"Larger than a party, yet smaller than a state": Locating Hezbollah's place within Lebanon's state and society

World Affairs

Volumn 168, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 115-128

  Early, Bryan R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NATION STATE; ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK; TERRORISM;

ASIA; EURASIA; LEBANON; MIDDLE EAST;

EID: 33645996050     PISSN: 00438200     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/WAFS.168.3.115-128     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. The quote "Larger than a party, yet smaller than a state" is from Hajj Jussein al-Shami and is quoted in Hala Jaber, Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1997), 168.
2. Joel Migdal has developed his state-in-society theory through a series of books and articles on the subject. For the purposes of space constraints, the works from which this article draws will be cited here first. Works that reference specific ideas from a particular source will be subsequently cited, but the author will indicate within the text when Migdal's theories and ideas are being discussed. The key works include the following: Joel Migdal, "Mental Maps and Virtual Checkpoints," in Boundaries and Belonging: States and Societies in the Struggle to Shape Identities and Local Practices, ed. Joel Migdal, 3-26 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004);
3. Joel Migdal, "The State in Society," in New Directions in Comparative Politics, 3rd ed., ed. Howard Wiarda, 63-80 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002);
4. Joel Migdal, State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute One Another (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001);
5. Joel Migdal, "The State in Society: An Approach to Struggles for Domination," in State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World, ed. Joel S. Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, 7-34; (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994);
6. and Joel Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1988).
7. Howard Wiarda, "Toward the Future: Old and New Directions in Comparative Politics," in New Directions in Comparative Politics, 3rd ed., ed. Howard Wiarda, 1-15 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002).
8. Carole H. Dagher, Bringing Down the Walls: Lebanon's Post-War Challenge (New York: St. Martin's, 2000), 167-81.
9. Rania Maktabi, "State Formation and Citizenship in Lebanon," in Citizen and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications, ed. Nils A. Butenschon, Uri Davis, and Manuel Hassassian, 146-78 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Univ. Press, 2000).
10. Dagher, Bringing Down the Walls, 169.
11. Vicky Randall and Lars Svasand, "Party Institutionalisation and the New Democracies," in Democracy and Political Change in the "Third World," ed. Jeff Haynes, 94 (New York: Routledge, 2001).
12. Gabriel Almond, "The Intellectual History of the Civic Culture Concept," in The Civic Culture Revisited, ed. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, 35 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980).
13. Migdal, State in Society, 132.
14. Judith Palmer Harik, Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism (New York: I. B. Taurus, 2004). Harik provides a detailed discussion of Hezbollah's strategy to change its image from that of a terrorist group to one of a legitimate social and political organization. Harik's work also delves into significantly more detail of the relationship between Syria, Iran, Lebanon, and Hezbollah than space within this article allows.
15. Midgal, Strong Societies and Weak States, 32.
16. Migdal, State in Society, 15-16.
17. Ibid., 15-16.
18. Ibid., 50.
19. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States, 29.
20. Migdal, Boundaries and Belonging, 18.
21. Migdal, Through the Lens of Israel: Explorations in State and Society (Albany: State Univ. of New York Press, 2001), 5.
22. Dagher, Bringing Down the Walls, 167-81.
23. Amal Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion (Sterling, VA: Pluto, 2002), 16-22.
24. Jaber, Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, 47-49, 54-55;
25. and Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion, 13-25.
26. Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion, 10.
27. David Hirst, "South Lebanon: The War That Never Ends?" Journal of Palestine Studies 29, no. 3 (1999): 5-18.
28. Augustus Norton, "Hezbollah and the Israeli Withdrawal from Lebanon," Journal of Palestine Studies 30, no. 1 (2000): 22-35.
29. Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion.
30. Magnus Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon (New York: St. Martin's, 1997), 38-63.
31. Jaber, Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance; Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon; and Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion.
32. Dagher, Bringing Down the Walls, 172.
33. Paul Kingston and Marie-Joelle Zahar, "The Rise and Fall of Militia Cantons," in States-Within-States: Incipient Political Entities in the Post-Cold War Era, ed. Paul Kingston and Ian Spears, 81-98. (New York: Palgrave/MacMillan, 2004).
34. Jaber, Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, 29.
35. Nezar Hamzeh, "Lebanon's Islamists and Local Politics: A New Reality," Third World Quarterly 21, no. 5 (2000): 739-59.
36. Kingston and Zahar, "The Rise and Fall of Militia Cantons," 86;
37. see also Emily Picard, "The Political Economy of Civil War in Lebanon," in War, Institutions, and Social Change in the Middle East, ed. Steven Heydemann, 292-322 (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2000).
38. Jaber, Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, 159-68.
39. Ahmad Beydoun, "A Note on Confessionalism," in Lebanon in Limbo, ed. Nawaf Salam and Theodor Hanf, 75-86 (Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003).
40. Jaber, Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, 35. Notes for this paragraph drew from the same source.
41. Jaber, Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, 35. Notes for this paragraph drew from the same source.
42. Ibid.
43. Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion, 39-40, 46-48, 55-58. Saad-Ghorayeb provides a detailed discussion on how Hezbollah's ideas on the formation of the Islamic state shaped its conception on how it would seek to fulfill the procurement of an Islamic government through democratic means.
44. Mats Wärn, Staying the Course: The "Lebanonization" of Hizbollah - The Integration of an Islamist Movement into a Pluralist Political System (master's thesis, Stockholm Univ., 1999), http:// almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/hizballah/warn2/index.html (accessed April 1, 2004).
45. Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion, 53.
46. Ibid., 30-32.
47. Ibid., 30-32.
48. Hamzeh, "Lebanon's Islamists and Local Politics: A New Reality"; and
49. Norton, "Hezbollah and the Israeli Withdrawal from Lebanon."
50. Mats Wärn, "Stressing the Probable, Postponing the Improbable: Hezbollah in the Shadow of the Al-Aqsa Intifada," Civil Wars 6, no. 3 (2003): 107-28.
51. Wärn, "Transformation: From Clandestine to Public," in Staying the Course, http://Halmashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/ hizballah/warn2/transformation.html (accessed April 1, 2004).
52. Judith P. Harik, "Between Islam and the System: Sources and Implications for the Popular Support for Lebanon's Hezbollah." Journal of Conflict Resolution 40, no. 1 (1996): 41-67.
53. Salam and Hanf, Lebanon in Limbo, 75-86.
54. Harik, Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism, 195.
55. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States, 18-19.
56. Ibid., 264.
57. Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion, 52.
58. Jaber, Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, 159-68.
59. Kingston and Zahar, "The Rise and Fall of Militia Cantons," 81-98.
60. Hamzeh, "Lebanon's Islamists and Local Politics: A New Reality," 739-45.
61. Jaber, Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance, 168.
62. Hirst, "South Lebanon: The War That Never Ends?" 8-12.
63. Wärn, "Stressing the Probable, Postponing the Improbable," 120.
64. Steven Simon and Jonathon Stevenson, "Declawing the 'Party of God': Toward Normalization in Lebanon," World Policy Journal 18, no. 2 (2001): 31-43; see 33.
65. Ibid.
66. Adham Saouli, "Lebanon's Hezbollah: The Quest for Survival," World Affairs 166, no. 2 (2003): 71-80.
67. Ibid., 78.
68. Migdal, "The State in Society."
69. "U.S. Hits Syria with Sanctions," CNN.com, May 11, 2004, http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/11/us.syria/index.html (accessed April 1, 2004).
70. Daniel Byman, "Should Hezbollah Be Next?" Foreign Affairs 82, no. 6 (2003): 54-67.
71. Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion, 14.
72. Roula Khalaf, "Protests Leave Hizbollah with a Dilemma," Financial Times, March 3, 2005.
73. Saouli, "Lebanon's Hezbollah: The Quest for Survival," 74.
74. Nada Raad, "FPM Invite Hizbullah to Join Discussion," Daily Star, December 28, 2004.
75. Harik, Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism, 178-79.