Comparison of estimated daily intakes of flavouring substances with no-observed-effect levels

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 44, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 758-809

  Munro, I C ^a   Danielewska Nikiel, B ^a  

^a Cantox Health Sciences International   (Canada)

Author keywords

Flavouring substances; Margin of safety; MSDI; NOEL; PADI

Indexed keywords

CINNAMYL ALCOHOL; FLAVORING AGENT; FOOD ADDITIVE; FURFURYL ALCOHOL; PHENOL DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; CALCULATION; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD INTAKE; HEALTH SURVEY; SAFETY; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ALCOHOLS; ALDEHYDES; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; ESTERS; EVALUATION STUDIES; FLAVORING AGENTS; FURANS; HUMANS; HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC; KETONES; MONOTERPENES; PHENOL; PROPANOLS; PYRAZINES; SAFETY;

EID: 33645932615     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.10.008     Document Type: Article

References (183)

1. Altmann H.J., Grunow W., Wester P.W., and Mohr U. Induction of forestomach lesions by butylhydroxyanisole and structurally related substances. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 8 (1985) 114-116
2. Arcella D., and Leclercq C. Assessment of dietary intake of flavouring substances within the procedure for their safety evaluation: advantages and limitations of estimates obtained by means of a per capita method. Food. Chem. Toxicol. 43 (2005) 105-116
3. Arts, J.H., Lina, B.A., 2003. Range-finding (7-day) and repeat-dose (28-day) toxicity study in the rat with tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol by the dietary route [Private Communication to the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association]. Project No. 010.42172, TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Zeist, the Netherlands. Submitted to WHO by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States, Washington, DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
4. Atlas Chemical Co., 1969. Glycerol: A two-year feeding study in rats. Unpublished report no. BMRD-65. Submitted to WHO by Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2002.
5. Babish, J.G., 1978. 90-Day feeding study of 2-(2-butyl)-4,5-dimethyl-3-thiazoline in rats. Unpublished Report from Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc. Submitted to WHO by Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
6. Babish, J.G., Re, T.A., 1978. 90-Day feeding study of (cyclohexylmethyl)pyrazine in rats. Unpublished Report No. 5662b from Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc. Cited in: JECFA, 2001.
7. Bär V.F., and Griepentrog F. Die Situation in der gesundheitlichen Beurteilung der Aromatisierungsmittel für Lebensmittel = [Where we stand concerning the evaluation of flavoring substances from the viewpoint of health]. Med. Ernahr. 8 (1967) 244-251
8. BIBRA, 1976. Short-term toxicity samples TT171, TT172, TT173, and Ttil74 in rats. British Industrial Biological Research Association (BIBRA) Unpublished Report. Submitted to WHO by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
9. Bio-Research Laboratories, 1980. Ethyl-beta-furfural-alpha-thiopropionate. Unpublished Report. Submitted to WHO by Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
10. Boe M., Wurtzen G., and Olsen P. Short term toxicity study in rats dosed with isoeugenol benzyl ether. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 12 (1989) 165-171
11. Borzelleca J.F., Larson P.S., Hennigan Jr. G.R., Huf E.G., Crawford E.M., and Smith Jr. R.B. Studies on the chronic oral toxicity of monomeric ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 6 (1964) 29-36
12. Brantom P.G., Gaunt I.F., Grasso P., and Lansdown A.B.G. Short-term toxicity of tolualdehyde in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 10 (1972) 637-647
13. Brown B., Schaffarzick R.W., and Dreibach R.W. Anticonvulsant properties of certain secondary and tertiary alcohols. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 115 (1955) 230-239
14. Brunsborg B., Meyer O., Wurtzen G., and Olsen P. Four-week toxicity study of 4-methoxytoluene in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 73 (1994) 209-212
15. Bucher J.R., Huff J., and Kluwe W.M. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of isophorone in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Toxicology 39 (1986) 207-219
16. Burdock G.A., and Ford R.A. Safety evaluation of dibenzyl ether. Food Chem. Toxicol. 30 (1992) 559-566
17. Burdock G.A., Pence D.H., and Ford R.A. Safety evaluation of benzophenone. Food Chem. Toxicol. 29 (1991) 741-750
18. Burek J.D. Pathology of Aging Rats (1978), CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL
19. Carpanini F.M., Gaunt I.F., Wright M.G., Grasso P., and Gangolli S.D. Short-term toxicity of amyl cinnamic aldehyde in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 11 (1973) 725-734
20. Carson, S., 1972a. 90-Day studies with glycerol tribenzoate in rats. Unpublished Rport. Submitted to WHO by the Flavour and Extracts Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2002.
21. Carson, S., 1972b. 90-Day studies with propylene glycol dibenzoate in rats. Unpublished Report No. 2-732 from Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., Waverly, NY, USA. Submitted to WHO by the Flavour and Extracts Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2002.
22. Cormack, H., Mullee, D., Brooks, P.N., 2000. Twenty-eight day repeat dose oral (dietary) toxicity study in the rat. Unpublished Report. Submitted to WHO by the Flavour and Extracts Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
23. Cox, G.E., Re, T.A., 1978. 90-Day feeding study of code No. 78024-01 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., Private Communication to the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States of America, Washington, DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
24. Cox, G.E., Bailey, D.E., Morgareidge, K., 1974a. 90-Day feeding study in rats with 2-octen-4-one. Unpublished Report from FDRL, Inc., Waverly, NY, USA. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
25. Cox, G.E., Bailey, D.E., Morgareidge, K., 1974b. 90-Day feeding study in rats with 1-octen-3-one. Unpublished Report from FDRL, Inc., Waverly, NY, USA. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
26. Cox, G.E., Bailey, D.E., Morgareidge, K., 1974c. 90-Day feeding studies in rats with compound 14935 (2-mercapto-3-butanol). Unpublished Report submitted to the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association by Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States of America, Washington, DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
27. Cox, G.E., Rucci, G., Babish, J.G., 1979. 90-Day subacute dietary toxicity study of 78-002-2 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Unpublished Report submitted to the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association by Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States of America, Washington, DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
28. Damske, D.R., Mechler, F.J., Beliles, R.P., Liverman, J.L., 1980. Report on 2,4-decadienal. Unpublished Report. Submitted to WHO by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2002, 2004.
29. DeGroot, A.P., Spanjers, M.T., van der Heijden, C.A., 1974. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity studies in rats with five flavour compounds. Unpublished Report. Submitted to WHO by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2002, 2003.
30. Drake J.J., Gaunt I.F., Butterworht K.R., Hooson J., Hardy J., and Gangolli S.D. Short-term toxicity of isoamyl salicylate in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13 (1975) 185-193
31. Drummond, J.G., 1993. 4-Acetoxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone MRD-93-611 14-day subchronic oral toxicity study in the rat. [Private Communication to the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association]. Project Number 161170 Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc., East Millstone, NJ. Submitted to WHO by the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States, Washington, DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
32. Edwards, K.B., 1973. Biological evaluation of 2,6-dodecadienal and 2,4,7-tridectrienal. 4-Week feeding study in rats. Unpublished Report. [Private Communication to the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association (FEMA)]. Submitted to WHO by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
33. EFSA, 2004. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 3 (FGE.03): Acetals of branched- and straight-chain aliphatic saturated primary alcohols and branched- and straight-chain saturated aldehydes, and an orthoester of formic acid, from chemical groups 1 and 2 (Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) (adopted on 7 October 2004). EFSA J 107, 1-59. Available from: .
34. Eibert, J.J., 1992. Private communication to FEMA. Unpublished Report. Cited in: FDA, 1993.
35. EPA, 1988a. EPA. 1988. Subchronic Toxicity of Ortho-Cresol in Sprague Dawley Rats. Prepared by Microbiological Associates Inc., Bethesda, Maryland (MBA). Sponsored by Research Triangle Institute for US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC, EPA530-SW-88-027. From US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, PB88-197496. Cited in: JECFA, 2001.
36. EPA. 1988b. Subchronic Toxicity of Para-Cresol in Sprague Dawley Rats: MBA Chemical No. 25. Prepared by Microbiological Associates Inc.; Bethesda, MD (MBA). Sponsored by Research Triangle Institute for US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Office of Solid Waste; Washington, DC, EPA530-SW-88-025. From US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information service, Springfield, VA, PB88-195292. Cited in: JECFA, 2001.
37. FDA, 1954. Pathological changes in rats from feeding of various flavouring agents. Unpublished communication from the Food and Drug Administration, US (FDA) to the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2002.
38. FDA, 1993. Priority Based Assessment of Food Additives (PAFA) Database. Food and Drug Administration, US (FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Washington, DC, p. 58.
39. Ford, G.P., Butler, W.H., Gaunt, I.F., 1983. The short-term (90 days) toxicity of alpha- and beta-ionones in rats. Unpublished Report. The British Industrial Biological Research Association (BIBRA), Carshalton, Surrey, UK. Cited in: JECFA, 2002.
40. Freeman G.B., Toft J.D., Yarrington J.T., Ryan M.J., Trela B.A., Kurtz P.J., and Chhabra R. 13-Week dosed feed toxicity study of benzophenone in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Toxicologist 14 (1994) 221 (Abstract No. 829)
41. Gallo, M.A., Cox, G.E., Babish, J.G., 1976a. 90-Day feeding studies in rats with compound 75-31065 (methyl benzyl disulfide). Unpublished Report from Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
42. Gallo, M.A., Cox, G.E., Babish, J.G., 1976b. 90-Day feeding studies in rats with compound 75-15963 (3-[(2-methyl-3-furyl)-thiol]-4-heptanone). Unpublished Report from Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
43. Gaunt I.F., Colley J., Grasso P., Lansdown A.B.G., and Gangolli S.D. Acute (rat and mouse) and short term (rat) toxicity studies on cis-3-hexen-1-ol. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 7 (1969) 451-459
44. Gaunt I.F., Sharratt M., and Colley J. Acute and short- term toxicity of para-hydroxybenzyl acetone in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 8 (1970) 349-358
45. Gaunt I.F., Colley J., Wright M., Creasey M., Grasso P., and Gangolli S.D. Acute and short-term toxicity studies on trans-2-hexenal. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 9 (1971) 775-786
46. Gaunt I.F., Agrelo C.E., Colley J., Lansdown A.B.G., and Grasso P. Short-term toxicity of isobornyl acetate in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 9 (1971) 355-366
47. Gaunt I.F., Carpanini R.M.B., Grasso P., and Lansdown A.B.G. Long-term toxicity of propylene glycol in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 10 (1972) 151-162
48. Gaunt I.F., Carpanini R.M.B., Wright M.G., Grasso P., and Gangolli S.D. Short-term toxicity of methyl amyl ketone in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 10 (1972) 625-636
49. Gaunt I.F., Mason P.L., Hardy J., Lansdown A.B.G., and Gangolli S.D. Short-term toxicity of methylphenylcarbinyl acetate in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 12 (1974) 185-194
50. Gaunt I.F., Butterworth K.R., Hardy J., and Gangolli S.D. Long-term toxicity of sorbic acid in the rat. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13 (1975) 31-45
51. Gaunt I.F., Wright M.G., and Cottrell R. Short-term toxicity of 2-phenylpropan-1-ol (hydratropic alcohol) in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 20 (1982) 519-525
52. Gill, M.W., van Miller, J.P., 1987a. Fourteen-day dietary minimum toxicity screen (MTS) of 4(2-furyl)-3-buten-2-one, 3-oxoetradecanoic acid glyceride, 3-oxooctanoic acid glyceride, 2-pentadecanone and o-methoxybenzaldehyde in albino rats. Unpublished Report from Bushy Run Research Centre. Submitted to WHO by Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2002.
53. Gill, M.W., van Miller, J.P., 1987b. Fourteen-day dietary minimum toxicity screen (MTS) in albino rats. Unpublished Report No. 50-527 from Bushy Run Research Center, Export, Pennsylvania, USA. Submitted to WHO by Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
54. Gill, M.W., van Miller, J.P., 1987c. Fourteen-day dietary minimum toxicity screen (MTS) in albino rats. Unpublished Report from Union Carbide Export, Pennsylvania, USA. Submitted to WHO by Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
55. Gill, M.W., van Miller, J.P., 1987d. Fourteen-day dietary minimum toxicity screen (MTS) in albino rats. Unpublished Report to the research Institute of Fragrance Materials, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA. Submitted to WHO by Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States, Washington, DC, USA. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
56. Greaves P., and Faccini J.M. Rat Histopathology. A Glossary for Use in Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies (1984), Elsevier Science Publishers, New York p. 211
57. Gulati, D.K., Hope, E., Barnes, L.H., Russel, S., Poonacha, K.B., 1990a. Reproductive toxicity of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (CAS No. 109-86-4) in Sprague-Dawley rats, litter 2, 1-76. Environmental Health Research and Testing, Inc., Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA, PB 90-252313. Cited in: JECFA, 2002.
58. Gulati, D.K., Hope, E., Christman, K.L., Barnes, L.H., Russel, S. (1990b). Reproductive toxicity of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (CAS No. 109-86-4) in Sprague-Dawley rats, litter 2, 1-76. Environmental Health Research and Testing, Inc., Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA, PB 90-252321. Cited in: JECFA, 2002.
59. Hagan E.C., Hansen W.H., Fitzhugh O.G., Jenner P.M., Jones W.I., Taylor J.M., Long E.L., Nelson A.A., and Brouwer J.B. Food flavourings and compounds of related structure. II. Subacute and chronic toxicity. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 5 (1967) 141-157
60. Hill, R.E., Wood, C.M., 1986. 90-Day oral toxicity study in the rat ORP-178. Unpublished Report. Private Communication. Submitted to WHO by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
61. Hine C.H., Anderson H.H., Moon H.O., Dunlop M.K., and Morse M.X. Glycerol: two-year rat study. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 7 (1953) 282-291
62. Hoechst, A.G., 1991. Unveröffentl. Unters. (Ber.-Nr. 91.0246). Private Communication to FEMA. Unpublished Report.
63. Hooks, W.N., Kirk, S.J., Smith, H.L., Crook, D., Gibson, W.A., Gregson, R.L., Gopinath, C., Anderson, A., Dawe, S.I., 1992. Ethyl vanillin toxicity to rats by repeated dietary administration. Unpublished Report. Cited in: JECFA, 2002.
64. Hummler, H., 1969. Private Communication. Submitted to WHO by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
65. Inai K., Aoki Y., Akamizu H., Eto R., Nishida T., and Tokuoka S. Tumorigenicity study of butyl and isobutyl p-hydroxybenzoates administered orally to mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 23 (1985) 575-578
66. JECFA, 1974. Toxicological evaluation of some food additives including anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers and thickening. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) Meeting, June 25-July 4, 1973, Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization (WHO), International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), Geneva, Switzerland, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 5.
67. JECFA, 1983. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and food contaminants. In: Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) Meeting, April 11-20, 1983. World Health Organization (WHO), International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), Geneva, Switzerland, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 18.
68. JECFA, 1998. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. In: 49th Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. World Health Organization (WHO), International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), Geneva, Switzerland, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 40.
69. JECFA, 2001. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. In: 55th Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). World Health Organization (WHO), International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), Geneva, Switzerland, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 46.
70. JECFA, 2002. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. In: 57th Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). World Health Organization (WHO), International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), Geneva, Switzerland, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 48.
71. JECFA, 2003. Safety evaluation of certain food additives. In: 59th Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 50.
72. JECFA, 2004. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. In: 61st Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization (WHO), International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), Geneva, Switzerland, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 52.
73. JECFA, 2005. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. In: 63rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 54.
74. Johannsen E., and Purchase I.F. Kafficorn malting and brewing studies: XXI. The effect of fusel oil of bantu beer on rat liver. S. Afr. Med. J. 43 (1969) 326-328
75. Jones, L.J., McKenzie, J., Brooks, P.N., 2004. Nootkatone, Verbenone: Twenty-eight day repeated dose, single dose level oral toxicity study in the rat. Draft Report. SPL Project Number 1834/003. Safepharm Laboratories Limited, Derbyshire, UK. Unpublished Report to the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association (FEMA). Submitted to the WHO by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States, Washington, DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
76. Jonker, D. 2000. Sub-chronic (13-week) oral toxicity study in rats with micro-encapsulated furfural. TNO Report V99.520, vols. 1-3. Unpublished Report from TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, Netherlands. Submitted to WHO by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2001.
77. Kaiser K. Investigations on the carcinogenic activity of indole in rats. Z. Krebsforsch. 59 (1953) 488-495
78. Kelly, C.M., Bolte, H.F., 2003. ST 07 C99: a 24-month dietary carcinogenicity study in rats. Final Report. Study No. 99-2644. [Private Communication to the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association]. Huntigdon Life Sciences, East Millstone, NJ. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States of America, Washington, DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
79. King, T., Faccini, J.M., Jachbaur, J., Perraud, J., Monro, A.M., 1979. 3-Generation and chronic toxicity study in rats. Unpublished Report Pfizer Central Research. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
80. Lijinsky W., and Kovatch R.M. Chronic toxicity study of cyclohexanone in rats and mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77 (1986) 941-949
81. Maasik I. The toxicity of small doses of dimethyl-phenol doses in chronic experiments. Vopr. Gig. Tr. Profzabol. Mater. Nauch. Konf. 2 (1970) 171-176
82. Maekawa A., Todate A., Onodera H., Matsushima Y., Nagaoka T., Shibutani M., Ogasawara H., Kodama Y., and Hayashi Y. Lack of toxicity/carcinogenicity of monosodium succinate in F344 rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 28 (1990) 235-241
83. Maekawa A., Matsushima Y., Onodera H., Shibutani M., Yoshida J., Kodama Y., Kurokawa Y., and Hayashi Y. Long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity study of calcium lactate in F344 rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 29 (1991) 589-594
84. Malorny G. Acute and chronic toxicity of formic acid and formates. Z. Ernahrungswiss 9 (1969) 332-339
85. Minnema, D.J., 1997. 90-Day subchronic dietary toxicity study of trans-anethole in rats. Corning Hazleton, Inc., Vienna, VA, USA. Study No. CHV 2595-104. Submitted to WHO by Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States, Washington DC, United States. Cited in: Vavasour, 1999.
86. Mølck A.-M., Poulsen M., Lauridsen S.T., and Olsen P. Lack of histological cerebellar changes in Wistar rats given pulegone for 28 days: Comparison of immersion and perfusion tissue fixation. Toxicol. Lett. 95 (1998) 117-122
87. Mondino, A., 1981. 13-Week repeat dose study of test article TT191 (3-methyl-1,2,4-trithiane) orally administered to Sprague-Dawley Charles Riverr CD(SD)BR rats. Unpublished Report from Instituto di richierche biomedicine 'Antoine Marxer' SpA. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States of America, Washington, DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
88. Morgareidge, K., 1971a. 90-Day feeding studies in rats with benzothiazole. Unpublished Report from Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., Maspeth, NY, USA. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
89. Morgareidge, K., 1971b. 90-Day feeding studies with 2-keto-3-pentanthiol in rats. Unpublished Report submitted to the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
90. Morgareidge, K., 1971c. 90-Day feeding studies with N-furfurylpyrrole in rats. Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Maspeth, NY. Private communication to FEMA. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
91. Morgareidge, K., Oser, B.L. (1970a). 90-Day feeding studies in rats with 2-thienyldisulfide. Unpublished Report from Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., Maspeth, NY. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
92. Morgareidge, K., Oser, B.L., 1970b. 90-Day feeding studies in rats with bis-(2-methyl-3-furyl)-disulfide. Unpublished Report. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
93. Morgareidge, K., Oser, B.L., 1970c. 90-Day feeding studies in rats with bis-(2-methyl-3-furyl)-tetrasulfide. Unpublished Report. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
94. Morgareidge, K., Oser, B.L., 1970d. 90-Day feeding studies in rats with dipropyltrisulfide (30204). Unpublished Report submitted to the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association by Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
95. Morgareidge, K., Cox, G.E., Bailey, D.E., 1974a. 90-Day feeding studies in rats with 2,5-dimethyl-3-thioisovalerylfuran. Unpublished Report. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
96. Morgareidge, K., Cox, G.E., Bailey, D.E., 1974b. 90-Day feeding studies in rats with 2,5-dimethyl-3-thiofuroylfuran. Unpublished Report. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
97. Munday, R., Gellatly, J.B. 1974. Biochemical evaluation of DUS-5. Part 7. 1-Year test with DUS-5 in rats. Unpublished Report. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
98. Munday, R., Kirkby, W.W., 1973. Biological evaluation of flavour cocktail III. 1-Year feeding study in rats. Unpublished Report. Private Communication to the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
99. Munro I.C., and Kennepohl E. Comparison of estimated daily per capita intakes of flavouring substances with no-observed-effect levels from animal studies. Food Chem. Toxicol. 39 (2001) 331-354
100. Munro I.C., Ford R.A., Kennepohl E., and Sprenger J.G. Correlation of structural class with no-observed-effect levels: a proposal for establishing a threshold of concern. Food Chem. Toxicol. 34 (1996) 829-867
101. NCI, 1977. Bioassay of pyrazinamide for possible carcinogenicy. National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series, No. 48.
102. NCI, 1979. Bioassay of dl-menthol for possible carcinogenicity (CAS No. 1535-670-4). National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series, No. 98.
103. NCI, 1980a. Bioassay of phenol for possible carcinogenicity. National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series, No. 203.
104. NCI, 1980b. Bioassay of benzoin for possible carcinogenicity. National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series, No. 204.
105. NCI. Clinical development plan: I-Perillyl alcohol. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 26 (1996) 137-148
106. Newell G.W., Petretti A.K., and Reiner L. Studies of the acute and chronic toxicity of undecylenic acid. J. Invest. Dermatol. 13 (1949) 145-149
107. NRC, 1972. A comprehensive survey of industry on the use of food chemicals generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Prepared by National Research Council (NRC), Division of Biology and Agriculture, Food & Nutrition Board, Committee on Food Protection, Subcommittee on Review of GRAS List-Phase II, National Academy of Sciences (NAS), Washington, DC for the Food & Drug Administration, US (FDA) [PB-221 949].
108. NTP, 1983. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of eugenol (CAS No. 97-53-0) in F344/rats and B6C3F1 mice (Fed Studies). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, NTP Technical Report Series, No. 223.
109. 1 mice (Gavage Studies). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, NTP Technical Report Series, No. 291.
110. NTP, 1987. Carcinogenesis studies of food grade geranyl acetate (71% geranyl acetate, 29% citronellyl acetate) (CAS No. 105-87-3) in F344/N rats and B6C3Fl mice (Gavage Study). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, NTP Technical Report Series, No. 252.
111. 1 mice (Gavage Studies). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, NTP Technical Report Series, No. 343.
112. 1 mice (Gavage Studies). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, NTP Technical Report Series, No. 369.
113. NTP, 1992a. NTP technical report on toxicity studies of cresols (CAS Nos. 95-48-7, 108-39-4, 106-44-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F(1) mice (Feed Studies). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, NTP Toxicity Report Series, NTP-TOX-9.
114. 1 mice (Gavage Studies). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, NTP Technical Report Series, No. 403.
115. 1 mice (Feed Studies). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, NTP Technical Report Series, No. 431.
116. 1 mice (Gavage Studies). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, NTP Technical Report Series, No. 423.
117. 1 mice (Gavage Studies). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, NTP Technical Report Series, No. 509.
118. 1 mice (Gavage Studies). Study Number G004164-M. National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, Unpublished Data.
119. 1 mice (Feed Studies). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, NTP Technical Report Series, No. 505.
120. 1 mice (Feed Studies). National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC, NTP Technical Report Series, No. 514.
121. NTP, 2004b. Draft study results of a 13-week gavage study in rats (β-Myrcene). Study No. C099023. National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
122. NTP, 2004c. Draft study results of a 13-week gavage study in mice (β-Myrcene). Study No. C099023. National Toxicology Program (NTP), Research Triangle Park, NC. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
123. O'Donoghue, J.L., 1979. Basic toxicity of thiophene. Initial Submission: summary of the basic toxicity of thiophene with cover letter dated 09/16/92. EPA Doc #88-920010692; OTS0555960.
124. O'Donoghue J.L., Krasavage W.J., DiVincenzo G.D., and Katz G.V. Further studies on ketone neurotoxicity and interactions. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 72 (1984) 201-209
125. Osborne, B.E., 1981. A 91-day single dose level dietary study of eugenyl methyl ether and isoeugenyl methyl ether in the albino rat. Private communication to the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States, Washington DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
126. Osborne, B.E., Plawiuk, M., Graham, C., Bier, C., Losos, G., Broxup, B., Procter, B.G., 1981. A 91-day multiple dose level dietary toxicity study of methoxypyrazine and dibenzyl ether in albino rat. Unpublished Report. Cited in: JECFA, 2001.
127. Oser, O.M., 1958. Toxicological screening of components of food flavors. Class VI. Citronellol and Linalool. Unpublished Report from Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
128. Oser, B.L., 1964. Subacute (90-day) feeding studies with imitation meat flavor IT-2341 in rats. Unpublished Report from Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., Maspeth, NY. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
129. Oser, B.L., 1969a. 90-Day feeding study with 2-ethyl, 5-methyl pyrazine in rats. Unpublished Report from Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., Maspeth, NY. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2001.
130. Oser, B.L., 1969b. 90-Day feeding study with 2,3,5-trimethyl pyrazine in rats. Unpublished Report from Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., Maspeth, NY. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2001.
131. Oser, B.L., 1969c. 90-Day feeding study with 2-ethyl-3,5(6)-dimethyl pyrazine in rats. Unpublished Report from Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., Maspeth, NY. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2001.
132. Oser, B.L., 1969d. 90-Day feeding study with 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl pyrazine in rats. Unpublished Report from Food and Drug Research Laboratories Inc., Maspeth, NY. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2001.
133. Oser, B.L., 1970a. 90-Day feeding study with 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxaline (cyclohexapyrazine) in rats. Unpublished Report from Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., Maspeth, NY. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2001.
134. Oser, B.L., 1970b. 90-Day feeding studies with 2-methyl-3-furanthiol in rats. Unpublished Report. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
135. Oser B.L., and Hall R.L. Criteria employed by the expert panel of FEMA for the GRAS evaluation of flavouring substances. Food. Cosmet. Toxicol. 15 (1977) 457-466
136. Oser B.L., Carson S., and Oser M. Toxicological tests on flavouring matters. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 3 (1965) 563-569
137. Pecchiani L., and Saffiotti U. Study of the toxicity of diphenyl, oxydiphenyl, and their mixtures (dowtherm). Medna Lav. 48 4 (1957) 247-254
138. Pelling D., Gaunt I.F., Butterworth K.K., Hardy J., Lansdown A.B.F., and Gangolli S.D. Short-term toxicity of hydratropic aldehyde in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 14 (1976) 249-253
139. Phillips J.C., Gaunt I.F., Hardy J., Kiss I.S., Gangolli S.D., and Butterworth K.R. Short-term toxicity of furfuryl mercaptan in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 15 5 (1977) 383-387
140. Posternak, J.M., 1964. Subacute toxicity (90 days) report on 1-octen-3-ol (amyl vinyl carbinol). Private Communication. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
141. Posternak J.M., Linder A., and Vodoz C.A. Summaries of toxicological data: toxicological tests on flavouring matters. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 7 (1969) 405-407
142. Posternak J.M., Dufour J.J., Rogg C., and Vodoz C.A. Toxicology tests on flavoring matters. II. Pyrazines and other compounds. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13 (1975) 487-490
143. Rabinowicz, T., 1963. Subacute toxicity of 2-n-hexyl-4-acetoxytetrahydrofuran (90 days). Private Communication to the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States of America, Washington, DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
144. Roe F.J.C., Palmer A.K., Worden A.N., and Van Abbe N.J. Safety evaluation of toothpaste containing chloroform: I. Long-term studies in mice. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2 (1979) 799-819
145. Rush, R., 1989a. 14-Day dietary toxicity study in rats with 2(4)-isobutyl-4(2),6-diemethyldihydro-1,3,5-dithiazine. Unpublished Report from Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Spencerville, OH. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
146. Rush, R., 1989b. 14-Day dietary toxicity study in rats with 2(4)-isopropyl-4(2),6-diemethyldihydro-1,3,5-dithiazine. Unpublished Report from Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Spencerville, OH. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
147. Shapiro, R., 1988. Acute toxicity feeding study-Galbelica 690973. Unpublished Reprot No. T-8221 of Product Safety Labs, East Brunswick, NJ. Submitted to WHO by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
148. Shellenberger, T.E., 1970a. Subacute toxicity evaluation of 2-hexene-4-one with rats. Private Communication. Unpublished Report from Gulf South Research Institute, New Ibreia, LA. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
149. Shellenberger, T.E., 1970b. Histology evaluations: subacute toxicity evaluation of 2-hexene-4-one with rats. Addendum to Final Report. Unpublished Report from Gulf South Research Institute, New Ibreia, LA. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
150. Shellenberger, T.E., 1970c. Subacute toxicity evaluation of ethyl thioacetate in rats. Final Report. Unpublished Report GSRI Project NC-373 from Gulf South Research Institute submitted to the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the Unites States of America, Washington, DC, USA. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
151. Shellenberger, T.E., 1970d. Subacute toxicity evaluation of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one with rats. Project No. NC-373. [Private Communication to the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association]. Gulf South Research Institute, New Ibreia, LA. Submitted to WHO by the Flavors and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
152. Shellenberger, T.E., 1971. Subacute toxicity evaluation of 2,4-dimethyl-5-acetyl thiazole with rats. Gulf South Research Institute (G.S.R.I.); Project NC-403. Unpublished Report. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
153. Skramlik E.V. Über die Giftigkeit und Verträglichkeit von ätherischen Ölen = [On the toxicity and compatibility of essential oils]. Pharmazie 14 (1959) 435-445
154. Smith R.L., Doull J., Feron V.J., Goodman J.I., Munro I.C., Newberne P.M., Portoghese P.S., Waddell W.J., Wagner B.M., Adams T.B., and McGowen M.M. GRAS flavoring substances 20: the 20th publication by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Food Technol. 55 (2001) 34-55
155. Takahashi M., Okamiya H., Furukawa F., Toyoda K., Sato H., Imaida K., and Hayashi Y. Effects of glyoxal and methylglyoxal administration on gastric carcinogenesis in Wistar rats after initiation with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Carcinogenesis 10 (1989) 1925-1927
156. Terrill, J.B., 1990. 14-Day oral toxicity study with sclareolide in rats. Unpublished Report to the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Submitted to WHO by the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the Untied States, Washington DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
157. Terrill, J.B., 1991. 28-Day oral toxicity study in rats (vanitrope). Private Communication to the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States, Washington DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
158. Thorup I., Wurtzen G., Carstensen J., and Olsen P. Short term toxicity study in rats dosed with pulegone and menthol. Toxicol. Lett. 19 (1983) 207-210
159. Til, H.P., van der Meulen, H.C. 1971. Subchronic (90-day) toxicity study with 2-acetylpyridine in albino rats. Centrall Instituut Voor Voedingsonderzioek, Netherlands. Private Communication to FEMA. Submitted to WHO by the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States, Washington, DC, USA. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
160. Til H.P., Woutersen R.A., Feron V.J., and Clary J.J. Evaluation of the oral toxicity of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde in a 4-week drinking-water study in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 26 (1988) 447-452
161. Trimmer, G.W., Phillips, R.D., Damico, J.S., 1992. 14-Day subchronic oral toxicity study in the rat. East Millstone, NJ. Unpublished Report to the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Submitted to WHO by the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the Untied States, Washington DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
162. Trubek Laboratories (1956). Sub-acute oral toxicity test of 4-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone in rats. Unpublished Report. Cited in: JECFA, 2001.
163. Trubek Laboratories, 1958a. Toxicological examination of methyl cinnamic aldehyde (Class IV, Part 3). Unpublished Report. Cited in: JECFA, 2001.
164. Trubek Laboratories, 1958b. Toxicological screening tests of aldehydes: Class XII. Unpublished Report. Submitted to WHO by Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2002.
165. Trubek Laboratories, 1958c. Toxicological screening of components of food flavours. Class X. Citral compounds. Unpublished Report. Submitted to WHO by Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2002.
166. Umeda Y., Arito H., Kano H., Ohnishi M., Matsumoto M., Nagano K., Yamamoto S., and Matsushima T. Two-year study of carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of biphenyl in rats. J. Occup. Health 44 (2002) 176-183
167. van Miller, J.P., Weaver, E.V., 1987. Fourteen-day dietary minimum toxicity screen (MTS) in albino rats. Unpublished Report 08/10 to the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2002.
168. Vavasour, E.J., 1999. trans-Anethole (addendum). In: JECFA. Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives. 51st Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). World Health Organization (WHO); Geneva, Switzerland, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 42, pp. 5-32.
169. Voss, K.A., 1985. 90-Day dietary toxicity study of SRA 84-11 in Sprague-Dawley rats (dehydromenthofurolactone). Unpublished Report to the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Submitted to WHO by Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
170. Wahle B., Christenson W., Lake S., Elcock L., Moore K., Sangha G., and Thyssen J. Technical grade ortho-phenylphenol: a combined chronic toxicity/oncogenicity testing study in the rat. Toxicology 36 (1997) 341
171. Webb W.K., and Hansen W.H. Chronic and subacute toxicology and pathology of methyl salicylate in dogs, rats, and rabbits. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 5 (1963) 576-587
172. Webb D.R., Kanerva R.L., Hysell D.K., Alden C.L., and Lehman-McKeeman L.D. Assessment of the subchronic oral toxicity of d-Limonene in dogs. Food Chem. Toxicol. 28 (1990) 669-675
173. Wheldon, G.H., Mawdesley-Thomas, L.E., Ginn, H.B., Street, A.E., 1967. The effects of ten food-flavouring additives administered to rats over a period of thirteen weeks. Unpublished Report from Huntigton Research Centre. Cited in: JECFA, 2001.
174. Wheldon, G.H., Amyes, S.J., Street, A.E., Hague, P.H., Mawdesley-Thomas, L.E. (1970a). Toxicity of WA42955, Sa 927, SH3048, and Wa 3328 in dietary administration to rats over a period of 13 weeks. Unpublished Report from Huntigdon Research Centre, United Kingdom. Submitted to the WHO by the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
175. Wheldon, G.H., Amyes, S.J., Street, A.E., Hague, P.H., Mawdesley-Thomas, L.E., 1970b. Toxicity of Wa4295 [spiro(2,4-dithia-1-methyl-8-oxabicyclo(3.3.0)octane-3,3′-(1′-oxa-2′-methyl)cyclopentane], Sa927, Stl3048, and Wa3328. Unpublished Report from Huntigdon Research Centre submitted to the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association. Submitted to the WHO by the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States of America, Washington, DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
176. WHO, 1987. Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Additives and Contaminants in Food. World Health Organization (WHO), International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS); Geneva. Environmental Health Criteria, No. 70.
177. Wnorowski, G., 1997. 14-Day repeat dose oral toxicity study: rats. Unpublished Report from Product Safety Labs, East Brunswick, NJ, USA. Submitted to WHO by the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Cited in: JECFA, 2003.
178. Wnorowski, G. (1998), Twenty-eight day repeat dose oral toxicity study of cycloinone in rat. [Private Communication to the Flavour and Extract Manufcturers' Association]. Submitted to WHO by the Flavour and Extract Manufcturers' Association. Cited in: JECFA, 2004.
179. Wolf, G.W., 1992. 91-Day subchronic oral toxicity study in rats with D1156.02. Laboratory Project Identification HWA 297-648. Hazelton Washington, Inc., Vienna, VA. Unpublished Report to the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association, Washington DC. Submitted to WHO by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers' Association of the United States, Washington, DC. Cited in: JECFA, 2005.
180. Wolf M.A., Rowe V.K., McCollister D.d., Hollingsworth R.L., and Oyen F. Toxicology studies of certain alkylated benzenes and benzene. AMA Arch. Ind. Health. 14 (1956) 387-398
181. Woods L.A., and Doull J. GRAS evaluation of flavoring substances by the Expert Panel of FEMA. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 14 (1991) 48-58
182. You A.S., Kweon O.K., Sung H.J., Kwak H.I., Fang M.Z., Park D.K., Chung K.H., Yoon H.I., and Cho M.H. Acute and subacute toxicity of l-muscone in beagle dogs. Korean J. Toxicol. 13 (1997) 449-460
183. Zaitsev A.N., and Rakhmanina N.L. Toxic properties of phenylethanol and cinnamic alcohol derivatives. Vopr Pitan 5 (1974) 48-53