Terrorism, Social Movements, and International Security: How Al Qaeda Affects Southeast Asia

Japanese Journal of Political Science

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 87-109

  Leheny, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645619183     PISSN: 14681099     EISSN: 14740060     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1468109905001738     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Stephen M. Walt, ‘Beyond Bin Laden: Reshaping US Foreign Policy’, International Security 26: 3 (Winter 2001/2002), pp. 56–78, at 56.
2. David Leheny, ‘Symbols, Strategies, and Choices for International Relations Scholarship after September 11’, Dialogue-IO (Spring 2002), pp. 57–70.
3. Rohan Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).
4. Ronald J. Deibert and Janice Gross Stein, ‘Hacking Networks of Terror’, Dialogue-IO (Spring 2002), pp. 1–14.
5. See Walter Laqueur, The Age of Terrorism (Boston: Little, Brown, 1987).
6. See, e.g., Claire Sterling, The Terror Network (New York: Holt, Rinehart, 1981).
7. John M. Martin and Anne T. Romano, Multinational Crime: Terrorism, Espionage, Drugs, and Arms Trafficking (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992).
8. Jerrold M. Post, ‘Terrorist Psycho-Logic: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of Psychological Forces’, in Walter Reich (ed.), Origins of Terrorism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 25–40.
9. One important exception is Martha Crenshaw of Wesleyan University, who organized a 1989 conference on ‘Terrorism in Context’, that sought to relate terrorist campaigns to their political environments. For the published outcome of the conference, see Martha Crenshaw (ed.), Terrorism in Context (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995).
10. Although it aims at complementing rationalist contributions, one example of the constructivist agenda is Badredine Arfi, ‘Ethnic Fear: The Social Construction of Insecurity’, Security Studies 8: 1 (Autumn 1998), pp. 151–203.
11. James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, ‘Explaining Interethnic Cooperation’, American Political Science Review 90: 4 (December 1996), pp. 715–735.
12. For one interesting example on the effort to contain China through institutionalization, see Alastair Ian Johnston, ‘The Myth of the ASEAN Way? Explaining the Evolution of the ASEAN Regional Forum’, in Helga Haffendorn, Robert O. Keohane, and Celeste A. Wallander (eds), Imperfect Unions: Security Institutions Over Time and Space (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999), pp. 287–324.
13. Aaron L. Friedberg, ‘Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multipolar Asia’, International Security 18: 3 (Winter 1993/1994), pp. 5–33.
14. See, e.g., Ian O. Lesser et al., Countering the New Terrorism (Santa Monica: RAND, 1999).
15. Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).
16. Jessica Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999)
17. Walter Laqueur, The New Terrorism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
18. Brian M. Jenkins, ‘Will Terrorists Go Nuclear?’ Orbis 29: 3 (Autumn 1985), pp. 507–515.
19. Brian M. Jenkins, ‘Will Terrorists Go Nuclear? A Reappraisal’, in Harvey W. Kushner (ed.),The Future of Terrorism (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998), pp. 225–249.
20. For a critical assessment, see Ehud Sprinzak, ‘The Great Superterrorism Scare’, Foreign Policy 112 (1998),pp. 110–119.
21. Robert Dreyfuss, ‘The Phantom Menace’, Mother Jones (September/October 2000), pp. 40–45, 88–91.
22. Andrew Kydd and Barbara F. Walter, ‘Sabotaging the Peace: The Politics of Extremist Violence’, International Organization 56: 2 (Spring 2002), pp. 263–296.
23. Martha Crenshaw, ‘An Organizational Approach to the Analysis of Political Terrorism’, Orbis 29: 3 (Autumn 1985), pp. 473–487.
24. David C. Rapoport (ed.), Inside Terrorist Organizations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).
25. Shaul Mishal and Avraham Sela, The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
26. On the IRA's history, see J. Bowyer Bell, The IRA, 1968–2000: Analysis of a Secret Army (London: Frank Cass, 2000).
27. In ‘What Terrorists Want’, The New Yorker (29 October 2001), pp. 36–41
28. Dale Fuchs, ‘Basque Rebels Set Off 7 Bombs; Damage Light’, The New York Times (7 December 2004), p. A13.
29. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000).
30. This is not always an easy fit. See James Johnson, ‘How Conceptual Problems Migrate: Rational Choice, Interpretation, and the Hazards of Pluralism’, Annual Review of Political Science 5 (2002), pp. 223–248.
31. Indeed, Donatella Della Porta discusses terrorism and social movements in Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State: A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
32. Pamela E. Oliver and Hank Johnston, ‘What a Good Idea! Frames and Ideologies in Social Movement Research’, Mobilization 5 (April 2002), pp. 37–54.
33. One classic statement is John D. and Mayer Zald, ‘Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory’, American Journal of Sociology 82: 6 (May 1977), pp. 1212–1241.
34. See also J. Craig Jenkins, ‘Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements’, Annual Review of Sociology 9 (1983), pp. 527–553.
35. Sidney G. Tarrow, ‘National Politics and Collective Action: Recent Theory and Research in Western Europe and the United States’, Annual Review of Sociology 14 (1988), pp. 421–440.
36. David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford Jr, Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, ‘Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation’, American Sociological Review 51: 4 (August 1986), pp. 464–481, at 468–469.
37. On ‘frame resonance’, see Sarah Babb, ‘“A True American System of Finance”: Frame Resonance in the US Labor Movement, 1866 to 1886’, American Sociological Review 61: 6 (December 1996), pp. 1033–1052.
38. Richard A. Couto, ‘Narrative, Free Space, and Leadership in Social Movements’, Journal of Politics 55: 1 (February 1993), pp. 57–79.
39. For a good study, see Mark Traugott (ed.), Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995).
40. Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 47–50.
41. See especially Gilles Kepel, Jihad: On the Trail of Political Islam, translated by Anthony F. Roberts (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), pp. 81–105, 136–159, and 205–236.
42. On the Afghan War, Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000).
43. Neil MacFarquhar, ‘Islamic Jihad, Forged in Egypt, Is Seen as bin Laden's Backbone’, New York Times (4 October 2001).
44. Hisham Mubarak has documented a fascinating interview with Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim, a leader of the ‘Islamic Group’ from Egypt, who discusses the EIJ/Bin Laden connection. See ‘What Does the Gama'a Islamiyya Want? (Interview with Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim’, in Joel Benin and Joe Stork (eds), Political Islam: Essays from ‘Middle East Report’ (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997).
45. Kepel, Jihad, pp. 144–147.
46. Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda, pp. 70–84.
47. On the relationship between training and the construction of a national identity, see William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society Since AD 1000 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), pp. 117–143.
48. Hussin Mutalib, ‘Islamic Malay Polity in Southeast Asia’, in Mohd. Taib Osman (ed.), Islamic Civilization in the Malay World (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1997), pp. 3–48, at 7–11.
49. Raymond Scupin, ‘The Politics of Islamic Reformism in Thailand’, Asian Survey 20: 12 (December 1980), pp. 1223–1235, at 1224–1225.
50. Mohamed Abu Bakar, ‘Islamic Revivalism and the Political Process in Malaysia’, Asian Survey 21: 10 (October 1981), pp. 1040–1059;
51. Robert W. Hefner, Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), pp. 106–109.
52. Julia Day Howell, ‘Sufism and the Islamic Revival’, Journal of Asian Studies 60: 3 (August 2001), pp. 701- 729.
53. Clifford Geertz, The Religion of Java (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960).
54. David Camroux, ‘State Reponses to Islamic Resurgence in Malaysia: Accommodation, Co-Option, and Confrontation’, Asian Survey 36: 9 (September 1996), pp. 852–868, at 854–855.
55. R. William Liddle, ‘The Islamic Turn in Indonesia: A Political Explanation’, Journal of Asian Studies 55: 3 (August 1996), pp. 613–634.
56. ‘Militant Groups' Growing Tentacles’, The Straits Times (26 January 2002). Available at http:// straitstimes.asia1.com.sg/usattack/story/0,1870,99176–1012082340,00.html (Accessed 4 March 2003).
57. John Gershman, ‘Is Southeast Asia the Second Front?’,Foreign Affairs 81:4(July/August 2002), pp. 20–74.
58. Michael Davis,‘Laskar Jihad and the Political Position of Conservative Islam in Indonesia’,Contemporary Southeast Asia 24: 1 (April 2002), pp. 12–32.
59. ‘Running a Nightspot not all that Easy’, Jakarta Post (7 January 2001). Accessed through Lexis-Nexis.
60. Marianne Kearney, ‘Calls for Jihad in Indonesia are all about “Fame and Position” ’, The Straits Times (18 October 2001). Accessed through Lexis-Nexis.
61. On political violence in the Philippines, see Thomas M. McKenna, Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999)
62. Marites Danguilan Vitug and Glenda M. Gloria, Under the Crescent Moon: Rebellion in Mindanao (Manila: The Philippines Center for Investigative Journalism, 2000).
63. David Kocieniewski, Peg Tyre, and Knut Royce, ‘Terrorism Evidence Destroyed’, Newsday (16 April 1995). Accessed through Lexis-Nexis.
64. Eric Gutierrez, ‘From Ilaga to Abu Sayaf: New Entrepreneurs in Violence and their Impact on Local Politics in Mindanao’, draft paper prepared for the European Philippine Studies Conference, 9–12 September 2001, in Alcala de Henares, Spain. Cited with permission of author.
65. Charles Wallace, ‘We aving a World-Wide Web of Terror ’, Los Angeles Times (28 May 1995), p. At. Accessed through Lexis-Nexis.
66. Raymond Bonner with Eric Schmitt, ‘Philippine Officials Detail the Trap, Set with US Help, that Snared a Rebel Leader’, The New York Times (22 September 2002), p. A22.
67. See the interview with Mindanao specialist Thomas McKenna in George Edmonson, ‘Q&A: The War on Terror moves to the Philippines’, 24 January 2002. Available at http://www.azstarnet.com/attack/indepth/id-philippineqa.html (accessed 4 March 2003).
68. Gutierrez, ‘From Ilaga to Abu Sayaf’ has a fascinating discussion of Commander Robot's life and work for the ASG.
69. Bonner and Schmitt, ‘Philippine Officials Detail the Trap’, 2002.
70. Vaudine England, ‘Rounding Up the Usual Suspects’, South China Morning Post (26 April 2002), pp. 16. Accessed through Lexis-Nexis.
71. International Crisis Group, Al-Qaeda in Southeast Asia: The Case of the ‘Ngruki Network’ in Indonesia, ICG Indonesia Briefing ((Jakarta/Brussels, 2002).
72. Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda, p. 198.
73. Dan Murphy, ‘Indonesian Cleric Fights for a Muslim State’, Christian Science Monitor (2 May 2002). Accessed through Lexis-Nexis.
74. Home Affairs Ministry of Singapore, ‘The Case Against Jemaah Islamiah’, summary reprinted by The Straits Times (31 May 2002). Accessed through Lexis-Nexis.
75. Richard Paddock, ‘Southeast Asian Terror Exhibits Al Qaeda Traits’, The Los Angeles Times (3 March 2002), p. 1. Accessed through Lexis-Nexis.
76. Kathy Marks, ‘Two-Year Hunt Tracked Al Qa'ida “Branch Manager” to Thailand’, The Independent (16 August 2003), p. 13. Accessed through Lexis-Nexis.
77. He had previously escaped from a Manila prison cell, most likely with of the well-compensated cooperation of his jailers. By some accounts, at least, he was likely executed by police who felt that arresting, trying, and imprisoning him would be more of a bother (and multifaceted risk) than simply killing him. See Luz Baguioro, ‘Did al-Ghozi Die in Shoot-Out or Execution?’, The Straits-Times (15 October 2003). Accessed through Lexis-Nexis.
78. Home Affairs Ministry of Singapore, ‘The Case Against Jemaah Islamiah’.
79. Zachary Abuza, ‘Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah’, Contemporary Southeast Asia 25: 2 (August 2003), pp. 169–199.
80. For an excellent survey, see International Crisis Group, ‘Indonesia Backgrounder: How the Jemaah Islamiyah Terrorist Network Operates’ (Jakarta/Brussels: ICG, 2002).
81. The ICG has also produced a follow-up, ‘Jemaah Islamiyah in South East Asia: Damaged but Still Dangerous’ (Jakarta/Brussels: ICG, 2003).
82. Wayne Miller, ‘Samudra Calls Amrozi “The Brains”’, The Age (Melbourne) (12 June 2003), p. 4
83. Cindy Wockner, ‘Brother Turns Against Bali Bomb Accused’, Courier Mail (Queensland) (10 July 2003), p. 11. Accessed through Lexis-Nexis.
84. International Crisis Group, ‘Southern Philippines Backgrounder: Terrorism and the Peace Process’ (Singapore/Brussels: ICG, 2004).