The Depth Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon in Relation to Land Use and Management and the Potential of Carbon Sequestration in Subsoil Horizons

Advances in Agronomy

Volumn 88, Issue , 2005, Pages 35-66

  Lorenz, Klaus ^a   Lal, Rattan ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645919290     PISSN: 00652113     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2113(05)88002-2     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. Allmaras R.R., Linden D.R., and Clapp C.E. Corn-residue transformations into root and soil carbon as related to nitrogen, tillage, and stover management. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68 (2004) 1366-1375
2. Augris N., Balesdent J., Mariotti A., Derenne S., and Largeau C. Structure and origin of insoluble and non-hydrolyzable organic matter in a forest soil. Org. Geochem. 28 (2004) 119-124
3. 13C NMR spectroscopy. Aust. J. Soil Res. 35 (1997) 1061-1083
4. 13C NMR analysis of bacterial and fungal cultures isolated from a soil incubated with glucose. Aust. J. Soil Res. 28 (1990) 213-225
5. Baldock J.A., and Skjemstad J.O. Role of the soil matrix and minerals in protecting natural organic materials against biological attack. Org. Geochem. 31 (2000) 697-710
6. Baldock J.A., and Smernik R.J. Chemical composition and bioavailability of thermally altered Pinus resinosa (Red pine) wood. Org. Geochem. 33 (2002) 1093-1109
7. Batjes N.H. Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 47 (1996) 151-163
8. 2 concentrations by increased carbon sequestration in the soil. Biol. Fert. Soils 27 (1998) 230-235
9. Benckiser J. "Fauna in soil ecosystems." (1997), M. Dekker, New York
10. Bernards M.A. Demystifying suberin. Can. J. Bot. 80 (2002) 227-240
11. Beuch S., Boelcke B., and Belau L. Effects of the organic residues of Miscanthus x giganteus on soil organic matter level of arable soils. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 183 (2000) 111-119
12. Beyer L., Kahle P., Kretschmer H., and Wu Q. Soil organic matter composition of man-impacted urban sites in North Germany. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 164 (2001) 359-364
13. 13C-NMR spectroscopy and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk. 155 (1992) 345-354
14. 13C-NMR spectroscopy and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25 (1993) 587-596
15. Bilbro J.D., Undersander D.J., Fryrear D.W., and Lester C.M. A survey of lignin, cellulose, and acid detergent fiber ash contents of several plants and implications for wind erosion control. J. Soil Water Conserv. 46 (1991) 314-316
16. Binet F., and Le Bayon R.C. Space-time dynamics in situ of earthworm casts under temperate cultivated soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 31 (1999) 85-93
17. Bird M., Kracht O., Derrien D., and Zhou Y. The effect of soil texture and roots on the stable carbon isotope composition of soil organic carbon. Aust. J. Soil Res. 41 (2003) 77-94
18. Bolinder M.A., Angers D.A., and Dubuc J.P. Estimating shoot to root ratios and annual carbon inputs in soils for cereal crops. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 63 (1997) 61-66
19. Bossuyt H., Six J., and Hendrix P.F. Rapid incorporation of carbon from fresh residues into newly formed stable microaggregates within earthworm casts. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 55 (2004) 393-399
20. Bull I.D., Nott C.J., Van Bergen P.F., Poulton P.R., and Evershed R.P. Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted classical experiments - VI. The occurrence and source of organic acids in an experimental grassland soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32 (2000) 1367-1376
21. Butler M.J., and Day A.W. Fungal melanins: A review. Can. J. Microbiol. 44 (1998) 1115-1136
22. Cadisch G., and Giller K.E. "Driven by Nature: Plant litter quality and decomposition" (1997), CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K
23. Cairns M.A., Brown S., Helmer E.H., and Baumgardner G.A. Root biomass allocation in the world's upland forests. Oecologia 111 (1997) 1-11
24. Campbell C.A., Lafond G.P., Zentner R.P., and Biederbeck V.O. Influence of fertilizer and straw baling on soil organic matter in a thin black chernozem in western Canada. Soil Biol. Biochem. 23 (1991) 443-446
25. Canadell J., Jackson R.B., Ehleringer J.R., Mooney H.A., Sala O.E., and Schulze E.-D. Maximum root depth of vegetation types at the global scale. Oecologia 108 (1996) 583-595
26. Chefetz B., Chen Y., Clapp C.E., and Hatcher P. Characterization of organic matter in soils by thermochemolysis using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64 (2000) 583-589
27. Chen L., Auh C.-K., Dowling P., Bell J., Lehmann D., and Wang Z.-Y. Transgenic down-regulation of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) led to improved digestibility in fall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Funct. Plant Biol. 31 (2004) 235-245
28. 13C abundance as related to tillage, crop residue, and nitrogen fertilization under continuous corn management in Minnesota. Soil Till. Res. 55 (2000) 127-142
29. Clément A., Ladha J.K., and Chalifour F.-P. Nitrogen dynamics of various green manure species and the relationship to lowland rice production. Agron. J. 90 (1998) 149-154
30. Coelho R.R.R., Sacramento D.R., and Linhares L.F. Amino sugars in fungal melanins and soil humic acids. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 48 (1997) 425-429
31. Currie L.A., Benner Jr. B.A., Kessler J.D., Klinedinst D.B., Klouda G.A., Marolf J.V., Slater J.F., Wise S.A., Cachier H., Cary R., Chow J.C., Watson J., Druffel E.R.M., Masiello C.A., Eglinton T.I., Pearson A., Reddy C.M., Gustafsson O., Hartmann P.C., Quinn J.G., Hedges J.I., Prentice K.M., Kirchstetter T.W., Novakov T., Puxbaum H., and Schmid H. A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total, elemental, and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous particle reference material, NIST SRM 1649a. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stan. 107 (2002) 279-298
32. Dai K.H., Johnson C.E., and Driscoll C.T. Organic matter chemistry and dynamics in clear-cut and unmanaged hardwood forest ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 54 (2001) 51-83
33. De Leeuw J.W., and Largeau C. A review of macromolecular organic compounds that comprise living organisms and their role in kerogen, coal and petroleum formation. In: Engel M.H., and Macko S.A. (Eds). "Organic Geochemistry" (1993), Plenum Press, New York 23-72
34. De Neergard A., Hauggard-Nielsen H., Jensen L.S., and Magid J. Decomposition of white clover (Trifolium repens) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne) components: C and N dynamics simulated with the DAISY soil organic matter submodel. Eur. J. Agron. 16 (2002) 43-55
35. Derenne S., and Largeau C. A review of some important families of refractory macromolecules: composition, origin, and fate in soils and sediments. Soil Sci. 166 (2001) 833-847
36. Devêvre O.C., and Horwáth W.R. Decomposition of rice straw and microbial carbon use efficiency under different soil temperatures and moistures. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32 (2000) 1773-1785
37. 13C) as a tool to study the dynamics of lignin monomers in soil: an appraisal at the Closeaux experimental field (France). Geoderma 128 (2005) 3-17
38. Eswaran H., Van den Berg E., and Reich P. Organic carbon in soils of the world. Soil Sci. Soc Am. J. 57 (1993) 192-194
39. Fernandes E.C.M., Motavalli P.P., Castilla C., and Mukurumbira L. Mangement control of soil organic matter dynamics in tropical land-use systems. Geoderma. 79 (1997) 49-67
40. Fernandez I., Mahieu N., and Cadisch G. Carbon isotopic fractionation during decomposition of plant materials of different quality. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 17 3 (2003) 1075 doi:10.1029/2001GB001834, 2003.
41. Follett R.F. Soil management concepts and carbon sequestration in cropland soils. Soil Till. Res. 61 (2001) 77-92
42. 13C NMR characterization of a humic, lignic, and histic folisol from British Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 74 (1994) 1-15
43. 13C-NMR spectroscopy of lignins and lignocellulosic materials. In: Chesson A., and Orskov E.R. (Eds). "Physicochemical Characterization of Plant Residues for Industrial and Feed Use" (1989), Elsevier, Brussels 110-117
44. Ge F., Shister W.D., Edwards C.A., Parmelee R.W., and Subler S. Water stability of earthworm casts in manure- and inorganic fertilizer-amended agroecosystems influenced by age and depth. Pedobiologia 45 (2001) 12-26
45. Gill R.A., and Burke I.C. Influence of soil depth on the decomposition of Bouteloua gracilis roots in the shortgrass steppe. Plant Soil 241 (2002) 233-242
46. Glaser B., Balashov E., Haumaier L., Guggenberger G., and Zech W. Black carbon in density fractions of anthropogenic soils of the Brazilian Amazon region. Org. Geochem. 31 (2000) 669-678
47. Gleixner G., Czimczik C.J., Kramer C., Lühker B., and Schmidt M.W.I. Plant compounds and their turnover and stabilization as soil organic matter. In: Schulze E.-D., Heiman M., Harrison S., Holland E., Lloyd J., Prentice I.C., and Schimel D. (Eds). "Global Biogeochemical Cycles in the Climate System" (2001), Academic Press, San Diego 201-215
48. 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy. Biogeochemistry 34 (1996) 71-97
49. 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Aust. J. Soil Res. 32 (1994) 285-309
50. 13C NMR spectra and on the quality of organic matter in Ferralsols. Geoderma 116 (2003) 373-392
51. Gregorich E.G., Beare M.H., Stoklas U., and St-Georges P. Biodegradability of soluble organic matter in maize-cropped soils. Geoderma 113 (2003) 237-252
52. Gregorich E.G., Drury C.F., and Baldock J.A. Changes in soil carbon under long-term maize in monoculture and legume-based rotation. Can. J. Soil Sci. 81 (2001) 21-31
53. Gregorich E.G., Monreal C.M., Schnitzer M., and Schulten H.-R. Transformation of plant residues into soil organic matter: Chemical characterization of plant tissue, isolated soil fractions, and whole soils. Soil Sci. 161 (1996) 680-693
54. Gressel N., McColl J.G., Preston C.M., Newman R.H., and Powers R.F. Linkages between phosphorus transformations and carbon decomposition in a forest soil. Biogeochemistry 33 (1996) 97-123
55. Guggenberger G., Thomas R.J., and Zech W. Soil organic matter within earthworm casts of an anecic-endogeic tropical pasture community, Colombia. Appl. Soil Ecol. 3 (1996) 263-274
56. Guggenberger G., Zech W., and Schulten H.-R. Formation and mobilization pathways of dissolved organic matter: evidence from chemical structural studies of organic matter fractions in acid forest floor solutions. Org. Geochem. 21 (1994) 51-66
57. Guo L.B., and Gifford R.M. Soil carbon stocks and land use change: A meta analysis. Glob. Change Biol. 8 (2002) 345-360
58. Hedges J.I., Eglinton G., Hatcher P.G., Kirchman D.L., Arnosti C., Derenne S., Evershed R.P., Kögel-Knabner I., De Leeuw J.W., Littke R., Michaelis W., and Rullkötter J. The molecularly-uncharacterized component of nonliving organic matter in natural environments. Org. Geochem. 31 (2000) 945-958
59. Hedges J.I., and Oades J.M. Comparative organic geochemistries of soils and marine sediments. Org. Geochem. 27 (1997) 319-361
60. 13C for ecosystem carbon turnover estimation in grazed mixed grass prairie. Geoderma 119 (2004) 219-231
61. Heredia A. Biophysical and biochemical characteristics of cutin, a plant barrier biopolymer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1620 (2003) 1-7
62. 13C NMR to investigate the transformations and biodegradation of organic materials by wood- and soil-feeding termites, and a coprophagous litter-dwelling dipteran larva. Biodegradation 9 (1998) 423-431
63. Huang Y., Eglinton G., van der Hage E.R.E., Boon J.J., Bol R., and Ineson P. Dissolved organic matter and its parent organic matter in grass upland soil horizons studied by analytical pyrolysis techniques. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 49 (1998) 1-15
64. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. "Climate Change: The Scientific Basis." (2001), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
65. Jackson R.B., Canadell J., Ehleringer J.R., Mooney H.A., Sala O.E., and Schulze E.-D. A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia 108 (1996) 389-411
66. Jackson R.B., Mooney H.A., and Schulze E.-D. A global budget for fine root biomass, surface area, and nutrient contents. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 7362-7366
67. Jackson R.B., Moore L.A., Hoffmann W.A., Pockman W.T., and Linder C.R. Ecosystem rooting depth determined with caves and DNA. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 11387-11392
68. Jackson R.B., Schenk H.J., Jobbágy E.G., Canadell J., Colello G.D., Dickinson R.E., Field C.B., Friedlingstein P., Heimann M., Hibbard K., Kicklighter D.W., Kleidon A., Neilson R.P., Parton W.J., Sala O.E., and Sykes M.T. Belowground consequences of vegetation change and their treatment in models. Ecol. Appl. 10 (2000) 470-483
69. Jobbágy E.G., and Jackson R.B. The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecol. Appl. 10 (2000) 423-436
70. Kaiser K., and Guggenberger G. The role of DOM sorption to mineral surfaces in the preservation of organic matter in soils. Org. Geochem. 31 (2000) 711-725
71. Kalbitz K., Schmerwitz J., Schwesig D., and Matzner E. Biodegradation of soil-derived dissolved organic matter as related to its properties. Geoderma 113 (2003) 273-291
72. Kalbitz K., Solinger S., Park J.-H., Michalzik B., and Matzner E. Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in soils: A review. Soil Sci. 165 (2000) 277-304
73. Kleber M., Rößner J., Chenu C., Glaser B., Knicker H., and Jahn R. Prehistoric alteration of soil properties in a central German chernozemic soil: In search of pedologic indicators for prehistoric activity. Soil Sci. 168 (2003) 292-306
74. Knicker H., Fründ R., and Lüdemann H.-D. The chemical nature of nitrogen in native soil organic matter. Naturwissenschaften 80 (1993) 219-221
75. Kögel-Knabner I. Analytical approaches for characterizing soil organic matter. Org. Geochem. 31 (2000) 609-625
76. Kögel-Knabner I. The macromolecular organic composition of plant and microbial residues as inputs to soil organic matter. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34 (2002) 139-162
77. Kögel-Knabner I., Hatcher P.G., and Zech W. Chemical structural studies of forest soil humic acids: Aromatic carbon fraction. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55 (1991) 241-247
78. Kraus T.E.C., Dahlgren R.A., and Zasoski R.J. Tannins in nutrient dynamics of forest ecosystems - A review. Plant Soil 256 (2003) 41-66
79. Krull E.S., Baldock J.A., and Skjemstad J.O. Importance of mechanisms and processes of the stabilization of soil organic matter for modelling carbon turnover. Funct. Plant Biol. 30 (2003) 207-222
80. Kuzyakov Y. Review: Factors affecting rhizosphere priming effects. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 165 (2002) 382-396
81. Kuzyakov Y., and Domanski G. Carbon input by plants into soil. Review. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 163 (2001) 421-431
82. Kuzyakov Y., Ehrensberger H., and Stahr K. Carbon partitioning and below-ground translocation by Lolium perenne. Soil Biol. Biochem. 33 (2000) 61-74
83. Lal R. Global potential of soil carbon sequestration to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 22 (2003) 151-184
84. Lal R. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science 304 (2004) 1623-1627
85. Lal R. Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Geoderma 123 (2004) 1-22
86. Langley J.A., and Hungate B.A. Mycorrhizal controls on belowground litter quality. Ecology 84 (2003) 2302-2312
87. Lavelle P. Earthworm activities and the soil system. Biol. Fert. Soils 6 (1988) 237-252
88. Lavelle P., and Spain A.V. "Soil Ecology" (2001), Kluwer Academics Publisher, Dordrecht
89. Lee K.E., and Foster R.C. Soil fauna and soil structure. Aust. J. Soil Res. 29 (1991) 745-755
90. 13C-enrichment of organic components from wheat crop soils: Evidence for the in situ origin of soil organic matter. Org. Geochem. 23 (1995) 865-868
91. Liski J., and Westman C.J. Density of organic carbon in soil at coniferous forest sites in southern Finland. Biogeochemistry 29 (1995) 183-197
92. Lorenz K., and Kandeler E. Biochemical charaterization of urban soil profiles from Stuttgart, Germany. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37 (2005) 373-385
93. Mann L., Tolbert V., and Cushman J. Potential environmental effects of corn (Zea mays L.) stover removal with emphasis on soil organic matter and erosion. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 89 (2002) 149-166
94. Martens D.A., Reedy T.E., and Lewis D.T. Soil organic carbon content and composition of 130-year crop, pasture and forest land-use management. Glob. Change Biol. 10 (2003) 65-78
95. Martin J.P., and Haider K. Influence of mineral colloids on turnover rates of soil organic carbon. In: Huang P.M., and Schnitzer M. (Eds). "Interactions of Soil Minerals with Natural Organics and Microbes" (1986), Soil Science Society of America, Madison 283-304
96. Mikhailova E.A., Bryant R.B., Vassenev I.I., Schwager S.J., and Post C.J. Cultivation effects on soil carbon and nitrogen contents at depth in the Russian Chernozem. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64 (2000) 738-745
97. Mitchell M.J., and Nakas J.P. "Microfloral and faunal interactions in natural and agro-ecosystems" (1986), Nijhoff & Junk, Dordrecht
98. Moiser A.R. Soil processes and global change. Biol. Fert. Soils 27 (1998) 221-229
99. Murty D., Kirschbaum M.U.F., McMurtrie R.E., and McGilvray H. Does conversion of forest to agricultural land change soil carbon and nitrogen? A review of the literature. Glob. Change Biol. 8 (2002) 105-123
100. Neff J.C., Townsend A.R., Gleixner G., Lehman S.J., Turnbull J., and Bowman W.D. Variable effects of nitrogen additions on the stability and turnover of soil carbon. Nature 419 (2002) 915-917
101. Nepstadt D.C., De Carvalho C.R., Davidson E.A., Jipp P.H., Lefebvre P.A., Negreiros G.H., Da Silva E.D., Stone T.A., Trumbore S.E., and Vierira S. The role of deep roots in the hydrological and carbon cycles of Amazonian forests and pastures. Nature 3762 (1994) 666-669
102. Nielsen G.A., and Hole F.E. Earthworms and the development of coprogenous A1 horizons in forest soils of Wisconsin. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 28 (1964) 426-430
103. Nierop G.K.J. Origin of aliphatic compounds in a forest soil. Org. Geochem. 29 (1998) 1009-1016
104. Nierop G.K.J., van Langen B., and Buurman P. Composition of plant tissues and soil organic matter in the first stages of a vegetation succession. Geoderma 100 (2001) 1-24
105. Nierop G.J.K., Naafs D.F.W., and Verstraten J.M. Occurrence and distribution of ester-bound lipids in Dutch coastal dune soils along a pH gradient. Org. Geochem. 34 (2003) 719-729
106. Nierop G.J.K., and Verstraten J.M. Organic matter formation in sandy subsurface horizons of Dutch coastal dunes in relation to soil acidification. Org. Geochem. 34 (2003) 499-513
107. Norby R.J., and Jackson R.B. Root dynamics and global change: Seeking an ecosystem perspective. New Phytol. 147 (2000) 3-12
108. Paul E.A., and Clark F.E. "Soil microbiology and biochemistry." (1996), Academic Press, San Diego
109. 14C abundance. Geoderma 104 (2001) 239-256
110. Paul E.A., Follett R.F., Leavitt S.W., Halvorson A., Peterson G.A., and Lyon D.J. Radiocarbon dating for determination of soil organic matter pool sizes and dynamics. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61 (1997) 1058-1067
111. 14C ages of fossil charcoal. Radiocarbon 43 (2001) 595-601
112. Pilate G., Guiney E., Holt K., Petit-Conil M., Lapierre C., Leplé J.-C., Pollet B., Mila I., Webster E.A., Marstorp H.G., Hopkins D.W., Jouanin L., Boerjan W., Schuch W., Cornu D., and Halpin C. Field and pulping performances of transgenic trees with altered lignification. Nat. Biotechnol. 20 (2002) 607-612
113. Poirier N., Derenne S., Balesdent J., Mariotti A., Massiot D., and Largeau C. Isolation and analysis of the non-hydrolysable fraction of a forest soil and an arable soil (Lacadée, southwest France). Eur. J. Soil Sci. 54 (2003) 243-255
114. Poirier N., Derenne S., Balesdent J., Rouzaud J.-N., Mariotti A., and Largeau C. Abundance and composition of the refractory organic fraction of an ancient, tropical soil (Pointe Noire, Congo). Org. Geochem. 33 (2002) 383-391
115. Post W.M., Izaurralde R.C., Jastrow J.D., McCarl B.A., Amonette J.E., Bailey V.L., Jardine P.M., West T.O., and Zhou J. Enhancement of carbon sequestration in US soils. BioScience 54 (2004) 895-908
116. Post W.M., and Kwon K.C. Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: Processes and potential. Glob. Change Biol. 6 (2000) 317-327
117. Pouyat R., Groffman P., Yesilonis I., and Hernandez L. Soil carbon pools and fluxes in urban ecosystems. Environ. Pollut. 116 (2002) S107-S118
118. Preston C.M., Hempfling R., Schulten H.-R., Schnitzer M., Trofymow J.A., and Axelson D.E. Characterization of organic matter in a forest soil of coastal British Columbia by NMR and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry. Plant Soil 158 (1994) 69-82
119. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with cross-polarization and magic angle spinning investigation of the proximate analysis fractions used to assess litter quality in decomposition studies. Can. J. Bot. 75 (1997) 1601-1613
120. Puget P., and Drinkwater L.E. Short-term dynamics of root- and shoot-derived carbon from leguminous green manure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65 (2001) 771-779
121. Rahn C.R., Bending G.D., Lillywhite R.D., and Turner M.K. Chemical characterization of vegetable and arable crop residue materials: A comparison of methods. J. Sci. Food Agr. 79 (1999) 1715-1721
122. Ralph J., Hatfield R.D., Piquemal J., Yahiaoui N., Pean M., Lapierre C., and Boudet A.M. NMR characterization of altered lignins extracted from tobacco plants down-regulated for lignification enzymes cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 12803-12808
123. Rasse D.P., Rumpel C., and Dignac M.-F. Is soil carbon mostly root carbon? Mechanisms for a specific stabilization. Plant Soil (2004) (in press).
124. Reicosky D.C., Evans S.D., Cambardella C.A., Allmaras R.R., Wilts A.R., and Huggins D.R. Continuous corn with moldboard tillage: Residue and fertility effects on soil carbon. J. Soil Water Conserv. 57 (2002) 277-284
125. Richter D.D., and Markewitz D. How deep is soil?. Bioscience 45 (1995) 600-609
126. Rillig M.C., Ramsey P.W., Morris S., and Paul E.A. Glomalin, an arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungal soil protein, responds to land-use change. Plant Soil 253 (2003) 293-299
127. Rillig M.C., Wright S.F., Allen M.F., and Field C.B. Rise in carbon dioxide changes soil structure. Nature 400 (1999) 628
128. Rowell D.M., Prescott C.E., and Preston C.M. Decomposition and nitrogen mineralization from biosolids and other organic materials: Relationship with initial chemistry. J. Environ. Qual. 30 (2001) 1401-1410
129. Rumpel C., Eusterhues K., and Kögel-Knabner I. Location and chemical composition of stabilized organic carbon in topsoil and subsoil horizons of two acid forest soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36 (2004) 177-190
130. Rumpel C., Knicker H., Kögel-Knabner I., and Hüttl R.F. Airborne contamination of immature soil (Lusatian mining district) by lignite-derived materials: its detection and contribution to the soil organic matter budget. Water Air Soil Pollut. 105 (1998) 481-492
131. Rumpel C., Kögel-Knabner I., and Bruhn F. Vertical distribution, age, and chemical composition of organic carbon in two forest soils of different pedogenesis. Org. Geochem. 33 (2002) 1131-1142
132. Saiz-Jimenez C. The chemical structure of humic substances: recent advances. In: Piccolo A. (Ed). "Humic Substances in Terrestrial Ecosystems" (1996), Elsevier, Amsterdam 1-44
133. Scheffer F. "Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde/Scheffer/Schachtschabel." (2002), Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg
134. Schenk H.J., and Jackson R.B. The global biogeography of roots. Ecol. Monogr. 72 (2002) 311-328
135. 13C NMR spectroscopy, polysaccharide analysis, and CuO oxidation. Soil Sci. 166 (2001) 569-584
136. Schmidt M.W.I., Knicker H., Hatcher P., and Kögel-Knabner I. Impact of brown coal dust on a soil and its size fractions-chemical and spectroscopic studies. Org. Geochem. 25 (1996) 29-39
137. Schmidt M.W.I., and Kögel-Knabner I. Organic matter in particle-size fractions from A and B horizons of a Haplic Alisol. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 53 (2002) 383-391
138. Schmidt M.W.I., Skjemstad J.O., Gehrt E., and Kögel-Knabner I. Charred organic carbon in German chernozemic soils. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 50 (1999) 351-365
139. Shipitalo M.J., Edwards W.M., and Redmond C.E. Comparison of water movement and quality in earthworms burrows and pan lysimeters. J. Environ. Qual. 23 (1994) 1345-1351
140. Shuster W.D., Subler S., and McCoy E.L. Deep-burrowing earthworm additions changed the distribution of soil organic carbon in a chisel-tilled soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 33 (2001) 983-996
141. Silver W.L., and Miya R.K. Global patterns in root decomposition: comparisons of climate and litter quality effects. Oecologia 129 (2001) 407-419
142. Six J., Bossuyt H., Degryze S., and Denef K. A history of research on the link between (micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Till. Res. 79 (2004) 7-31
143. Six J., Conant R.T., Paul E.A., and Paustian K. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: Implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant Soil 241 (2002) 155-176
144. Skjemstad J.O., Dalal R.C., Janik L.J., and McGowan J.A. Changes in chemical nature of soil organic carbon in Vertisols under wheat in south-eastern Queensland. Aust. J. Soil Res. 39 (2001) 343-359
145. Skjemstad J.O., Reicosky D.C., Wilts A.R., and McGowan J.A. Charcoal carbon in U.S. agricultural soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66 (2002) 1249-1255
146. Sollins P., Homann P., and Caldwell B.A. Stabilization and destabilization of soil organic matter: Mechanisms and controls. Geoderma 74 (1996) 65-105
147. Sommer R., Denich M., and Vlek P.L.G. Carbon storage and root penetration in deep soils under small-farmer land-use systems in the Eastern Amazon region. Plant Soil 219 (2000) 231-241
148. 13C isotope tracing. Oecologia 141 (2004) 489-501
149. Stevenson F.J. "Humus Chemistry" (1994), Wiley-Interscience, New York
150. Strack D., Fester T., Hause B., Schliemann W., and Walter M.H. Arbuscular mycorrhiza: biological, chemical, and molecular aspects. J. Chem. Ecol. 29 (2003) 1955-1979
151. Swift M.J., Heal O.W., and Anderson J.M. "Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems." (1979), Blackwell, Oxford
152. Swift R.S. Sequestration of carbon by soils. Soil Sci. 166 (2001) 858-871
153. Taylor J.P., Wilson B., Mills M.S., and Burns R.G. Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities in surface soils and subsoils using various techniques. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34 (2002) 387-401
154. Tegelaar E.W., de Leeuuw J.W., and Saiz-Jimenez C. Possible origin of aliphatic moieties in humic substances. Sci. Total Environ. 81/82 (2004) 1-17
155. Telles E.C.C., de Camargo P.B., Martinelli L.A., Trumbore S.E., da Costa E.S., Santos J., Higuchi N., and Oliviera R.C. Influence of soil texture on carbon dynamics and storage potential in tropical forest soils of Amazonia. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 17 2 (2003) 1040 doi:10.1029/2002GB001953, 2003.
156. 2 and nitrogen deposition. New Phytol. 147 (2000) 189-200
157. 13C NMR CP/MAS. Plant Soil 234 (2001) 61-72
158. Trumbore S.E., Davidson E.A., Barbosa P.C., Nepstadt D.C., and Martinelle L.A. Belowground cycling of carbon in forests and pastures of Eastern Amazonia. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 9 (1995) 515-528
159. 13C NMR spectroscopy and chemical methods. Geoderma 111 (2003) 123-149
160. Waid J.S. Decomposition of roots. In: Dickinson C.H., and Pugh G.J.F. (Eds). "Biology of plant litter decomposition" (1974), Academic Press, London 175-211
161. Wang W.J., Baldock J.A., Dalal R.C., and Moody P.W. Decomposition dynamics of plant materials in relation to nitrogen availability and biochemistry determined by NMR and wet-chemical analysis. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36 (2004) 2045-2058
162. Welbaum G.E., Sturz A.V., Dong Z., and Nowak J. Managing soil microorganisms to improve productivity of agro-ecosystems. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 23 (2004) 175-193
163. Whalen J.K., Sampedro L., and Waheed T. Quantifying surface and subsurface cast production by earthworms under controlled laboratory conditions. Biol. Fert. Soils 39 (2004) 287-291
164. Wilhelm W.W., Johnson J.M.F., Hatfield J.L., Voorhees W.B., and Linden D.R. Crop and soil productivity response to corn residue removal: a literature review. Agron. J. 96 (2004) 1-17
165. Wiseman C.L.S., and Püttmann W. Soil carbon and its sorptive preservation in central Germany. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 56 (2005) 65-76
166. Wolters V. Invertebrate control of soil organic matter stability. Biol. Fert. Soils 31 (2000) 1-19
167. Wright S.F., and Upadhyaya A. A survey of soils for aggregate stability and glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 198 (1998) 97-107
168. Wu Q., Blume H.-P., Beyer L., and Schleuß U. Method for characterization of inert organic carbon in Urbic Anthrosols. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan. 30 (1999) 1497-1506