Pharmaco-EEG in psychiatry

Clinical EEG and Neuroscience

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 81-98

  Mucci, Armida ^a   Volpe, Umberto ^a   Merlotti, Eleonora ^a   Bucci, Paola ^a   Galderisi, Silvana ^a  

^a SECOND UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antipsychotics; Drug Monitoring; Electroencephalography; Pharmaco EEG; Psychiatric Disorders; Psychotropic Drugs; Recreational Drugs; Response Prediction

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; AMISULPRIDE; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CHLORPROMAZINE; CLOPENTHIXOL; CLOZAPINE; DESIPRAMINE; FLUPHENAZINE; HALOPERIDOL; IMIPRAMINE; LITHIUM; LOXAPINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NOOTROPIC AGENT; NORTRIPTYLINE; OLANZAPINE; PEROSPIRONE; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; QUETIAPINE; RECREATIONAL DRUG; REMOXIPRIDE; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG;

CLINICAL TRIAL; DELIRIUM; DRUG CLASSIFICATION; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SCREENING; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; GRAND MAL SEIZURE; HAND TREMOR; HUMAN; LETHARGY; LOW DRUG DOSE; MENTAL DISEASE; METHODOLOGY; MYOCLONUS; NEUROTOXICITY; PHARMACOELECTROENCAPHALOGRAPY; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; PSYCHOSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEIZURE; SINGLE DRUG DOSE;

EID: 33646571169     PISSN: 00099155     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/155005940603700206     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Ott H. Proof of safety of drugs, alone or in combination, with the use of EEG and EP. In: Krijzer F, Herrmann WM, (eds). Advances in Pharmaco-EEG: Practical and Theoretical Considerations in Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Berlin: International Pharmaco-EEG Group; 1996:162-170.
2. Barbanoj MJ, Valle M, Kulisevsky J, Perez V, Gambus P. Uses of pharmaco-EEG and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling in the clinical scenario. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2002; 24 (suppl D): 139-144.
3. Itil TM, Soldatos C. Epileptogenic side effects of psychotropic drugs: practical recommendations. JAMA 1980; 244: 1460-1463.
4. Devinsky O, Honigfeld G, Patin J. Clozapine-related seizures. Neurology 1991; 41: 369-371.
5. Liukkonen J, Koponen HJ, Nousiainen U. Clinical picture and long-term course of epileptic seizures that occur during clozapine treatment. Psychiatry Res 1992; 44: 107-112.
6. Welch J, Manschreck T, Redmond D. Clozapine-induced seizures and EEG changes. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994; 6: 250-256.
7. Umbricht D, Kane JM. Medical complications of new antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Bull 1996; 22: 475-483.
8. Wyderski RJ, Starrett WG, Abou-Saif A. Fatal status epilepticus associated with olanzapine therapy. Ann Pharmacother 1999; 33: 787-789.
9. Koukkou M, Angst J, Zimmer D. Paroxysmal EEG activity and psychopathology during treatment with clozapine. Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol 1979; 12: 173-183.
10. Guenther W, Baghai T, Naber D, Spatz R, Hippius H. EEG alterations and seizures during treatment with clozapine: retrospective study of 283 patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 1993; 26: 69-74.
11. Silvestri RC, Bromfield EB, Khoshbin S. Clozapine-induced seizures and EEG abnormalities in ambulatory psychiatric patients. Ann Pharmacother 1998; 32: 1147-1151.
12. Schuld A, Kuhn M, Haack M, Kraus T, Hinze-Selch D, Lechner C, Pollmacher T. A comparison of the effects of clozapine and olanzapine on the EEG in patients with schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000; 33: 109-111.
13. Centorrino F, Price BH, Tuttle M, Bahk WM, Hennen J, Albert MJ, Baldessarini RJ. EEG abnormalities during treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 109-115.
14. Amann BL, Pogarell O, Mergl R, Juckel G, Grunze H, Mulert C, Hegerl U. EEG abnormalities associated with antipsychotics: a comparison of quetiapine, olanzapine, haloperidol and healthy subjects. Hum Psychopharmacol 2003; 18: 641-646.
15. Pogarell O, Juckel G, Mulert C, Amann B, Moller HJ, Hegerl U. EEG abnormalities under treatment with atypical antipsychotics: effects of olanzapine and amisulpride as compared to haloperidol. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004; 37: 304-305.
16. Hedges D, Jeppson K, Whitehead P. Antipsychotic medication and seizures: a review. Drugs Today 2003; 39: 551-557.
17. Haring C, Neudorfer C, Schwitzer J, Hummer M, Saria A, Hinterhuber H, Fleischhacker WW. EEG alterations in patients treated with clozapine in relation to plasma levels. Psychopharmacology 1994; 114: 97-100.
18. Freudenreich O, Weiner RD, McEvoy JP. Clozapine-induced electroencephalogram changes as a function of clozapine serum levels. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 42: 132-137.
19. Stevens JR. Clozapine: the yin and yang of seizure psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 37: 425-426.
20. Wilson WH. Do anticonvulsants hinder clozapine treatment? Biol Psychiatry 1995; 37: 132-133.
21. Fink M. EEG changes with antipsychotic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1439.
22. Wetzel H, Szegedi A, Hain C, Wiesner J, Schlegel S, Benkert O. Seroquel (ICI 204 636), a putative "atypical" antipsychotic, in schizophrenia with positive symptomatology: results of an open clinical trial and changes of neuroendocrinological and EEG parameters. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 1995; 119: 231-238.
23. Gallinat J, Boetsch T, Padberg F, Hampel H, Herrmann WM, Hegerl U. Is the EEG helpful in diagnosing and monitoring lithium intoxication? A case report and review of the literature. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000; 33: 169-173.
24. Kores B, Lader MH. Irreversible lithium neurotoxicity: an overview. Clin Neuropharmacol 1997; 20: 283-299.
25. Caviness JN, Evidente VG. Cortical myoclonus during lithium exposure. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 401-404.
26. Shopsin B, Johnson G, Gershon S. Neurotoxicity with lithium: differential drug responsiveness. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1970; 5: 170-182.
27. Agulnik PL, Dimascio A, Moore P. Acute brain syndrome associated with lithium therapy. Am J Psychiatry 1972; 129: 621-623.
28. van Marwijk HW, Bekker FM, Nolen WA, Jansen PA, van Nieuwkerk JF, Hop WC. Lithium augmentation in geriatric depression. J Affect Disord 1990; 20: 217-223.
29. Normann C, Brandt C, Berger M, Walden J. Delirium and persistent dyskinesia induced by a lithium-neuroleptic interaction. Pharmacopsychiatry 1998; 31: 201-204.
30. Johnson G, Maccario M, Gershon S, Korein J. The effects of lithium on electroencephalogram, behavior and serum electrolytes. J Nerv Ment Dis 1970; 151: 273-289.
31. Thornton WE, Pray BJ. Lithium intoxication: a report of two cases. Can Psychiatr Assoc J 1975; 20: 281-282.
32. Jaeger A, Sauder P, Kopferschmitt J, Jaegle ML. Toxicokinetics of lithium intoxication treated by hemodialysis. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1985; 23: 501-517.
33. Koufen H, Consbruch U. Lithium intoxication: observations on 6 cases. Nervenarzt 1972; 43: 145-152.
34. Spatz R, Kugler J, Greil W, Lorenzi E. EEG changes associated with lithium poisoning Nervenarzt 1978; 49: 539-542.
35. Reeves RR, Struve FA, Patrick G. Does EEG predict response to valproate versus lithium in patients with mania? Ann Clin Psychiatry 2001; 13: 69-73.
36. Ikeda A, Kato T. Biological predictors of lithium response in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003; 57: 243-250.
37. Schmidt CJ, Kehne JH. Neurotoxicity of MDMA: neurochemical effects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 600: 665-680.
38. Ricaurte GA, McCann UD. Experimental studies on 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDA, "ecstasy") and its potential to damage brain seroionin neurons. Neurotox Res 2001; 3: 85-99.
39. Green AR, Goodwin GM. Ecstasy and neurodegeneration. BMJ 1996; 312: 1493-1494.
40. Scheffel U, Szabo Z, Mathews WB, Finley PA, Dannals RF, Ravert HT, et al. In vivo detection of short- and long-term MDMA neurotoxicity-a positron emission tomography study in the living baboon brain. Synapse 1998; 29: 183-192.
41. Hatzidimitriou G, McCann UD, Ricaurte GA. Altered serotonin innervation patterns in the forebrain of monkeys treated with (±)3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine seven years previously: factors influencing abnormal recovery. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 5096-5107.
42. Frei E, Gamma A, Pascual-Marqui R, Lehmann D, Hell D, Vollenweider FX. Localization of MDMA-induced brain activity in healthy volunteers using low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Hum Brain Mapp 2001; 14: 152-165.
43. Saletu B. Pharmaco-EEG profiles of typical and atypical antidepressants. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1982; 32: 257-268.
44. Saletu B, Barbanoj MJ, Anderer P, Sieghart W, Grunberger J. Clinical-pharmacological study with the two isomers (d-, l-) of fenfluramine and its comparison with chlorpromazine and damphetamine: blood levels, EEG mapping and safety evaluation. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1993; 15: 291-312.
45. Dafters RI, Duffy F, O'Donnell PJ, Bouquet C. Level of use of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) in humans correlates with EEG power and coherence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999; 145: 82-90.
46. Croft RJ, Klugman A, Baldeweg T, Gruzelier JH. Electrophysiological evidence of serotonergic impairment in long-term MDMA ("Ecstasy") users. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1687-1692.
47. Hegerl U, Gallinat J, Juckel G. Event-related potentials: do they reflect central serotonergic neurotransmission and do they predict clinical response to serotonin agonists? J Affect Disord 2001; 62: 93-100.
48. Callaway E. Psychopharmacology's need for linking variables. Biol Psychiatry 1992, 31: 1-3.
49. Gottschalk LA. The pharmacokinetics of some psychoactive drugs and relationships to clinical response. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1985, 7: 275-282.
50. Geaney DP, Ellis PM, Soper N, Shepstone BJ, Cowen PJ. Single photon emission tomography assessment of cerebral dopamine D2 receptor blockade in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1992, 32: 293-295.
51. Pilowsky LS, Costa DC, Ell PJ, Murray RM, Verhoeff NP, Kerwin RW. Clozapine, single photon emission tomography, and the D2 dopamine receptor blockade hypothesis of schizophrenia. Lancet 1992; 340: 199-202.
52. Csernansky JG, Kaplan J, Hollister LE. Problems in classification of schizophrenics as neuroleptic responders and nonresponders. J Nerv Ment Dis 1985; 173: 325-331.
53. Kay SR, Lindenmayer JP. Outcome predictors in acute schizophrenia. Prospective significance of background and clinical dimensions. J Nerv Ment Dis 1987; 175: 152-160.
54. Lydiard RB, Laird LK. Prediction of response to antipsychotics. J Clin Psychopharmacol. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988; 8: 3-13.
55. Itil TM, Shapiro DM, Schneider SJ, Francis IB. Computerized EEG as a predictor of drug response in treatment resistant schizophrenics. J Nerv Ment Dis 1981; 169: 629-637.
56. Galderisi S, Maj M, Mucci A, Bucci P, Kemali D. QEEG alpha 1 changes after a single dose of high-potency neuroleptics as a predictor of short-term response to treatment in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 35: 367-374.
57. Czobor P, Volavka J. Pretreatment EEG predicts short-term response to haloperidol treatment. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 30: 927-942.
58. Berger H. Über das Electro-Enzephaloramm des Menschen (part 3). Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1931; 94: 16-37.
59. Fink M. EEG and human psychopharmacology. Annu Rev Pharmacol 1969; 9: 241-258.
60. Itil TM. Quantitative pharmacoelectroencephalography. In: Itil TM, (ed). Psychotropic Drugs and the Human EEG: Modern Problems in Pharmachopsychiatry. New York: Karger; 1974; 8: 43-75.
61. Herrmann WM. Development and critical evaluation of an objective procedure for the electroencephalographic classification of psychotropic drugs. In: Herrmann WM, (ed). Electroencephalography in Drug Research. Stuttgart: Fischer; 1982: 249-351.
62. Saletu B. The use of pharmaco-EEG in drug profiling. In: Hindmarch I, Stonier PD, (eds). Human Psychopharmacology Measures and Methods. New York: John Wiley; 1987; 1: 173-200.
63. Herrmann WM, Schaerer E. Pharmaco-EEG: computer EEG analysis to describe the projection of drug effects on a functional cerebral level in humans. In: Lopes da Silva FH, Storm van Leeuwen W, Rémond A, (eds). Handbook of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1982; 2: 385-445.
64. Saito M. CEEG study on patients under the psychiatric drug treatment: the correlation between EEG alteration and clinical evolution. In: Obiols J, Ballus C, Gonzales Monclùs E, Pujol J, (eds). Biological Psychiatry Today. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1978: 1036-1311.
65. Saletu B, Küfferle B, Grünberger J, Anderer P. Quantitative EEG, SPEM, and psychometric studies in schizophrenics before and during differential neuroleptic therapy. Pharmakopsychiatry 1986; 19: 434-437.
66. Galderisi S, Mucci A, Mignone ML, Maj M, Kemali D. CEEG mapping in drug-free schizophrenics: differences from healthy subjects and changes induced by haloperidol treatment. Schizophr Res 1992; 6: 15-24.
67. Schellenberg R, Milch W, Schwarz A, Schober F, Dimpfel W. Quantitative EEG and BPRS data following Haldol-Decanoate administration in schizophrenics. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 9: 17-24.
68. Moore NC, Tucker KA, Brin FB, Merai P, Shillcutt SD, Coburn KL. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia: response to haloperidol and remoxipride is associated with increased alpha EEG activity. Human Psychopharmacol 1997; 12: 75-80.
69. Ulrich G, Gaebel W, Pietzcker A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Stieglitz RD. Prediction of neuroleptic on-drug response in schizophrenic in-patients by EEG. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1988; 237: 144-155.
70. Galderisi S. Clinical applications of pharmaco-EEG in psychiatry: the prediction of response to treatment with antipsychotics. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2002; 24 (suppl C): 85-89.
71. Fitton A, Heel RC. Clozapine. A review of its pharmacological properties, and therapeutic use in schizophrenia. Drugs 1990; 40: 722-747.
72. Roubiceck J, Major I. EEG profile and behavioral changes after a single dose of clozapine in normals and schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry 1977; 12: 613-633.
73. Fink M, Irwin P, Weinhold P. EEG profile studies of clozapine in volunteers and psychiatric patients. Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol 1979; 12: 184-190.
74. Iltil TM, Shapiro DM, Herrmann WM, Schulz W, Morgan V. HZI systems for EEG parametrization and classification of psychotropic drugs. Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol 1979; 12: 4-19.
75. Herrmann WM, Fichte K, Itil TM, Kubicki S. Development of a classification rule for four clinical therapeutic psychotropic drug classes with EEG power-spectrum variables of human volunteers. Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol 1979; 12: 20-34.
76. Saletu B, Anderer P, Kinsperger K, Grunberger J. Topographic brain mapping of EEG in neropsychopharmacology II. Clinical applications (pharmaco EEG imaging). Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1987; 9: 385-408.
77. Galderisi S, Mucci A, Bucci P, Mignone ML, Maj M. Multilead QEEG profile of clozapine in resting and vigilance-controlled conditions. Psychiat Res - Neuroimag 1996; 67: 113-122.
78. Hubl D, Kleinlogel H, Frolich L, Weinandi T, Maurer K, Holstein W, et al. Multilead quantitative electroencephalogram profile and cognitive evoked potentials (P300) in healthy subjects after a single dose of olanzapine. Psychopharmacology 2001; 158: 281-288.
79. Lee DY, Lee KU, Kwon JS, Jang IJ, Cho MJ, Shin SG, Woo JI. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of risperidone effects on electroencephalography in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmachology 1999; 144: 272-278.
80. Hughes AM, Lynch P, Rhodes J, Ervine CM, Yates RA. Electroencephalographic and psychomotor effects of chlorpromazine and risperidone relative to placebo in normal healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 48: 323-330.
81. Merlotti E, Mucci A, Bucci P, Galderisi S. EEG-based neuroimaging in the study of antipsychotic drugs. Brain Topogr 2005; 18: 159.
82. Yamada K, Isotani T, Irisawa S, Yoshimura M, Tajika A, Yagyu T, et al. EEG Global Field Power spectrum changes after a single dose of atypical antipsychotics in healthy volunteers. Brain Topogr 2004; 16: 281-285.
83. Knott V, Labelle A, Jones B, Mahoney C. Quantitative EEG in schizophrenia and in response to acute and chronic clozapine treatment. Schizophr Res 2001; 50: 41-53.
84. Small JG, Milstein V, Small IF, Miller MJ, Kellams JJ, Corsaro CJ. Computerized EEG profiles of haloperidol, chlorpromazine, clozapine and placebo in treatment resistant schizophrenia. Clin Electroencephalogr 1987; 18: 124-135.
85. Jin Y, Potkin SG, Sandman C. Clozapine increases EEG photic driving in clinical responders. Schizophr Bull 1995; 21: 263-268.
86. Rice DM, Potkin SG, Jin Y, Isenhart R, Heh CW, Sramek J, et al. EEG alpha photic driving abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1989; 30: 313-324.
87. Gross A, Joutsiniemi SL, Rimon R, Appelberg B. Clozapine-induced QEEG changes correlate with clinical response in schizophrenic patients: a prospective, longitudinal study. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004; 37: 119-122.
88. Lacroix D, Chaput Y, Rodriguez JP, Filion M, Morrison D, St-Denis P, Albert JM. Quantified EEG changes associated with a positive clinical response to clozapine in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1995; 19: 861-876.
89. Sperling W, Vieth J, Martus M, Demling J, Barocka A. Spontaneous slow and fast MEG activity in male schizophrenics treated with clozapine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999; 142: 375-382.
90. Kang UG, Par KT, Ahn YM, Koo YJ, Yoon SC, Yi SH, Kim YS. Non-linear dynamic analysis of clozapine-induced electroencephalographic changes in schizophrenic patients: a preliminary study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001; 25: 1229-1239.
91. DeLisi LE, Holcomb HH, Cohen RM, Pickar D, Carpenter W, Morihisa JM, et al. Positron emission tomography in schizophrenic patients with and without neuroleptic medication. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1985; 5: 201-206.
92. Cohen RM, Semple WE, Gross M, Nordahl TE, Holcomb HH, Dowling MS, Pickar D. The effect of neuroleptics on dysfunction in a prefrontal substrate of sustained attention in schizophrenia. Life Sci 1988; 43: 1141-1150.
93. Cohen RM, Nordahl TE, Semple WE, Andreason P, Litman RE, Pickar D. The brain metabolic patterns of clozapine- and fluphenazine-treated patients with schizophrenia during a continuous performance task. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 481-486.
94. Saletu B, Kufferle B, Grunberger J, Foldes P, Topitz A, Anderer P. Clinical, EEG mapping and psychometric studies in negative schizophrenia: comparative trials with amisulpride and fluphenazine. Neuropsychobiology 1994; 29: 125-135.
95. Saletu B, Kufferle B, Anderer P, Grunberger J, Steinberger K. EEG-brain mapping in schizophrenics with predominantly positive and negative symptoms: comparative studies with remoxipride/haloperidol. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1990; 1: 27-36.
96. Cahive JM, Lewine JD, Edgar JC, Davis JT, Miller GA, Torres F, Tuason VB. Spontaneous brain magnetic activity in schizophrenia patients treated with aripiprazole. Psychopharmacol Bull 1998; 34: 101-105.
97. Juckel G, Gallinat J, Riedel M, Sokullu S, Schulz C, Moller HJ, et al. Serotonergic dysfunction in schizophrenia assessed by the loudness dependence measure of primary auditory cortex evoked activity. Schizophr Res 2003; 64: 115-124.
98. Knott VJ, Telner JI, Lapierre YD, Browne M, Horn ER. Quantitative EEG in the prediction of antidepressant response to imipramine. J Affect Disord 1996; 39: 175-184.
99. Pizzagalli D, Pascual-Marqui RD, Nitschke JB, Oakes TR, Larson CL, Abercrombie HC, et al. Anterior cingulate activity as a predictor of degree of treatment response in major depression: evidence from brain electrical tomography analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 405-415.
100. Ebert D, Feistel H, Barocka A, Kaschka W. Increased limbic blood flow and total sleep deprivation in major depression with melancholia. Psychiatry Res 1994; 55: 101-109.
101. Wu J, Buchsbaum MS, Gillin JC, Tang C, Cadwell S, Wiegand M, et al. Prediction of antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation by metabolic rates in the ventral anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1149-1158.
102. Mayberg HS, Brannan SK, Mahurin RK, Jerabek PA, Brickman JS, Tekell JL, et al. Cingulate function in depression: a potential predictor of treatment response. NeuroReport 1997; 8: 1057-1061.
103. Kennedy SH, Evans KR, Kruger S, Mayberg HS, Meyer JH, McCann S, et al. Changes in regional brain glucose metabolism measured with positron emission tomography after paroxetine treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 899-905.
104. Saletu B, Anderer P, Saletu-Zyhlarz GM, Arnold O, Pascual-Marqui RD. Classification and evaluation of the pharmacodynamics of psychotropic drugs by single-lead pharmaco-EEG, EEG mapping and tomography (LORETA). Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2002; 24 (suppl C): 97-120.
105. McClelland GR, Raptopoulos P. EEG and blood level of the potential antidepressant paroxetine after a single oral dose to normal volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984; 83: 327-329.
106. McClelland GR, Raptopoulos P, Jackson D. The effect of paroxetine on the quantitative EEG. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1989; 350: 50-52.
107. Siepmann M, Grossmann J, Muck-Weymann M, Kirch W. Effects of sertraline on autonomic and cognitive functions in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 168: 293-298.
108. Knott V, Mahoney C, Kennedy S, Evans K. EEG correlates of acute and chronic paroxetine treatment in depression. J Affect Disord 2002; 69: 241-249.
109. Knott V, Mahoney C, Kennedy S, Evans K. Pre-treatment EEG and it's relationship to depression severity and paroxetine treatment outcome. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000; 33: 201-205.
110. Cook IA, Leuchter AF, Witte E, Abrams M, Uijtdehaage SH, Stubbeman W, et al. Neurophysiologic predictors of treatment response to fluoxetine in major depression. Psychiatry Res 1999; 85: 263-273.
111. Prichep LS, Mas F, Hollander E, Liebowitz M, John ER, Almas M, et al. Quantitative electroencephalographic subtyping of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 1993; 50: 25-32.
112. Hansen ES, Prichep LS, Bolwig TG, John ER. Quantitative electroencephalography in OCD patients treated with paroxetine. Clin Electroencephalogr 2003; 34: 70-74.
113. Gallinat J, Bottlender R, Juckel G, Munke-Puchner A, Stotz G, Kuss HJ, et al. The loudness dependency of the auditory evoked N1/P2-component as a predictor of the acute SSRI response in depression. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 2000; 148: 404-411.
114. Paige SR, Fitzpatrick DF, Kline JP, Balogh SE, Hendricks SE. Event-related potential amplitude/intensity slopes predict response to antidepressants. Neuropsychobiology 1994; 30: 197-201.
115. Lee TW, Yu YWY, Chen TJ, Tsai SJ. Loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential and response to antidepressants in Chinese patients with major depression. Rev Psychiatr Neurosci 2005; 30: 202-205.
116. Itil TM, Polvan N, Hsu W. Clinical and EEG effects of GB-94, a "tetracyclic" antidepressant (EEG model in discovery of a new psychotropic drug). Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1972; 14: 395-413.
117. Saletu B, Grunberger J. On acute and chronic CNS effects of antidepressants in normals: neurophysiological, behavioral and pharmacokinetic studies with pirlindol. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1985; 7: 137-151.
118. Galderisi S, Mucci A, Bucci P, Mignone ML, Maj M. Influence of moclobemide on cognitive functions of nine depressed patients: pilot trial with neurophysiological and neuropsychological indices. Neuropsychobiology 1996; 33: 48-54.
119. Romano-Torres M, Borja-Lascurain E, Chao-Rebolledo C, del-Rio-Portilla Y, Corsi-Cabrera M. Effect of diazepam on EEG power and coherent activity: sex differences. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2002; 27: 821-833.
120. Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Kivisaari R, Pekkonen E, Ilmoniemi RJ, Kahkonen S. Local and remote functional connectivity of neocortex under the inhibition influence. Neuroimage 2004; 22: 1390-1406.
121. Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Kivisaari R, Pekkonen E, Ilmoniemi RJ, Kahkonen S. Enhancement of GABA-related signalling is associated with increase of functional connectivity in human cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2004; 22: 27-39.
122. Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Kivisaari R, Pekkonen E, Ilmoniemi RJ, Kahkonen S. The interplay of lorazepam-induced brain oscillations: microstructural electromagnetic study. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115: 674-690.
123. Kelso, JAS. Behavioral and neural pattern generation: the concept of neurobehavioral dynamical system (NBDS). In: Koepchen HP, (ed). Cardiorespiratory and Motor Coordination. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1991.
124. Friston K. The labile brain. I. Neuronal transients and nonlin-ear coupling. Phil Trans R Soc London, Ser. B 2000; 355: 215-236.
125. Freeman W.J. Evidence from human scalp electroencephalograms of global chaotic itinerancy. Chaos 2003; 13: 1067-1077.
126. Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Kahkonen S. New perspectives in pharmaco-electroencephalography. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29: 193-199.
127. Ansseau M, Doumont A, Cerfontaine JL, Mantanus H, Rousseau JC, Timsit Berthier M. Self-reports of anxiety level and EEG changes after a single dose of benzodiazepines: double-blind comparison of two forms of oxazepam. Neuropsychobiology 1984; 12: 255-259.
128. Martucci N, Manna V, Agnoli A. A clinical and neurophysiological evaluation of clotiazepam, a new thienodiazepine derivative. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1987; 2: 121-128.
129. Buchsbaum MS, Hazlett E, Sicotte N, Stein M, Wu J, Zetin M. Topographic EEG changes with benzodiazepine administration in generalized anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1985; 20: 832-842.
130. Kaplan GB, Greenblatt DJ, Ehrenberg BL, Goddard JE, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Differences in pharmacodynamics but not pharmacokinetics between subjects with panic disorder and healthy subjects after treatment with a single dose of alprazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20: 338-346.
131. Jensen PS, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, Greenhill LL, Conners CK, Arnold LE, et al. Findings from the NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA): implications and applications for primary care providers. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2001; 22: 60-73.
132. Aron AR, Dowson JH, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Methylphenidate improves response inhibition in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54: 1465-1468.
133. Remschmidt H; Global ADHD Working Group. Global consensus on ADHD/HKD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005; 14: 127-137.
134. Hughes JR, John ER. Conventional and quantitative electroencephalography in psychiatry. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999; 11: 190-208.
135. Chabot RJ, di Michele F, Prichep L, John ER. The clinical role of computerized EEG in the evaluation and treatment of learning and attention disorders in children and adolescents. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 13: 171-186.
136. Clarke AR, Barry RJ, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M. EEG analysis of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid reading disabilities. J Learn Disabil 2002; 35: 276-285.
137. El-Sayed E, Larsson JO, Persson HE, Rydelius PA. Altered cortical activity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during attentional load task. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41: 811-819.
138. Loo SK, Hopfer C, Teale PD, Reite ML. EEG correlates of methylphenidate response in ADHD: association with cognitive and behavioral measures. J Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 21: 457-464.
139. Chabot RJ, Orgill AA, Crawford G, Harris MJ, Serfontein G. Behavioral and electrophysiologic predictors of treatment response to stimulants in children with attention disorders. J Child Neurol 1999; 14: 343-351.
140. Clarke AR, Barry RJ, Bond D, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M. Effects of stimulant medications on the EEG of children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 164: 277-284.
141. Clarke AR, Barry RJ, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M, Brown CR, Croft RJ. Effects of stimulant medications on the EEG of children with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder predominantly inattentive type. Int J Psychophysiol 2003; 47: 129-137.
142. Chabot RJ, Merkin H, Wood LM, Davenport TL, Serfontein G. Sensitivity and specificity of QEEG in children with attention deficit or specific developmental learning disorders. Clin Electroencephalogr 1996; 27: 26-34.
143. Lubar JF, White JN Jr, Swartwood MO, Swartwood JN. Methylphenidate effects on global and complex measures of EEG. Pediatr Neurol 1999; 21: 633-637.
144. Robinson PA, Loxley PN, O'Connor SC, Rennie CJ. Modal analysis of corticothalamic dynamics, electroencephalographic spectra, and evoked potentials. Phys Rev E 2001; 63: 1-13.
145. Rowe DL, Robinson PA, Gordon E. Stimulant drug action in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): inference of neurophysiological mechanisms via quantitative modelling. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116: 324-335.
146. Loo SK, Teale PD, Reite ML. EEG correlates of methylphenidate response among children with ADHD: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1657-1660.
147. Loo SK, Hopfer C, Teale PD, Reite ML. EEG correlates of methylphenidate response in ADHD: association with cognitive and behavioral measures. J Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 21: 457-464.
148. Almkvist O, Jelic V, Amberla K, Hellstrom-Lindahl E, Meurling L, Nordberg A. Responder characteristics to a single oral dose of cholinesterase inhibitor: a double-blind placebo-controlled study with tacrine in Alzheimer patients. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2001; 12: 22-32.
149. Alhainen K, Partanen J, Reinikainen K, Laulumaa V, Soininen H, Airaksinen M, Riekkinen P. Discrimination of tetrahydroaminoacridine responders by a single dose pharmaco-EEG in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 1991; 127: 113-116.
150. Alhainen K, Riekkinen PJ Sr. Discrimination of Alzheimer patients responding to cholinesterase inhibitor therapy. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1993; 149: 16-21.
151. Knott V, Mohr E, Mahoney C, Ilivitsky V. Pharmaco-EEG test dose response predicts cholinesterase inhibitor treatment outcome in Alzheimer's disease. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2000; 22: 115-122.
152. Rodriguez G, Vitali P, Canfora M, Calvini P, Girtler N, De Leo C, et al. Quantitative EEG and perfusional single photon emission computed tomography correlation during long-term donepezil therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115: 39-49.
153. Adler G, Brassen S, Chwalek K, Dieter B, Teufel M. Prediction of treatment response to rivastigmine in Alzheimer's dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 292-294.