Long QT syndrome and short QT syndrome: How to make correct diagnosis and what about eligibility for sports activity

Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 250-256

  Napolitano, Carlo ^a   Bloise, Raffaella ^a   Priori, Silvia G ^a,b  

^a IRCCS   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cardiac arrhythmias; Genetic testing; Genetics; Physical activity; QT interval; Risk stratification; Sports; Sudden death

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ASTEMIZOLE; AZITHROMYCIN; CALCIUM CHANNEL; CLOMIPRAMINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUOXETINE; GEMIFLOXACIN; HALOPERIDOL; IMIPRAMINE; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; LEVOFLOXACIN; MICONAZOLE; MOXIFLOXACIN; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PAROXETINE; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; RISPERIDONE; SERTRALINE; TERFENADINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; TRIMIPRAMINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VENLAFAXINE;

ACIDOSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART MUSCLE CONDUCTION DISTURBANCE; HEART REPOLARIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERTHERMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; LONG QT SYNDROME; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PROGNOSIS; QT INTERVAL; RECREATION; REVIEW; SHORT QT SYNDROME; SPORT; TACHYCARDIA; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HUMANS; LONG QT SYNDROME; SPORTS; VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION;

EID: 33646445509     PISSN: 15582027     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2459/01.JCM.0000219317.12504.5f     Document Type: Review

References (31)

1. Priori SG, Napolitano C, Schwartz PJ, Grillo M, Bloise R, Ronchetti E, et al. Association of long QT syndrome loci and cardiac events among patients treated with beta-blockers. JAMA 2004; 292:1341-1344.
2. Bazett HC. An analysis of the time-relations of electrocardiograms. Heart 1920; 7:353-370.
3. Rautaharju PM, Zhou SH, Wong S, Calhoun HP, Berenson GS, Prineas R, Davignon A. Sex differences in the evolution of the electrocardiographic QT interval with age. Can J Cardiol 1992; 8:690-695.
4. Ahnve S. Methodological aspects of QTc interval determination. In: Butrous GS, Schwartz PJ, editors. Clinical aspects of ventricular repolarization. London: Farrand Press; 1989, pp. 1-16.
5. Sarma JSM, Venkataraman K, Katz D. The concept of corrected QT interval: pitfalls and alternatives. In: Butrous GS, Schwartz PJ, editors. Clinical aspects of ventricular repolarization. London: Farrand Press; 1989, pp. 31-40.
6. Malfatto G, Beria G, Sala S, Bonazzi O, Schwartz PJ. Quantitative analysis of T wave abnormalities and their prognostic implications in the idiopathic long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23:296-301.
7. Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Napolitano C. The long QT syndrome. In: Zipes DP, Jalife J, editors. Cardiac electrophysiology from cell to bedside. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.; 2000, pp. 597-615.
8. Ward DC. New familial cardiac syndrome in children. J Irish Med Assoc 1964; 54:103.
9. Romano C, Gemme G, Pongiglione R. Aritmie cardiache rare in eta' pediatrica. Clin Ped 1963; 45:656-657.
10. Jervell A, Lange-Nielsen F. Congenital deaf mutism, functional heart disease with prolongation of the QT interval and sudden death. Am Heart J 1957; 54:59-61.
11. Mohler PJ, Schott JJ, Gramolini AO, Dilly KW, Guatimosim S, duBell WH, et al. Ankyrin-B mutation causes type 4 long-QT cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Nature 2003; 421:634-639.
12. Andersen ED, Krasilnikoff PA, Overvad H. Intermittent muscular weakness, extrasystoles, and multiple developmental anomalies. A new syndrome? Acta Paediatr Scand 1971; 60:559-564.
13. Splawski I, Timothy K, Sharpe ML, Decher N, Kumar P, Bloise R, et al. Ca(V) 1.2 calcium channel dysfunction causes a multisystem disorder including arrhythmia and autism. Cell 2004; 119:19-31.
14. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Benhorin J, Locati EH, Hall WJ, Robinson JL, et al. ECG T-wave patterns in genetically distinct forms of the hereditary long QT syndrome. Circulation 1995; 92:2929-2934.
15. Zhang L, Timothy KW, Vincent GM, Lehmann MH, Fox J, Giuli LC, et al. Spectrum of ST-T-wave patterns and repolarization parameters in congenital long-QT syndrome: ECG findings identify genotypes. Circulation 2000; 102:2849-2855.
16. Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Spazzolini C, Moss AJ, Vincent GM, Napolitano C, et al. Genotype-phenotype correlation in the long-QT syndrome: gene-specific triggers for life-threatening arrhythmias. Circulation 2001; 103:89-95.
17. Moss AJ, Robinson JL, Gessman L, Gillespie R, Zareba W, Schwartz PJ, et al. Comparison of clinical and genetic variables of cardiac events associated with loud noise versus swimming among subjects with the long QT syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84:876-879.
18. Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Napolitano C, Bloise E, Ronchetti E, Grillo M, et al. Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1866-1874.
19. Gussak I, Brugada P, Brugada J, Wright RS, Kopecky SL, Chaitman BR, et al. Idiopathic short QT interval: a new clinical syndrome? Cardiology 2000; 94:99-102.
20. Gaita F, Giustetto C, Bianchi F, Wolpert C, Schimpf R, Riccardi R, et al. Short QT syndrome: a familial cause of sudden death. Circulation 2003; 108:965-970.
21. Priori SG, Pandit SV, Rivolta I, Berenfeld O, Ronchetti E, Dhamoon A, et al. A novel form of short QT syndrome (SQT3) is caused by a mutation in the KCNJ2 gene. Circ Res 2005; 96:800-807.
22. Bettini R, Caselli G, D'Andrea L, Delise P, Giada F, Giuducci U, et al. Cardiological protocols on evaluation of fitness for competitive sports [in Italian]. Ital Heart J 2005; Suppl:502-546.
23. Brugada R, Hong K, Dumaine R, Cordeiro J, Gaita F, Borggrefe M, et al. Sudden death associated with short-QT syndrome linked to mutations in HERG. Circulation 2004; 109:30-35.
24. Bellocq C, van Ginneken AC, Bezzina CR, Alders M, Escande D, Mannens MM, et al. Mutation in the KCNQ1 gene leading to the short QT-interval syndrome. Circulation 2004; 109:2394-2397.
25. Pluim BM, Zwinderman AH, van der Laarse A, van der Wall EE. The athlete's heart. A meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation 2000; 101:336-344.
26. Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, De Luca R, Di Paolo FM, Spataro A, Culasso F. Remodeling of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite athletes after long-term deconditioning. Circulation 2002; 105:944-949.
27. Priori SG, Napolitano C, Schwartz PJ. Low penetrance in the long-QT syndrome: clinical impact. Circulation 1999; 99:529-533.
28. Maron BJ, Isner JM, McKenna WJ. 26th Bethesda conference: recommendations for determining eligibility for competition in athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. Task Force 3: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocarditis and other myopericardial diseases and mitral valve prolapse. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26:S261-S267.
29. Maron BJ, Douglas PS, Graham TP, Nishimura RA, Thompson PD. Task Force 1: preparticipation screening and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45:1322-1326.
30. Maron BJ, Chaitman BR, Ackerman MJ, Bayes de Luna A, Corrado D, Crosson JE, et al. Recommendations for physical activity and recreational sports participation for young patients with genetic cardiovascular diseases. Circulation 2004; 109:2807-2816.
31. Bassand JP, Priori S, Tendera M. Evidence-based vs. 'impressionist' medicine: how best to implement guidelines. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:1155-1158.