Rising rates of depression in today's society: Consideration of the roles of effort-based rewards and enhanced resilience in day-to-day functioning

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 497-510

  Lambert, Kelly G ^a  

^a RANDOLPH MACON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Accumbens striatal cortical circuitry; Behavioral cognitive therapy; Depression; Effort based rewards; Resilience; Sociocultural influences

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NEUROTRANSMITTER; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

BEHAVIOR; BRAIN CORTEX; COGNITION; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DEFENSE MECHANISM; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HUMAN; INTEGRATED CIRCUIT; LIFESTYLE; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MOTIVATION; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTECTION; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; REWARD; SEX ROLE; SOCIETY; STRESS; STRIATE CORTEX; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; ANIMALS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CULTURE; DEPRESSION; EXERTION; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; REWARD; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

EID: 33646167613     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.09.002     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Agrarianism. Wikipedia article. http://www.answers.com/topic/agrarianism. Accessed August 10, 2005.
2. Amat J., Baratta M.V., Paul E., Bland S.T., Watkins L.R., and Maier S.F. Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus. Nat. Neurosci. 8 (2005) 365-371
3. Ambrose S. Paleolithic technology and human evolution. Science 291 (2001) 1748-1751
4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (2000), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
5. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control (1997), W.H. Freeman, New York
6. Basset D.R., Schneider P.L., and Huntington G.E. Physical activity in an Old Order Amish community. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36 (2004) 79-85
7. BBCNews World Edition. Germany's new "great depression". http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4456087.stm. Accessed April 18, 2005.
8. Berendse H.W., Galis-de Graaf Y., and Groenewegen H.J. Topographical organization and relationship with ventral striatal compartments of prefrontal corticostriatal projections in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 316 (1992) 314-347
9. Bisson J., Jenkins P.L., Alexander J., and Banister C. Randomised controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of burn trauma. Br. J. Psychiatry 171 (1997) 78-81
10. Boesch C., and Boesch H. Possible causes of sex differences in the use of natural hammers by wild chimpanzees. J. Hum. Evol. 13 (1984) 415-440
11. Bonnano G.A. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?. Am. Psychol. 59 (2004) 20-28
12. Bremner J.D. Functional neuroanatomical correlates of traumatic stress, revisited 7 years later, this time with data. Psychopharm. Bull. 37 (2003) 6-25
13. Brog J.S., Salyapongse A., Deutch A.Y., and Zahm D.S. The patterns of afferent innervation of the core and shell in the 'accumbens' part of the rat ventral striatum: immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported fluoro-gold. J. Comp. Neurol. 338 (1993) 255-278
14. Cardinal R.N., Pennicott D.R., Sugathapala C.L., Robbins T.W., and Everitt B.J. Impulsive choice induced in rats by lesions of the nucleus accumbens core. Science 292 (2001) 2499-2501
15. Carelli R.M. Nucleus accumbens cell firing and rapid dopamine signaling during goal-directed behaviors in rats. Neuropharmacology 47 (2004) 180-189
16. Cavigelli S.A., and McClintock M.K. Fear of novelty in infant rats predicts adult corticosterone dynamics and an early death. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 100 (2003) 16131-16136
17. Chambless J., translation of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Society and Economy, 1671. Fidelio, vol. I. Fall 1992.From: http://ww.schillerinstitute.org/transl/trans_leibniz.html. Accessed March 20, 2005.
18. Cook S.C., and Wellman C.L. Chronic stress alters dendritic morphology in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J. Neurobiol. 60 (2004) 236-248
19. Cotman C.W., and Berchtold N.C. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 25 (2002) 295-301
20. Cousins M.S., and Salamone J.D. Nucleus accumbens dopamine depletion in rats affect relative response allocation in a novel cost/benefit procedure. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 49 (1994) 85-91
21. Cousins M.S., Atherton A., Turner L., and Salamone J.D. Nucleus accumbens dopamine depletions alter relative response allocation in a T-maze cost/benefit task. Behav. Brain Res. 74 (1996) 189-197
22. Curtis W.J., and Cicchetti D. Moving research on resilience into the 21st century: theoretical and methodological considerations in examining the biological contributors to resilience. Dev. Psychopathol. 15 (2003) 773-810
23. Disbrow E., Roberts T., Poeppel D., and Krubitzer L. Evidence for interhemispheric processing of inputs from the hands in human S2 and PV. J. Neurophysiol. 85 (2001) 2236-2244
24. Duman, R.S., 2002. Pathophysiology of depression: the concept of synaptic plasticity. Eur. Psychiatry 17, 306-310.
25. Eaton S.B., Shostak M., and Konner M. The Paleolithic Prescription: a Program of Diet and Exercise and a Design for Living (1988), Harper and Row, New York
26. Eaton S.B., Eaton III S.B., Konner M.J., and Shotstak M. An evolutionary perspective enhances understanding of human nutritional requirements. J. Nutr. 126 (1996) 1732-1740
27. Egeland J.A., and Hosteller A.M. Amish study I: affective disorders among the Amish, 1976-1980. Am. J. Psychiatry 140 (1983) 56-61
28. Eisch A.J., Bolanos C.A., de Wit J., Simonak R.D., Pudiak C.M., Barrot M., Verhaagen J., and Nestler E.J. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the ventral midbrain-nucleus accumbens pathway: a role in depression. Biol. Psychiatry 15 (2003) 994-1005
29. Eysenck H.J. The effects of psychotherapy: An evaluation. J. Consult. Psychol. 16 (1952) 319-324
30. Fabrigoule C., Letenneur L., Dartigues J.F., Zarrouk M., Commenges D., and Barberger-Gateau P. Social and leisure activities and risk of dementia: a prospective longitudinal study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 43 (1995) 583-584
31. Fisk D.M. American Labor in the 20th Century. Compens. Work. Conditions (2001) 3-8 (fall)
32. Fox, R., 2001. "Procyon lotor", Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Procyon_lotor.html. Accessed April 12 2005.
33. Fuchs E., Czeh B., Michaelis T., de Biurrun G., Watanabe T., and Frahm J. Synaptic plasticity and tianeptine: structural regulation. Eur. Psychiatry 17 (2002) 311-317
34. Fuchs E., Czeh B., Kole M.H., Michaelis T., and Lucassen P.J. Alterations of neuroplasticity in depression: the hippocampus and beyond. Eur. Neuropsychopharm. 14 (2004) S481-S490
35. Gomez-Penelli F., Ying Z., Roy R.R., Molteni R., and Edgerton V.R. Voluntary exercise induces a BDNF-mediated mechanism that promotes neuroplasticity. J. Neurophysiol. 88 (2002) 2187-2195
36. Graham J.L., and Lam N.M. The Chinese negotiation. Harv. Bus. Rev. 81 (2003) 82-91
37. Greenfield P.M. Language, tools and brain: the ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior. Behav. Brain Sci. 14 (1991) 531-595
38. Groenewegen H.J., Wright C.I., Beijer A.V.J., and Voorn P. Convergence and segregation of ventral striatal inputs and outputs. In: McGinty (Ed). Advancing from the Ventral Striatum to the Extended Amygdala: Implications for Neuropsychiatry and Drug Abuse. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol. 877 (1999) 49-63
39. Healy D. The Anti-depressant Era (1997), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
40. Healy D. Let Them Eat Prozac (2004), New York University Press, New York
41. Hill R.D., Storandt M., and Malley M. The impact of long-term exercise training on psychological function in older adults. J. Gerontol. 48 (1993) 12-17
42. Hollon S.D., Thase M.E., and Markowitz J.C. Treatment and prevention of depression. Psych. Sci. Public Interest 3 (2002) 39-77
43. Inge M.T. Agrarianism in American Literature (1969), Odyssey Press, New York
44. Jacobs B. Serotonin, motor activity and depression-related disorders. Am. Sci. (1994) 456-463
45. Jacobs, B.L., Van Praag, H., Gage, F.H., 2001. Depression and the birth and death of brain cells. Am. Sci. 88, 340-345.
46. Kalivas P.W., Churchill L., and Romanides A. Involvement of the pallidal-thalamocortical circuit in adaptive behavior. In: McGinty (Ed). Advancing from the Ventral Striatum to the Extended Amygdala: Implications for Neuropsychiatry and Drug Abuse. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol. 877 (1999) 64-90
47. Kelley A.E. Functional specificity of ventral striatal compartments in appetitive behaviors. In: McGinty (Ed). Advancing from the Ventral Striatum to the Extended Amygdala: Implications for Neuropsychiatry and Drug Abuse. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol. 877 (1999) 71-90
48. Kelley A.E., and Berridge K.C. The neuroscience of natural rewards: relevance to addictive drugs. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 3306-3311
49. Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Koretz D., Merikangas K.R., Rush A.J., Walters E.E., and Wang P.S. The epidemiology of major depression disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA 289 (2003) 3095-3105
50. Kirsch I., and Antonuccio D. Antidepressants versus placebos: meaningful advantages are lacking. Psychiatric Times XIX 9 (2002). http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/p02906.html Accessed April 2, 2005
51. Kleinman A., and Cohen A. Psychiatry's global challenge. Sci. Am. (1997) 86-89
52. Klerman G., Lavori P., Rice J., Reich T., Endicott N., Andreasen N., Keller M., and Hirschfeld R. Birth cohort trends in rates of major depressive disorder among relatives of patients with affective disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 42 (1985) 689-693
53. Kollatz H. Designed for living: five furniture makers-their art and craft. Richmond Mag. (March) (2005) H14-H19
54. Lacerda A.L., Nicoletti M.A., Brambilla P., Sassi R.B., Mallinger A.G., Fran E., Kupfer D.J., Keshavan M.S., and Soares J.C. Anatomical MRI study of basal ganglia in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 124 (2003) 129-140
55. Lambert K.G., and Kinsley C.H. Clinical Neuroscience: the Neurobiological Foundations of Mental Health (2005), Worth Publishers, New York
56. Lang U.E., Jockers-Scherubl M.C., and Hellweg R. State of the art of the neurotrophin hypothesis in psychiatric disorders: implications and limitations. J. Neural. Transm. 111 (2004) 387-411
57. Lennon M.C. Women, work, and well-being: the importance of work conditions. J. Health Soc. Behav. 35 (1994) 235-247
58. Lorant V., Deliege D., Eaton W., Robert A., Philippot P., and Annsseau M. Socieoeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 157 (2003) 98-112
59. Lupien S.J., and McEwen B.S. The acute effects of corticosteroids on cognition: integration of animal and human studies. Brain Res. Rev. 24 (1997) 1-27
60. Lupien S.J., Lecours A., Lussier I., Schwartz G., Nair N., and Meaney M. Basal cortisol levels and cognitive deficits in human aging. J. Neurosci. 14 (1994) 2893-2903
61. Lydall-Watson M. A critical re-examination of food 'washing' behaviour in the raccoon (Procyon lotor Linn). Proc. Zoolog. Soc. London 141 (1963) 371-393
62. Macdonald A.L. No Idle Hands: The Social History of American Knitting (1988), Ballantine Books, New York
63. Maddi S.R. On hardiness and other pathways to resilience. Am. Psychol. 60 (2005) 261-262
64. Madsden T.M., Trechow A., Bengzon J., Bolwig T.G., Lindvall O., and Tingstrom A. Increased neurogenesis in a model of electroconvulsive therapy. Biol. Psychiatry 47 (2000) 1043-1049
65. Maurice N., Deniau J.M., Menetrey A., Glowinski J., and Thierry A.M. Position of the ventral pallidum in the rat prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuit. Neuroscience 80 (1997) 523-534
66. McCullough L.D., Sokolowski J.D., and Salamone J.D. A neurochemical and behavioral investigation of the involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in instrumental avoidance. Neuroscience 52 (1993) 919-925
67. McEwen B.S. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. In: Flier J.S., and Underhill L.H. (Eds). Seminars in Medicine of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (1998), Massachusetts Medical Society, New York
68. McHale S.M., Croucher A.C., and Tucker C.J. Free-time activities in middle childhood: links with adjustment in cognitive development. Child Dev. 72 (2001) 1764-1778
69. Milad M.R., Quinn B.T., Pitman R.K., Orr S.P., Fischl B., and Rauch S. Thickness of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in humans is correlated with extinction memory. PNAS 102 (2005) 10706-10711
70. Mingote S., Weber S.M., Ishiwari K., Correa M., and Salamone J.D. Ratio and time requirements on operant schedules: Effort-related effects of neucleus accumbens dopamine depletions. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21 (2005) 1749-1757
71. Mogenson G.J., Jones D.L., and Yim C.Y. From motivation to action: functional interface between the limbic system and the motor system. Prog. Neurobiol. 14 (1980) 69-97
72. National Alliance on Mental Illness. About mental illness: major depression: http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&template=/ContentManagement/. Accessed April 5, 2005.
73. National Institute of Mental Health. Depression http:///www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/depression.cfm. Accessed April 5, 2005.
74. Nazroo J.Y. Exploring gender differences in depression. Psychol. Times XVIII (2005). Online article, accessed August 5 ww.psychiatrictimes.com/p010343.html
75. Neill D.B., and Justice J.B. An hypothesis for a behavioral function of dopaminergic transmission in nucleus accumbens. In: Chronister R.B., and Defrance J.F. (Eds). The Neurobiology of the Nucleus Accumbens (1981), Hue Institute, Brunswich, Canada 343-350
76. Nibuya M., Morinobu S., and Duman R.S. Regulation of BDNF trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. J. Neurosci. 15 (1995) 7539-7547
77. Nolen-Hoeksema S. Sex Differences in Depression (1990), Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
78. Nolen-Hoeksema S. Gender differences in depression. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 5 (2001) 173-176
79. Parker G., Gladstone G., and Chee K.T. Depression in the planet's largest ethnic group: the Chinese. Am. J. Psychiatry 158 (2001) 857-864
80. Richardson N.R., and Gratton A. Changes in medial prefrontal cortical dopamine levels assocated with response-contingent food reward: an electrochemical study in rat. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 9130-9138
81. Robbins T.W. Controlling stress: how the brain protects itself from depression. Nat. Neurosci. 8 (2005) 261-262
82. Robins L., Helzer M., Weissman H., Orvaschel E., Gruenberg J., Burke J., and Regier D. Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 41 (1984) 949-958
83. Robinson S., Sandstrom S.M., Denenberg V.H., and Palmiter R.D. Distinguishing whether dopamine regulates liking, wanting, and/or learning about rewards. Behav. Neurosci. 119 (2005) 5-15
84. Rose S., Brewin C.R., Andrews B., and Kirk M. A randomized controlled trial of individual psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime. Psychol. Med. 29 (1999) 793-799
85. Ross, W.D. (translator) Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, 305 BC http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen.1.i.html. Accessed March 20, 2005.
86. Russo-Neustedt A.A., Beard R.C., Huang Y.M., and Cotman C.W. Physical activity and antidepressant treatment potentiate the expression of specific brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts in the rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 101 (2000) 305-312
87. Salamone J.D., Cousins M.S., and Bucher S. Anehdonia or anergia? Effects of haloperidol and nucleus accumbens dopamine depletion on instrumental response selection in a T-maze cost/benefit procedure. Behav. Brain Res. 65 (1994) 221-229
88. Salamone J.D., Cousins M.S., and Snyder B.J. Beheavioral functions of the nucleus acumbens dopamine: empirical and conceptual problems with the anhedonia hypothesis. Neurosci. Beobehav. Rev. 21 (1997) 341-359
89. Salamone J.D., Correa M., Mingote S.M., and Weber S.M. Beyond the reward hypothesis: alternative functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 5 (2005) 34-41
90. Schaefer M., Rothemund Y., Heinze H.J., and Rotte M. Short-term plasticity of the primary somatosensory cortex during tool use. Neuroreport 7 (2004) 1293-1297
91. Schultz W. Multiple reward signals in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 1 (2000) 199-207
92. Schultz W., Tremblay L., and Hollerman J.R. Reward processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Cerebral Cortex 10 (2000) 272-283
93. Seligman M.E.P. Learned Optimism (1990), Pocket Books, New York
94. Seligman M.E.P., and Weiss J.M. Coping behavior: Learned behavior: learned helplessness, physiological change and learned inactivity (Interchange between MEP Seligman and JM Weiss). Behav. Res. Ther. 18 (1980) 459-512
95. Sokolowski J.D., Conlan A.N., and Salamone J.D. A microdialysis study of neucleus accumbens core and shell dopamine during operant responding in the rat. Neuroscience 86 (1998) 1001-1009
96. Summers A. Born to run. Nat. Hist. 114 (2005) 34-35
97. Szeszko P.R., Robinson D., Alvir J.M., Bilder R.M., Lencz T., Ashtari M., Wu H., and Bogerts B. Orbital frontal and amygdala volume reductions on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56 (1999) 913-919
98. Tafet G.E., and Smolovich J. Psychoneuroendocrinological studies on chronic stress and depression. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1032 (2004) 276-278
99. The Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Rural women in Iran: http://www.salamiran.org/women/general/rural.html. Accessed April 10, 2005.
100. The PostColonial Web, University Scholars Program, National University of Singapore: Women in Nigeria Today. http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/Nigeria/contwomen.html. Accessed April 10, 2005.
101. Thomas K., and Davies A. Neurotrophins: a ticket to ride for BDNF. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) 262-264
102. Tremblay L.K., Naranjo C.A., Cardenas L., Herrmann N., and Busto U.E. Probing brain reward system function in major depressive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychol. 59 (2002) 409-416
103. Tu K., Love G., McNamara I., Banks M., Kinsley C.H., and Lambert K.G. Coping strategies in long-evans male rats: innate vs. acquired characteristics. Presentation at the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society (2005) (Santa Fe, NM)
104. Un H. Current trends for the management and treatment of depression. Am. J. Manage. Care 10 (2004) S171-S172
105. University of Michigan Health System. Your child topics. http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/yourchild/TV.htm. Accessed August 10, 2005.
106. US Public Health Services. Mental Health: a report of the Surgeon General (Chp 4). http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/home.html. Accessed April 20, 2005.
107. Valenstein E.S. Blaming the Brain (1998), The Free Press, New York
108. Vertes R.P. Differential projections of the infralimbic and prelimbic cortex in the rat. Synapse 51 (2004) 32-58
109. Vythilingam M., Anderson E.R., Goddard A., Woods S.W., Staib L.H., Charney D.S., and Bremner J.D. Temporal lobe volume in panic disorder-a quantitive magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res. 99 (2000) 75-82
110. Walton M.E., Bannerman D.M., and Rushworth M.F.S. The role of rat medial frontal cortex in effort-based decision making. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 10996-11003
111. Watanabe Y., Gould E., and McEwen B.S. Stress induces of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res. 588 (1992) 341-345
112. Willner P. Dopamine and depression: a review of recent evidence. I. Empiricalstudies. Brain Res. 287 (1983) 211-224
113. Willner P. Dopamine and depression: a review of recent evidence. II. Theoretical approaches. Brain Res. 287 (1983) 225-236
114. Willner P. Dopamine and depression: a review of recent evidence. III. The effects of antidepressant treatments. Brain Res. 287 (1983) 237-246
115. Winfield, L., 1994. North Central Regional Educational Library. Developing resilience in urban youth. http://www.NCREL.org/sdrs/arlas/issues/educators/leasership.lewon.htm: Accessed August 10, 2005.
116. Wollersheim J.P. Depression, women, and the workplace. Occup. Med. 8 (1993) 787-795
117. Woolley C., Gould E., and McEwen B.S. Exposure to excess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurosns. Brain Res. 531 (1990) 225-231
118. World Health Organization. Depression http://www.who.int/topics/depression/en/ accessed April 5, 2005.
119. Yapko M.D. The art of avoiding depression. Psychol. Today (1997) May/June
120. Zahm D.S. Functional-anatomical implications of the nucleus accumbens core and shell subterritories. In: McGinty (Ed). Advancing from the Ventral Striatum to the Extended Amygdala: Implications for Neuropsychiatry and Drug Abuse. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol. 877 (1999) 113-128
121. Zeveloff S.I. Raccoons: A Natural History (2002), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
122. Zink C.F., Pagnoni G., Martin-Skurski M.E., Chappelow J.C., and Berns G.S. Human striatal responses to monetary reward depend on saliency. Neuron 42 (2004) 509-517