How organizational structures in science shape spin-off firms: The biochemistry departments of Berkeley, Stanford, and UCSF and the birth of the biotech industry

Industrial and Corporate Change

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 251-283

  Jong, Simcha ^a  

^a EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOTECHNOLOGY; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY;

EID: 33645889004     PISSN: 09606491     EISSN: 14643650     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/icc/dtj014     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Audia, P. G. and C. I. Rider (forthcoming), 'Entrepreneurs as organizational products: Revisited,' in R. Baum, M. Frese and R. Baron (eds), The Psychology of Entrepreneurship. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/rider/ entrepreneurs%20as%20org%20products.pdf (last accessed 06/01/2006)
2. Beer, J. J. (1959), The Emergence of the German Dye Industry. The University of Illinois Press: Urbana.
3. Berg, P. (2000), 'A Stanford professor's career in biochemistry, science politics, and the biotechnology industry,' an oral history conducted in 1997 by Sally Smith Hughes, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
4. Betlach, M. C. (2002), 'Early cloning and recombinant DNA technology at Herbert W. Boyer's UCSF laboratory in the 1970s,' an oral history conducted in 1994 by Sally Smith Hughes, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
5. Blau, P. M. (1973), The Organization of Academic Work. Wiley: New York.
6. Boyer, H. W. (2001), 'Recombinant DNA research at UCSF and commercial application at Genentech,' an oral history conducted in 1994 by Sally Smith Hughes, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
7. Brutlag, D. L. (2004), personal interview by Simcha Jong, 10 May 2004.
8. Casper S. and F. Murray (2004), 'Examining the marketplace for ideas: how local are Europe's biotechnology clusters?,' in M. McKelvey, A. Rickne, and J. Laage-Hellman (eds), The Economic Dynamics of Modern Biotechnology. Edward Elgar Publishers: Cheltenham, pp. 326-355.
9. Casper, S., S. Jong and F. Murray (2004), 'Entrepreneurship and marketplace formation in German biotechnology,' paper presented at Society for Comparative Research retreat in San Diego, May 14-15.
10. Cohen, W. M. and D. A. Levinthal (1989), 'Innovation and learning: The two faces of R&D,' Economic Journal, 99, 569-596.
11. Cooper, A. C. (1970), The Founding of Technologically-Based Firms. The Center for Venture Management: Milwaukee.
12. Creager, A. N. H. (1996),' Wendell Stanley's dream of a free-standing biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley,' Journal of the History of Biology, 29, 331-360.
13. Dasgupta, P. and P. A. David (1994), 'Toward a new economics of science,' Research Policy, 23, 487-521.
14. de Chadarevian, S. (2002), Designs for Life: Molecular Biology After World War II. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
15. DiMaggio, P. J. and W. W. Powell (1991), The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
16. Etzkowitz, H. (2002), MIT and the Rise of Entrepreneurial Science. Routledge: London and New York.
17. Feldman, M. P. and P. Desrochers (2003), 'The evolving role of research universities in technology transfer: Lessons from the history of Johns Hopkins University,' Industry and Innovation, 10, 5-24.
18. Freeman, J. H. (1986), 'Entrepreneurs as organizational products: semiconductor firms and venture capital firms,' Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth, 1, 33-52.
19. Galison, P. L. 'Introduction: The context of disunity,' in P. L. Galison and D. J. Stump (eds), (1996), The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power. Stanford University Press: Palo Alto, CA, pp. 1-36.
20. Gillmor, C. S. (2004), Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a Discipline, a University, and Silicon Valley. Stanford University Press: Palo Alto.
21. Gittelman, M. (2001), Mapping National Knowledge Networks: Scientists, Firms and Institutions in Biotechnology in the United States and France, unpublished PhD thesis, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.
22. Goeddel, D. V. (2003), 'Scientist at Genentech, CEO at Tularik,' an oral history conducted in 2001 and 2002 by Sally Smith Hughes for the Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
23. Goldberger, M. L., B. A. Maher and P. E. Flattau (1995), Research Doctorate Programs in the United States: Continuity and Change. National Research Council: Washington, DC.
24. Granovetter, M. (1985), 'Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness,' American Journal of Sociology, 91, 481-510.
25. Hacking, I. (1996), 'The disunities of the sciences,' in P. L. Galison and D. J. Stump (eds), The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power. Stanford University Press: Palo Alto, pp. 37-74.
26. Hall, S. (1987), Invisible Frontiers: The Race to Synthesize a Human Gene. Oxford University Press: New York.
27. Heyneker, H. L. (2004), 'Molecular geneticist at UCSF and Genentech, entrepreneur in biotechnology,' an oral history conducted in 2002 by Sally Smith Hughes, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
28. Hollingsworth, R. and E. J. Hollingsworth (2000), 'Major discoveries and biomedical research organizations: Perspectives on interdisciplinarity, nurturing leadership, and integrated structure and cultures,' in P. Weingart and N. Stehr (eds), Practicing Interdisciplinarity. Toronto University Press: Toronto, pp. 215-244.
29. Jones, L. V., G. Lindzey and P. E. Coggeshall (eds) (1982), An Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States: Biological Sciences. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
30. Jong, S. (2002), Technical Communities in the Cambridge High-Tech Sector: Exploring the Role of Technical Communities Around University Labs in Commercialising Life Science Research, unpublished MPhil Dissertation, Judge Institute of Management Studies, Cambridge University.
31. Kenney, M. (1986), Biotechnology: The University Industrial Complex. Yale University Press: New Haven.
32. Kenney, M. (ed.) (2000), Understanding Silicon Valley: The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region. Stanford University Press: Palo Alto.
33. Kenney, M. and W. R. Goe (2004), 'The role of professorial embeddedness in professorial entrepreneurship: A comparison of electrical engineering and computer science at UC Berkeley and Stanford,' Research Policy, 33, 691-707.
34. Kerr, C. (1996) 'A UC president's view of the expanding research university,' an oral history conducted by Nancy M Rockafellar, The UCSF Oral History Program, Department of the History of Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco.
35. Kerr, C. and M. Meyer (1996), 'Eyewitnesses to UC campus turmoil in the mid-1960's,' an oral history conducted by Nancy M Rockafellar, The UCSF Oral History Program, Department of the History of Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco.
36. Klepper, S. (2001), 'Employee startups in high-tech industries,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 10, 639-674.
37. Klepper, S. (2002), 'The capabilities of new firms and the evolution of the US automobile industry,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 11, 645-666.
38. Klepper, S. and S. Sleeper, (2002), 'Entry by spinoffs,' in Papers on Economics and Evolution 2002-07. Max Planck Institute for Research into Economic Systems: Jena.
39. Knorr-Cetina, K. (1999), Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
40. Kornberg, A. (1989), For the Love of Enzymes: The Odyssey of a Biochemist. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
41. Kornberg, A. (1995), The Golden Helix: Inside Biotech Venntures. University Science Books: Sausalito.
42. Kornberg, A. (1998), 'Biochemistry at Stanford, biotechnology at DNAX,' an oral history conducted in 1997 by Sally Smith Hughes, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
43. Latour, B. and S. Woolgar (1979), Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton University Press: Princeton.
44. Lee, C. -M., W. F. Mfller, M. G. Hancock and H. S. Rowen (2000), The Silicon Valley Edge: A Habitat for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Stanford University Press: Palo Alto.
45. Liebeskind, J. P., A. L. Oliver, L. Zucker and M. Brewer (1996), 'Social networks, learning, and flexibility: Sourcing scientific knowledge in new biotechnology firms,' Organization Science, 7, 428-443.
46. Lowen, R. S. (1997), Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford. University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles.
47. McKelvey, M. (1996), Evolutionary Innovations: The Business of Biotechnology. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
48. Merton, R. K. (1979), The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
49. Mowery, D. C. and N. Rosenberg (1998), Paths of Innovation: Technological Change in 20th-Century America. Cambridge University Press: New York.
50. Mowery, D. C., R. R. Nelson, B. N. Sampat and A. A. Ziedonis (1999), 'The effects of the Bayh-Dole Act on U. S. university research and technology transfer: An analysis of data from Columbia University, the University of California, and Stanford University,' in L. M. Branscomb, F. Kodama and R. Florida (eds), Industrializing Knowledge: University-Industry Linkages in Japan and the United States. MIT Press: Cambridge. pp. 269-306.
51. Mowery, D. C., R. R. Nelson, B. N. Sampat, and A. A. Ziedonis (2004), Ivory Tower and Industrial Innovation: University-Industry Technology Before and After the Bayh-Dole Act. Stanford University Press: Palo Alto.
52. Murray, F. (2004), 'The role of academic inventors in entrepreneurial firms: Sharing the laboratory life,' Research Policy, 33, 643-659.
53. Nelson, R. R. (1990), 'Capitalism as an engine of progress,' Research Policy, 19, 193-214.
54. OTA. (1984), Commercial Biotechnology: An International Analysis, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment: Washington, DC.
55. Owen-Smith, J. (2003), 'From separate systems to a hybrid order: accumulative advantage across public and private science at research one universities,' Research Policy, 32, 1081-1104.
56. Owen-Smith, J. and W. W. Powell (2003), 'The expanding role of university patenting in the life sciences: Assessing the importance of experience and connectivity,' Research Policy, 32, 1695-1711.
57. Owen-Smith, J. and W. W. Powell (2004), 'Knowledge networks as channels and conduits: The effects of spillovers in the Boston biotechnology community,' Organization Science, 15, 5-21.
58. Packard, D. (1996), The HP Way: How Bill Hewlett and I Built Our Company. HarperCollins: New York.
59. Penhoet, E. E. (2001), Interview with Edward E. Penhoet in 'Regional Characteristics of Biotechnology in the United States: Perspectives of Three Industry Insiders,' an oral history conducted in 1998 by Sally Smith Hughes, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
60. Rabinow, P. (1996), Making PCR: A Story of Biotechnology. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago and London.
61. Roose, K. D. and C. J. Andersen (1970), A Rating of Graduate Programs. American Council on Education: Washington, DC.
62. Rosenberg, N. (1990), 'Why do firms do basic research (with their own money)?,' Research Policy, 19, 165-174.
63. Rosenberg, N. (1992), 'Economic experiments,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 1, 181-203.
64. Rutter, W. J. (1998), 'The Department of Biochemistry and the molecular approach to biomedicine at the University of California, San Francisco,' an oral history conducted in 1992 by Sally Smith Hughes, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
65. Sampat, B. N., D. C. Mowery and A. A. Ziedonis (2003), 'Changes in university patent quality after the Bayh-Dole act: A re-examination,' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 21, 1371-1390.
66. Saxenian, A. (1994), Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
67. Saxenian, S. (1995), Creating a Twentieth Century Technical Community: Frederick Terman's Silicon Valley, paper prepared for inaugural symposium on 'The Inventor and the Innovative Society,' The Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution: November 10-11, http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~anno/papers/terman.html (last accessed 06/01/ 2006).
68. Shreeve, J. (2004), How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World. Alfred A. Knopf: New York.
69. Smith, L. H. (1996), 'Building a Research-oriented Department of Medicine,' an oral history conducted by Nancy M. Rockafellar, The UCSF Oral History Program, Department of the History of Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco.
70. Stern, S. (1995), 'Incentives and focus in university and industrial research: The case of synthetic insulin,' in N. Rosenberg, A. C. Gelijns and H. Dawkins (eds), Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
71. Whitley, R. (2003), 'Competition and pluralism in the public sciences: the impact of institutional frameworks on the organization of academic science,' Research Policy, 32, 1015-1029.
72. Wilson, J. L. (undated), Stanford University School of Medicine and the Predecessor Schools: An Historical Perspective, http://elane.stanford.edu/wilson/indexhome.html (last accessed 06/01/2006).
73. Zucker, L. G., M. R. Darby and M. B. Brewer (1998), 'Intellectual human capital and the birth of U.S. biotechnology enterprises,' American Economic Review, 88, 290-306.