Phylogenetic relationships of southern african geckos in the pachydactylus group (squamata: Gekkonidae)

Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 105-129

  Bauer, Aaron M ^a   Lamb, Trip ^b  

^a VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biogeography; Chondrodactylus; Colopus; Elasmodactylus; Gekkonidae; Pachydactylus; Palmatogecko; Phylogeny; Taxonomy

Indexed keywords

CHONDRODACTYLUS; CHONDRODACTYLUS ANGULIFER; COLOPUS; COLOPUS WAHLBERGII; CORDYLIDAE; GEKKONIDAE; PACHYDACTYLUS; PACHYDACTYLUS BIBRONII; PACHYDACTYLUS KOCHII; PACHYDACTYLUS NAMAQUENSIS; PACHYDACTYLUS TETENSIS; PACHYDACTYLUS TUBERCULOSUS; PALMATOGECKO; SCORPIONES; SQUAMATA;

EID: 33646750712     PISSN: 04416651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2005.9635525     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Arnold, E. N., 1991. Relationships of South African lizards assigned to Aporosaura, Meroles and Pedioplanis (Reptilia:Lacertidae). J. Nat. Hist., 25:783–807.
2. Axelrod, D. I., and Raven, P. H., 1978. “ Late Cretaceous and Tertiary vegetation history of Africa ”. In Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa, Edited by:Werger, M. J. A., and van Bruggen, A. C., 79–130. The Hague, The Netherlands:Dr W. Junk Publishers.
3. Barnard, P., Brown, C. J., Jarvis, A. M., Robertson, A., and Van Rooyen, L., 1998. Extending the Namibian protected area network to safeguard hotspots of endemism and diversity. Biodiv. Conserv., 7:531–547.
4. Bauer, A. M., 1990. “ Phylogeny and biogeography of the geckos of southern Africa and the islands of the western Indian Ocean:a preliminary analysis ”. In Vertebrates in the Tropics, Edited by:Peters, G., and Hutterer, R., 275–284. Bonn, Germany:Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig.
5. Bauer, A. M., 1993. “ African-South American relationships:a perspective from the Reptilia ”. In Biological Relationships Between Africa and South America, Edited by:Goldblatt, P., 245–288. New Haven, USA:Yale University Press.
6. Bauer, A. M., 1999. Evolutionary scenarios in the Pachydactylus-group geckos of southern Africa:new hypotheses. Afr. J. Herpetol., 48:53–62.
7. Bauer, A. M., and Branch, W. R., 1995. Geographic variation in western populations of the Pachydactylus punctatus complex (Reptilia:Gekkonidae). Trop. Zool., 8:69–84.
8. Bauer, A. M., and Das, I., 1998. A new Cnemaspis (Reptilia:Gekkonidae) from southeastern Thailand. Copeia, 1998:439–444.
9. Bauer, A. M., and Good, D. A., 1996. Phylogenetic sys-tematics of the day geckos, genus Rhoptropus (Reptilia:Gekkonidae), of south-western Africa. J. Zool. Lond, 238:635–663.
10. Bauer, A. M., and Lamb, T., 2001. A reconsideration of the systematic status of Rhoptropus bradfieldi diporus Haacke 1965. Afr. J. Herpetol., 50:71–78.
11. Bauer, A. M., and Lamb, T., 2002. Phylogenetic relationships among members of the Pachydactylus capen-sis group of southern African geckos. Afr. Zool., 37:209–220.
12. Bauer, A. M., and Lamb, T., 2003. A new species of the Pachydactylus weberi group (Reptilia:Squamata:Gekkonidae) from the Waterberg Plateau, Namibia. Cimbebasia, 19:1–12.
13. Bauer, A. M., and Russell, A. P., 1991. Pedal specializations in dune-dwelling geckos. J. Arid. Envir., 20:43–62.
14. Bauer, A. M., Branch, W. R., and Haacke, W. D., 1993. The herpetofauna of the Kamanjab area and adjacent Damaraland, Namibia. Madoqua, 18:117–145.
15. Bauer, A. M., Lamb, T., and Branch, W. R., 2002. A revision of Pachydactylus scutatus (Reptilia:Squamata:Gekkonidae) with the description of a new species from northern Namibia. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 53:23–36.
16. Bauer, A. M., Russell, A. P., and Shadwick, R. E., 1989. Mechanical properties and morphological correlates of fragile skin in gekkonid lizards. J. Exp. Biol., 145:79–102.
17. Bauer, A. M., Russell, A. P., and Shadwick, R. E., 1993. Skin mechanics and morphology of two species of Pachydactylus (Reptilia:Gekkonidae). S. Afr. J. Zool., 28:192–197.
18. Benyr, G., 1995. Systematik und Taxonomie der Geckos des Pachydactylus bibronii-laevigatus Komplexes (Reptilia:Squamata:Gekkonidae), Diplomarbeit, Universität Wien.
19. Bickham, J. W., Lamb, T., Minx, P., and Patton, J. C., 1996. Molecular systematics of the genus Clemmys and the intergeneric relationships of emydid turtles. Herpetologica, 52:89–97.
20. Branch, W. R., 1998. Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa, 3rd ed., Cape Town:Struik Publishers.
21. Branch, W. R., Bauer, A. M., and Good, D. A., 1996. A review of the Namaqua gecko, Pachydactylus namaquensis (Reptilia:Gekkonidae) from southern Africa, with the description of two new species. S. Afr. J. Zool., 31:53–69.
22. Broadley, D. G., 1977. A review of the northeastern forms of the Pachydactylus capensis complex (Sauria:Gekkonidae). Arnoldia (Rhodesia), 8(18):1–19.
23. Broadley, D. G., 1978. A revision of the genus Platysaurus A. Smith (Sauria:Cordylidae). Occas. Pap. Natl. Mus. Rhodesia B, Nat. Sci., 6:129–185.
24. Broadley, D. G., 2003. Pachydactylus katanganus de Witte 1953, a species endemic to the Upemba National Park (Sauria:Gekkonidae). Afr. J. Herpetol., 52:69–70.
25. Broadley, D.G., and Cotterill, F. P. D., 2004. The reptiles of southeast Katanga, an overlooked ‘hot spot.’. Afr. J. Herpetol., 53:35–61.
26. Brygoo, E. R., 1990. Les types de Gekkonidés (Reptiles, Sauriens) du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. Catalogue critique. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist, nat., Paris, 4e sér, 12, sect. A,:19–141. suppl.
27. Carranza, S., Arnold, E. N., Mateo, J. A., and Geniez, P., 2002. Relationships and evolution of the North African geckos, Geckonia and Tarentola (Reptilia:Gekkonidae), based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 23:244–256.
28. Cotterill, F.P.D., Ecology and Conservation of Small Antelope. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Duiker and Dwarf Antelope in Africa. Geomorphological influence on vicariant evolution in some African mammals in the Zambezi Basin:some lessons for conservation, Edited by:Plowman, A.B., pp. 1–26. Fürth, Germany:Filander Verlag.
29. Crowe, T. M., 1990. “ A quantitative analysis of patterns of distribution, species richness and endemism in southern African vertebrates ”. In Vertebrates in the Tropics, Edited by:Peters, G., and Hutterer, R., 145–160. Bonn, Germany:Zoologiches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Koenig.
30. Daniels, S. R., Heideman, N., Hendricks, M., and Wilson, B., 2002. A molecular phylogeny for the South African limbless lizard taxa of the subfamily Acontinae (Sauria:Scincidae) with special emphasis on relationships within Acontias. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 24:315–323.
31. Daniels, S. R., le, P., Mouton, F. N., and Du Toit, D. A., 2004. Molecular data suggest that melanistic ectotherms at the south-western tip of Africa are the products of Miocene climatic events:evidence from cordylid lizards. J. Zool., London, 263:373–383.
32. Deacon, H. J., and Lancaster, N., 1988. Late Quaternary Palaeoenvironments of Southern Africa, Oxford, UK:Clarendon Press.
33. De Dapper, M., Dardis, G. F., and Moon, B. P., 1988. “ Geomorphology of the sand-covered plateaux in southern Shaba, Zaire ”. In Geomorphological Studies in Southern Africa, 115–135. Rotterdam, The Netherlands:A. A. Balkema.
34. deMenocal, P. B., 2004. African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene-Pleistocene. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 220:3–24.
35. Erasmus, B. F. N., Van Jaarsveld, A. S., Chown, S. L., Kshatriya, M., and Wessels, K. J., 2002. Vulnerability of South African animal taxa to climate change. Global Change Biol., 8:679–693.
36. FitzSimons, V. F., 1943. The lizards of South Africa. Mem. Transvaal Mus., 1:i–xv. 1–528. pls. I-XXIV, 1 folding map
37. FitzSimons, V. F., 1959. Some new reptiles from southern Africa and southern Angola. Ann. Transvaal Mus., 23:405–409.
38. Frost, D., Janies, D., Le, P., Mouton, F. N., and Titus, T., 2001. A molecular perspective on the phylogeny of the girdled lizards (Cordylidae, Squamata). Amer. Mus. Novit.,:1–10.
39. Gascon, C., Malcolm, J. R., Patton, J. L., da Silva, M. N. F., Bogart, J. P., Lougheed, S. C., Peres, C. A., Neckel, S., and Boag, P. T., 2000. Riverine barriers and the geographic distribution of Amazonian species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97:13672–13677.
40. Griffin, M., 2000. The species diversity, distribution and conservation of Namibian reptiles:a review. J. Namib. Wiss. Ges., 48:116–141.
41. Gordon, D. H., and Griffin, M., Genetic divergence and speciation in a Namib sand sea lizard, Aporosaura anchietae. Abstracts and Programme, Dunes ‘89 Meeting. August14–171989, Swakopmund, Namibia. pp. 47
42. Groth, J. G., and Barrowclough, G. F., 1999. Basal divergences in birds and the phylogenetic utility of the nuclear RAG-1 gene. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 12:115–123.
43. Haacke, W. D., 1968. Ataxonomic and ecological study of the burrowing geckos of southern Africa, University of Pretoria. M.Sc. thesis
44. Haacke, W. D., 1976a. The burrowing geckos of southern Africa, 2 (Reptilia:Gekkonidae). Ann. Transvaal Mus., 30:13–28. pl. 1
45. Haacke, W. D., 1976b. The burrowing geckos of southern Africa, 3 (Reptilia:Gekkonidae). Ann. Transvaal Mus., 30:29–39. pls. 2–3
46. Haacke, W. D., 1976c. The burrowing geckos of southern Africa, 4 (Reptilia:Gekkonidae). Ann. Transvaal Mus., 30:53–70. pls. 4–8
47. Haacke, W. D., 1976d. The burrowing geckos of southern Africa, 5 (Reptilia:Gekkonidae). Ann. Transvaal Mus., 30:71–89.
48. Haacke, W. D., 1982. “ Distribution patterns of reptiles as indicators of geomorphological events in the Namib Desert ”. In Palaeoecology of Africa and the Surrounding Islands, Edited by:Coetzee, J. A., and van Zinderen Bakker, E. M., 225–226. Rotterdam, The Netherlands:A.A. Balkema.
49. Haacke, W. D., 1984. The herpetology of the southern Kalahari domain. Koedoe, Suppl., 1984:171–186.
50. Harris, D. J., Arnold, E. N., and Thomas, R. H., 1998. Rapid speciation, morphological evolution, and adaptation to extreme environments in South African sand lizards (Meroles) as revealed by mito-chondrial gene sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 10:37–48.
51. Hewitt, J., 1926. Some new or little known reptiles and batrachians from southern Africa. Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 20:473–490. pls. XLIV-XLV
52. Huelsenbeck, J. P., and Ronquist, F. R., 2001. MRBAYES:Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics, 17:754–755.
53. Humphries, C. J., and Parenti, L. R., 1999. Cladistic Biogeography., 2nd edition, Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
54. Irish, J., 1994. The biomes of Namibia, as determined by objective categorisation. Navors. Nas. Mus. Bloemfontein, 10:549–592.
55. Irish, J., 2002. “ Namibian mountains:biodiversity potential based on topography ”. In Report to the Mountain Working Group of the National Biodiversity Task Force 42Windhoek
56. Jacobsen, N.H.G., 1994. The Platysaurus intermedius complex (Sauria:Cordylidae) in the Transvaal, South Africa, with descriptions of three new taxa. S. Afr. J. Zool., 29:132–143.
57. Joger, U., The African gekkonine radiation - preliminary phylogenetic results based on quantitative immunological comparisons of serum albumins. Proceedings of the International Symposium on African Vertebrates. Edited by:Schuchmann, K.-L., pp. 479–494. Bonn, Germany:Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig.
58. Johns, G. C., and Avise, J. C., 1998. A comparative summary of genetic distances in the vertebrates from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Mol. Biol. Evol., 15:1481–1490.
59. Jürgens, N., 1991. A new approach to the Namib Region. I:Phytogeographic subdivision. Vegetatio, 97:21–38.
60. Kluge, A. G., 2001. Gekkotan lizard taxonomy. Hamadryad, 26:1–209.
61. Kluge, A. G., and Nussbaum, R. A., 1995. A review of African-Madagascan gekkonid lizard phylogeny and biogeography (Squamata). Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,:1–20.
62. Lamb, T., and Bauer, A. M., 2000. Relationships of the Pachydactylus rugosus group of geckos (Reptilia:Squamata:Gekkonidae). Afr. Zool., 35:55–67.
63. Lamb, T., and Bauer, A. M., 2001. Mitochondrial phylogeny of Namib day geckos (Rhoptropus) based on cytochrome b and 16S rRNA sequences. Copeia, 2001:775–780.
64. Lamb, T., and Bauer, A. M., 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the large-bodied members of the African lizard genus Pachydactylus (Reptilia:Gekkonidae). Copeia, 2002:586–596.
65. Lamb, T., and Bauer, A. M., 2003. Meroles revisited:complementary systematic inference from additional mitochondrial genes and complete taxon sampling. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 29:360–364.
66. Lamb, T., and Bauer, A. M., in press. Footprints in the sand:independent reduction of subdigital lamellae in the Kalahari-Namib burrowing geckos. Proc. Roy. Soc. B.
67. Lamb, T., Meeker, A. M., Bauer, A. M., and Branch, W. R., 2003. On the systematic status of the desert plated lizard (Angolosaurus skoogi):phylogenetic inference from DNA sequence analysis of the African Gerrhosauridae. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 78:253–261.
68. Linder, H. P., 2001. On areas of endemism, with an example from the African Restionaceae. Syst. Biol., 50:892–912.
69. Loveridge, A., 1947. Revision of the African lizards of the family Gekkonidae. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 98:1–469. pls. 1–7
70. Maggs, G. L., Craven, P., and Kolberg, H. H., 1998. Plant species richness, endemism, and genetic resources in Namibia. Biodiv. Conserv., 7:435–446.
71. Matthee, C. A., and Flemming, A. F., 2002. Population fragmentation in the southern rock agama, Agama atra:more evidence for vicariance in southern Africa. Mol. Ecol., 11:465–471.
72. Matthee, C.A., Tilbury, C. R., and Townsend, T., 2004. A phylogenetic review of the African leaf chameleons:genus Rhampholeon (Chamael-eonidae):the role of vicariance and climate change in speciation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 271:1967–1975.
73. McLachlan, G. R., and Spence, J. M., 1966. The genus Pachydactylus (Part 1). Ann. Cape Prov. Mus., 5:149–156.
74. Meyer, A., Kocher, T. D., Basasibwaki, P., and Wilson, A. C., 1990. Monophyletic origin of Lake Victoria cichlid fishes suggested by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Nature, 347:550–553.
75. Michels, J. P., and Bauer, A. M., 2004. Some corrections to the scientific names of amphibians and reptiles. Bonn. Zool. Beitr., 52:83–94.
76. Midgley, G. F., Hannah, L., Millar, D., Thuiller, W., and Booth, A., 2003. Developing regional and species-level assessments of climate change impacts on biodiversity in the Cape Floristic Region. Biol. Conserv., 112:87–97.
77. Moon, B. P., and Dardis, G. F., 1988. The Geomorphol-ogy of Southern Africa, Johannesburg:Southern Book Publishers.
78. Mouton, P. le F. N., and Van Wyk, H., 1994. Taxonomic status of geographic isolates in the Cordylus minor complex (Reptilia:Cordylidae):a description of three new species. J. Herpetol. Assoc. Afr., 43:6–18.
79. Palumbi, S. R., Martin, A., Romano, S., McMillan, W. O., Stice, L., and Grabowski, G., 1991. The Simple Fool's Guide to PCR, Version 2, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA:S. R. Palumbi, Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii.
80. Peters, W. C. H., 1869. Über neue Gattungen und Arten von Eidechsen. Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,:57–66. 1869, 1 pl
81. Posada, D., and Crandall, K. A., 1998. MODELTEST:testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics, 14:817–818.
82. Prendini, L., 2000. “ Chelicerata (Scorpiones) ”. In Dâures - Biodiversity of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia, Cimbebasia Mem. 9 Edited by:Kirk-Spriggs, A. H., and Marais, E., 109–120. Windhoek, Namibia:Nat. Mus. Namibia.
83. Prendini, L., 2001a. Phylogeny of Parabuthus (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Zool. Scripta, 30:13–35.
84. Prendini, L., 2001b. “ Substratum specialization and speciation in southern African scorpions:the Effect Hypothesis revisited ”. In Scorpions 2001:In Memoriam Gary A. Polis, Edited by:Fet, V., and Selden, P. A., 113–138. Manchester, UK:British Arachnological Society.
85. Prendini, L., 2003. Revision of the genus Lisposoma Lawrence, 1928 (Scorpiones:Bothriuridae). Insect Syst. Evol., 34:241–264.
86. Prendini, L., 2004. The systematics of southern African Parabuthus Pocock (Scorpiones, Buthidae):revisions to the taxonomy and key to the species. J. Arachnol., 32:109–186.
87. Prendini, L., Crowe, T. M., and Wheeler, W. C., 2003. Systematics and biogeography of the family Scorpionidae (Chelicerata:Scorpiones), with a discussion on phylogenetic methods. Invert. Syst., 17:185–259.
88. Russell, A. P., 1972. The foot of gekkonid lizards:a study in comparative and functional anatomy, University of London. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis
89. Russell, A. P., 1976. “ Some comments concerning interrelationships amongst gekkonine geckos ”. In Morphology and Biology of Reptiles, Edited by:Bellairs, A. d'A., and Cox, C. B., 217–244. London, UK:Academic Press.
90. Russell, A. P., and Bauer, A. M., 1990. Substrate excavation in the Namibian web-footed gecko, Palmatogecko rangei Andersson 1908, and its ecological significance. Trop. Zool., 3:197–207.
91. Sclater, W. L., 1898. List of the reptiles and amphibians of South Africa, with descriptions of new species. Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 1:95–111.
92. Scott, I. A. W., Keogh, J. S., and Whiting, M. J., 2004. Shifting sands and shifty lizards:molecular phy-logeny and biogeography of African flat lizards (Platysaurus). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 31:618–629.
93. Shimodaria, H., and Hasegawa, M., 1999. Multiple comparisons of log-likelihoods with applications to phylogenetic inference. Mol. Biol. Evol., 16:1114–1116.
94. Siesser, W. G., 1978. “ Aridification of the Namib Desert:evidence from oceanic cores ”. In Antarctic Glacial History and World Palaeoenvironments, Edited by:van Zinderen Bakker, E.M., 105–113. Rotterdam, The Netherlands:A. A. Balkema.
95. Siesser, W. G., 1980. Late Miocene origin of the Benguela upwelling system off northern Namibia. Science, 208:283–285.
96. Simmons, R. E., Griffin, M., Griffin, R. E., Marais, E., and Kolberg, H., 1998. Endemism in Namibia:patterns, processes and predictions. Biodiv. Conserv., 7:513–530.
97. Spawls, S., Howell, K., Drewes, R., and Ashe, J., 2002. A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa, Princeton, USA:Princeton University Press.
98. Steyn, W., and Haacke, W. D., 1966. A new webfooted gekko (Kaokogecko vanzyli gen. et. sp. nov.) from the north-western South West Africa. Cimbebasia, 18:1–23.
99. Steyn, W., and Mitchell, A. J. L., 1967. Two new gekkos from South West Africa. Cimbebasia, 21:9–21.
100. Stokes, S., Thomas, D. S. G., and Washington, R., 1997. Multiple episodes of aridity in southern Africa since the last interglacial period. Nature, 388:154–158.
101. Swofford, D. L., 2002. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and other methods), v. 4b10, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA:Sinauer.
102. Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., and Higgins, D. G., 1997. The CLUSTAL X windows interface:flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res., 24:4876–4882.
103. Tolley, K.A., Tilbury, C. R., Branch, W. R., and Matthee, C. A., 2004. Phylogenetics of the southern African dwarf chameleons, Bradypodion (Squamata:Chamaeleonidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 30:354–365.
104. Tyson, P. D., 1986. Climatic Change and Variability in Southern Africa, Cape Town:Oxford University Press.
105. van Wyk, A.E., and Smith, G. F., 2001. Regions of Floristic Endemism in Southern Africa, Hatfield, South Africa:Umdaus Press.
106. Volk, O. H., 1966. Die Florengebiete von Südwestafrika. J. Südwest Afr. Wiss. Ges., 20:25–58.
107. Ward, J. D., and Corbett, I., 1990. “ Towards an age for the Namib ”. In Namib Ecology:25 Years of Namib Research, Trans. Mus. Monog. No. 7 Edited by:Seely, M.K., 17–26. Pretoria:Transvaal Museum.
108. Ward, J. D., Seely, M. K., and Lancaster, N., 1983. On the antiquity of the Namib. S. Afr. J. Sci., 79:175–183.
109. Wermuth, H., 1965. Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien, Gekkonidae, Pygopodidae, Xantusiidae, Das Tierreich 80 Berlin, Germany:Walter de Gruyter.
110. Whiting, A., Bauer, A. M., and Sites, J. W., Jr. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships and limb loss in sub-Saharan African scincine lizards (Squamata:Scincidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 29:582–598.
111. Woodruff, F., Savin, S. M., and Douglas, R. G., 1981. Miocene stable isotope record:a detailed deep Pacific Ocean study and its paleoclimatic implications. Science, 212:665–668.