H. 1925. The Caytoniales, a new group of angiospermous plants from the Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 213B: 299-363.
136. THOMAS, H. H. 1933. On some pteridospermous plants from the Mesozoic rocks of South Africa. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 222B: 193-265.
137. THOMAS, H. H. 1954. The plant on which the genus Pachypteris was founded. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 48: 316-324.
138. TOWNROW, J. A. 1956. The genus Lepidopteris and its Southern Hemisphere species. Avhandl. u. Norske Videns.-Akad. I Oslo, I. Mat.-Natur. Kl. 2: 3-28.
139. TOWNROW, J. A. 1957. On Dicroidium, probably a pteridospermous leaf, and other leaves now removed from this genus. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Africa 60: 21-60.
140. TOWNROW, J. A. 1960. The Peltaspermaceae, a pteridosperm family of Permian and Triassic age. Palaeontology 3: 333-361.
141. TOWNROW, J. A. 1962. On Pteruchus, a microsporophyll of the Corystospermaceae. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Geol. 6: 289-320.
142. TOWNROW, J. A. 1965. A new member of the Corystospermaceae Thomas. Ann. Bot. 29: 495-511.
143. VASILEVSKAYA, N. D. 1987. A new Upper Triassic representative of the peltaspermic pteridosperms from Vest Spitsbergen Island. Paleontol. J. 2: 129-131.
144. VILLAR DE SEOANE, L. 2000. Ruflorinia papillosa sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Palaeontographica 255B: 79-85.
145. WALTON, J. 1923. On Rhexoxylon, Bancroft-a Triassic genus of plants exhibiting a liane-type of vascular organisation. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. 212B: 79-109.
146. WALTON, J. 1925. On some South African fossil woods. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 22: 1-26.
147. WALTON, J. A. 1956. Rhexoxylon and Dadoxylon from the Lower Shire Region of Nyasaland and Portuguese East Africa. Col. Geol. Min. Res. 6: 159-168.
148. WANG, ZIQIANG. 1997. Permian Supaia fronds and an associated Autunia fructification from Shanxi, China. Palaeontology 40: 245-277.
149. YAO, X., T. N. TAYLOR AND E. L. TAYLOR. 1995. The permineralized corystosperm pollen organ Pteruchus from the Triassic of Antarctica. Am. J. Bot. 82: 535-546.
150. ZAMUNER, A. B. AND A. E. ARTABE. 1990. El genero Scytophyllum Bornemann 1856 (Familia Peltaspemaceae Thomas), un nuevo representante de la flora Triásica de Argentina. Rev. Mus. la Plata (N.S.), Sec. Paleontol. 9: 131-141.
151. ZAVADA, M. S. AND W. L. CREPET. 1985. Pollen wall ultrastructure of the type material of Pteruchus africanus, P. dubius and P. papillatus. Pollen et Spores 27: 271-276.