Large vocabulary speech recognition based on statistical methods

Pattern Recognition in Speech and Language Processing

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 149-190

  Gauvain, Jean Luc ^a   Lamel, Lori ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645586060     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9780203010525     Document Type: Chapter

References (152)

1. http://coretex.itc.it
2. D. Abberley, D. Kirby, S. Renais and T. Robinson, The THISL Broadcast News Retrieval System, Proc. ESCA ETRW on Accessing Information in Spoken Audio, 14-19, Cambridge, U.K., April 1999.
3. A. Andreoum, T. Kamm and J. Cohen, Experiments in Vocal Tract Normalization, Proc. CAIP Workshop: Frontiers in Speech Recognition II, 1994.
4. T. Anastasakos, J. McDonough, R. Schwartz and J. Makhoul, A Compact Model for Speaker Adaptation Training, Proc. ICSLP’96, 1137-1140, Philadelphia, PA, October 1996.
5. X. Aubert, One Pass Cross Word Decoding for Large Vocabularies Based on a Lexical Tree Search Organization, Proc. ESCA Eurospeech’99, 4:1559-1562, Budapest, Hungary, September 1999.
6. S. Austin, R. Schwartz and P. Placeway, The Forward-Backward Search Strategy for Real-Time Speech Recognition, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-91, 697-700, Toronto, Canada, May 1991.
7. L.R. Bahl, J.K. Baker, P.S. Cohen, N.R. Dixon, F. Jelinek, R.L. Mercer and H.F. Silverman, Preliminary results on the performance of a system for the automatic recognition of continuous speech, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-76, Philadelphia, PA, April 1976.
8. L.R. Bahl, P. Brown, P. de Souza, R.L. Mercer and M. Picheny, Acoustic Markov Models used in the Tangora Speech Recognition System, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-88 1:497-500, New York, NY, April 1988.
9. L.R. Bahl, F. Jelinek and R.L. Mercer, A Maximum Likelihood Approach to Continuous Speech Recognition, IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis &Machine Intelligence, PAMI-5(2):179-190, March 1983.
10. L.R. Bahl, P.V. de Souza, P.S. Gopalakrishnan, D. Nahamoo and M. Picheny, A Fast Match for Continuous Speech Recognition Using Allophonic Models, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-92, CA, 1:17-21, San Francisco, CA, March 1992.
11. J. Baker, J. Baker, P. Bamberg, K. Bishop, L. Gillick, V. Helman, Z. Huang, Y. Ito, S. Lowe, B. Peskin, R. Roth and F. Scattone, Large Vocabulary Recognition ofWall Street Journal Sentences at Dragon Systems, Proc. DARPA Speech &Natural Language Workshop, 387-392, Harriman, NY, February 1992.
12. Baum, L.E., T. Petrie, G. Soules, and N. Weiss, A maximization technique occurring in the statistical analysis of probabilistic functions of Markov chains, Ann. Math. Stat. 41:164-171,1970.
13. E. Bocchieri, Vector quantization for efficient computation of continuous density likelihoods, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-93, 2:692-695, Minneapolis, MN, May 1993.
14. F. Brugnara, M. Cettolo, M. Federico and D. Giuliani, A Baseline for the Transcription ofItalian Broadcast News, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-00, Istanbul, Turkey, June 2000.
15. L. Chase, Word and acoustic confidence annotation for large vocabulary speech recognition, Proc. ESCA Eurospeech’97, 815-818, Rhodes, Greece, September 1997.
16. L. Chase, R. Rosenberg, A. Hauptmann, M. Ravishankar, E. Thayer, P. Placeway, R. Weide and C. Lu, Improvements in Language, Lexical and Phonetic Modeling in Sphinx-II, Proc. ARPA Spoken Language Systems Technology Workshop, 60-65, Austin, TX, January 1995.
17. S.F. Chen and J. Goodman, An empirical study of smoothing techniques for language modeling, Computer, Speech &Language, 13(4):359-394, October 1999.
18. S.S. Chen and P.S. Gopalakrishnan, Speaker, Environment and Channel Change Detection and Clustering via the Bayesian Information Criterion, Proc. Darpa Broadcast News Transcription &Understanding Workshop, 127-132, Landsdowne, VA, February 1998.
19. Y.L. Chow, R. Schwartz, S. Roukos, O. Kimball, P Price, F. Kubala, M. O. Dunham, M Krasner and J Makhoul, The Role of Word-Dependent Coartic-ulatory Effects in a Phoneme-Based Speech Recognition System, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-86, 3:1593-1596, Tokyo, Japan, April 1986.
20. P Clarkson and R. Rosenfeld, Statistical Language Modelling using CMU-Cambridge Toolkit, Proc. ESCA EuroSpeech’97, 2707-2710, Rhodes, Greece, September 1997
21. S. Davis and P Mermelstein, Comparison of Parametric Representations of Monosyllabic Word Recognition in Continuously Spoken Sentences, IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, &Signal Processing, 28(4):357-366,1980.
22. Dempster, A.P., M.M. Laird and D.B. Rubin, Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the EM Algorithm, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (methodological), 39:1-38,1977.
23. N. Deshmukh, A. Ganapathiraju, R.J. Duncan and J. Picone, Human Speech Recognition Performance on the 1995 CSR Hub-3 Corpus Proc. ARPA Speech Recognition Workshop, 129-134, Harriman, NY, February 1996.
24. V. Digalakis and H. Murveit, Genones: Optimization the Degree of Tying in a Large Vocabulary HMM-based Speech Recognizer, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-94, 1:537-540, Adelaide, Australia, April 1994.
25. V. Digalakis, D. Rtichev and L.G. Neumeyer, Speaker adaptation using constrained estimation of Gaussian mixtures, IEEE Trans. On Speech &Audio, 3(5):357-366, September 1995.
26. J. Dreyfus-Graf, Sonograph and Sound Mechanics, J. Acoust. Soc. America, 22:731, 1949.
27. H. Dudley and S. Balashek, Automatic Recognition of Phonetic Patterns in Speech, J. Acoust. Soc. America, 30:721, 1958.
28. W.J. Ebel and J. Picone, Human Speech Recognition Performance on the 1994 CSR Spoke 10 Corpus, Proc. ARPA Spoken Language Systems Technology Workshop, 53-59, Austin, TX, January 1995.
29. S. Furui, Comparison of speaker recognition methods using statistical features and dynamic features, IEEE Trans. On Acoustics, Speech &Signal Processing, ASSP-29, 342-350, 1981.
30. M.J.F. Gales and S.J. Young, An improved approach to hidden Markov model decomposition of speech and noise, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-92, 233-236, San Francisco, CA, March 1992.
31. M.J.F. Gales and S.J. Young, Robust Continuous Speech Recognition using Parallel Model Combination, Computer Speech &Language, 9(4):289-307, October 1995.
32. M.J.F. Gales, Cluster Adaptive Training for Speech Recognition, Proc. IC-SLP’98, 1783-1786, Sydney, Australia, November 1998.
33. M.J.F. Gales, Semi-Tied Covariance Matrices for Hidden Markov Models, IEEE Trans. On Speech and Audio, 7(3):273-281, May 1999.
34. J.L. Gauvain, G. Adda, L. Lamel and M. Adda-Decker, Transcribing Broadcast News: The LIMSI Nov96 Hub4 System, Proc. ARPA Speech Recognition Workshop, 56-63, Chantilly, VA, February 1997.
35. J.L. Gauvain, S. Bennacef, L. Devillers, L. Lamel and R. Rosset, Spoken Language component of the MASK Kiosk in K. Varghese, S. Pfleger(Eds.) Human Comfort and security of information systems, Springer-Verlag, 1997. Also in Proc. Human Comfort and Security Workshop, Brussels, Belguim, October 1995.
36. J.L. Gauvain, J.J. Gangolf, and L. Lamel, Speech Recognition for an Information Kiosk, Proc. ICSLP’96, 849-852, Philadelphia, PA, October 1996.
37. J.L. Gauvain, L. Lamel and G. Adda, Partitioning and Transcription of Broadcast News Data, Proc. ICSLP’98, 5:1335-1338, Sydney, Australia, December 1998.
38. J.L. Gauvain, L.F. Lamel and M. Adda-Decker, Developments in Continuous Speech Dictation using the ARPA WSJ Task, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-95, 65-68, Detroit, MI, May 1995.
39. J.L. Gauvain and C.H. Lee, Maximum a Posteriori Estimation for Multivariate Gaussian Mixture Observations of Markov Chains, IEEE Trans. Speech &Audio Processing, 2(2):291-298, April 1994.
40. J.L. Gauvain, L. Lamel and G. Adda, The LIMSI Broadcast News Transcription System, Speech Communication, 37(1-2):89-108, May 2002.
41. L. Gillick and R. Roth, A Rapid Match Algorithm for Continuous Speech Recognition, Proc. DARPA Speech &Natural Language Workshop, 170-172, Hidden Valley, PA, June 1990.
42. L. Gillick, Y. Ito and J. Young, A Probabilistic Approach to Confidence Measure Estimation and Evaluation, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-97, 879-882, Munich, Germany, April 1997.
43. J.R. Glass, T.J. Hazen and I. L. Hetherington, Real-time Telephone-based Speech Recognition in the Jupiter Domain, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-99, 1:61-64, Phoenix, AZ, March 1999.
44. J. Godfrey, E. Holliman and J. McDaniel, SWITCHBOARD: Telephone Speech Corpus for Research and Development, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-92, 517-520, San Francisco, CA, March 1992.
45. I.J. Good, The Population Frequencies of Species and the Estimation of Population Parameters, Biomterika, 40(3/4):237-264,1953.
46. P.S. Gopalakrishnan, L.R. Bahl and R.L. Mercer, A tree search strategy for large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-95, 1:572-575, Detroit, MI, May 1995.
47. R. Haeb-Umbach and H. Ney, Linear Discriminant Analysis for Improved Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition, Proc. ICASSP-92, 1:1316, March 1992.
48. T. Hain, S.E. Johnson, A. Tuerk, P.C. Woodland and S.J. Young, Segment Generation and Clustering in the HTK Broadcast News Transcription System, Proc. Darpa Broadcast News Transcription &Understanding Workshop, 133-137, Landsdowne, VA, February 1998.
49. A.G. Hauptmann, M. Witbrock and M. Christel, News-on-Demand-’An Application of Informedia Technology’, Digital Libraries Magazine, September 1995.
50. C.T. Hemphill, J.J. Godfrey, and G.R. Doddington, The ATIS Spoken Language Systems Pilot Corpus, Proc. Darpa Speech &Natural Language Workshop, Pittsburgh, PA, June 1990.
51. H. Hermansky, Perceptual linear predictive (PLP) analysis of speech, J. Acoust. Soc. America, 87(4):1738-1752,1990.
52. M.M. Hochberg, S.J. Renals, A.J. Robinson and D. Kershaw, Large vocabulary continuous speech recognition using a hybrid connectionist-HMM system, Proc. ICSLP’94, 1499-1502, Yokohama, Japan, September 1994.
53. M.J. Hunt, Signal Representation, Chapter 1.3 of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology, (Cole et al, eds.), 1996. (http://www.cse.ogi.edu/CSLU/HLTsurvey/ch1node2.html)
54. M. Hwang and X. Huang, Subphonetic Modeling with Markov States - Senone, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-92,1:33-36, San Francisco, CA, March 1992.
55. M.Y. Hwang, X. Huang and F. Alleva, Predicting Unseen Triphones with Senones, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-93, II:311-314, Minneapolis, MN, April 1993.
56. F. Jelinek, Continuous Speech Recognition by Statistical Methods, Proc. Of the IEEE, 64(4): 532-556, April 1976.
57. F. Jelinek, Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997.
58. F. Jelinek, B. Merialdo, S. Roukos and M. Strauss, A Dynamic Language Model for Speech Recognition, Proc. DARPA Speech &Natural Language Workshop, 293-295, Pacific Grove, CA, February 1991.
59. F. deJong, J.L. Gauvain, J. deb Hartog and K. Netter, Olive: Speech Based Video Retrieval, Proc. CBMI’99, Toulouse, France, October 1999.
60. Juang, B.-H., Maximum-Likelihood Estimation for Mixture Multivariate Stochastic Observations of Markov Chains, AT&T Technical Journal, 64(6), 1985.
61. S.M. Katz, Estimation of Probabilities from Sparse Data for the Language Model Component of a Speech Recognizer, IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech &Signal Processing, ASSP-35(3):400-401, March 1987.
62. T. Kemp and A. Waibel, Unsupervised Training of a Speech Recognizer: Recent Experiments, Proc. ESCA Eurospeech’99, 6:2725-2728, Budapest, Hungary, September 1999.
63. D. Kershaw, A.J. Robinson and S.J. Renals, The 1995 Abbot hybrid connectionist-HMM large-vocabulary recognition system, Proc. ARPA Speech Recognition Workshop, 93-98, Harriman, NY, February 1996.
64. R. Kneser and H. Ney, Improved Clustering Techniques for Class-Based Statistical Language Modelling, Proc. Eurospeech’93, 973-976, Berlin, September 1993.
65. R. Kneser and H. Ney, Improved backing-off for n-gram language modeling, Proc. IEEEICASSP-95,1:181-184, Detroit, MI, May 1995.
66. F. Kubala, Design of the 1994 CSR Benchmark Tests, Proc. ARPA Spoken Language Systems Technology Workshop, 41-46, Austin, TX, January 1995.
67. F. Kubala, T. Anastasakos, H. Jin, J. Makhoul, L. Nguyen, R. Schwartz and N. Yuan, Toward Automatic Recognition of Broadcast News, Proc. Darpa Speech Recognition Workshop, 55-60, Harriman, NY, February 1996.
68. N. Kumar and A.G. Andreou, Heteroscedastic discriminant analysis and reduced rank HMMs for improved speech recognition, Speech Communication, 26(4):283-297, December 1998.
69. R. Kuhn, P. Nguyen, J.C. Junqua, L. Goldwasser, N. Niedzielski, S. Fincke, and K. Field, M. Contolini, Eigenvoices for Speaker Adaptation, Proc. IC-SLP’98, 177l-1774, Sydney, November 1998.
70. L.F. Lamel and G. Adda, On Designing Pronunciation Lexicons for Large Vocabulary, Continuous Speech Recognition, Proc. ICSLP’96, 1:6-9, Philadelphia, PA, October 1996.
71. L.F. Lamel and R. DeMori, Speech Recognition of European Languages, Proc. IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition Workshop, 51-54, Snowbird, Utah, December 1995.
72. L.F. Lamel and J.L. Gauvain, Continuous Speech Recognition at LIMSI, Proc. ARPA Workshop on Continuous Speech Recognition, 59-64, Stanford, CA, September 1992.
73. L.F. Lamel and J.L. Gauvain, A Phone-based Approach to Non-Linguistic Speech Feature Identification, Computer Speech &Language, 9(1):87-103, January 1995.
74. L. Lamel, J.L. Gauvain, and G. Adda, Lightly Supervised and Unsupervised Acoustic Model Training, Computer, Speech &Language, 16(1):115-229, January 2002.
75. L.F. Lamel, S. Rosset, S.K. Bennacef, H. Bonneau-Maynard, L. Devillers and J.L. Gauvain, Development of Spoken Language Corpora for Travel Information, Proc. ESCA Eurospeech’95, 3:1961-1964, Madrid, Spain, September 1995.
76. K.-F. Lee, Large-vocabulary speaker-independent continuous speech recognition: The SPHINX system, PhD Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 1988.
77. L. Lee and R.C. Rose, Speaker Normalization Using Efficient Frequency Warping Procedures, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-96,1:353-356, Atlanta, GA, May 1996.
78. C. J. Leggetter and P. C. Woodland, Maximum Likelihood Linear Regressionfor Speaker Adaptation of Continuous Density Hidden Markov Models, Computer Speech &Language, 9(2):171-185, April 1995.
79. Liporace, L. R., Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Multivariate Observations of Markov Sources, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, IT-28(5):729-734,1982.
80. R. P Lippmann, Speech recognition by machines and humans, Speech Communication, 22(1):1-15, July 1997.
81. D. Liu and F. Kubala, Fast Speaker Change Detection for Broadcast News Transcription and Indexing, Proc. ESCA EuroSpeech’99, 3:1031-1034, Budapest, Hungary, September 1999.
82. Madcow, M., Multi-site Data Collection for a Spoken Language Corpus, Proc. Darpa Speech &Natural Language Workshop, 7-14, Harriman, NY, February 1992
83. L Mangu, E Brill, A Stolcke, Finding Consensus in Speech Recognition: Word Error Minimization and Other Applications of Confusion Networks, Computer, Speech and Language, 14(4):373-400, October 2000.
84. B Mak and E Bocchieri, Subspace distribution clustering for continuous observation density hidden Markov models, Proc. Eurospeech’97, 107-110, Rhodes, Greece, September 1997.
85. J J Mariani Spoken Language Processing and Human-Machine Communication in the European Union Programs, in G. Varile, ed., Eurospeech’97 EU Speech Projects Day report, Rhodes, Greece, September 1997.
86. J. J. Mariani and L. F. Lamel, An overview of EU programs related to conversational/interactive systems, Proc DARPA Broadcast News Transcription &Understanding Workshop, 247-253, Landsdowne, VA, February 1998.
87. S. Martin, J. Liermann and H. Ney, Algorithms for Bigram and Trigram Clustering, Proc. Eurospeech’95, 1253-1256, Madrid, Spain, September 1995.
88. M. Maybury (ed.), News on Demand, Special Section in the Communications of the ACM43(2), February 2000.
89. D. Miller, R. Schwartz, R. Weischedel and R. Stone, Named Entity Extraction from Broadcast News, Proc DARPA Broadcast News Workshop, 37-40, Herndon, VA, February 1999
90. M. Mohri, M. Riley, D. Hindle, A. Ljolie and F. Pereira, Full Expansion of Context-Dependent Networks in Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition, Proc IEEE ICASSP-98, 665-668, Seattle, WA, May 1998.
91. H. Murveit, J. Butzberger, V. Digalakis and M. Weintraub, Large-Vocabulary Dictation using SRI’s Decipher Speech Recognition System: Progressive Search Techniques, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-93, II:319-322, Minneapolis, MN, April 1993.
92. H. Ney, The Use of a One-Stage Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Connected Word Recognition, IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ASSP-32(2):263-271, April 1984.
93. H. Ney, R. Haeb-Umbach, B.H. Tran and M. Oerder, Improvements in Beam Search for 10000-Word Continuous Speech Recognition, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-92, I:9-12, San Francisco, CA, March 1992.
94. L. Nguyen and R. Schwartz, Single-Tree Method for Grammar-Directed Search, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-99,2:613-616, Phoenix, AZ, March 1999.
95. J.J. Odell, The Use of Decision Trees with Context Sensitive Phoneme Modelling, MPhil Thesis, Cambridge University Engineering Dept, 1992.
96. J.J. Odell, V. Valtchev, P.C. Woodland and S.J. Young, A One Pass Decoder Design for Large Vocabulary Recognition, Proc. ARPA Human Language Technology Workshop, 405-410, Princeton, NJ, March 1994.
97. K. Ohtsuki, S. Furui, N. Sakurai, A. Iwasaki and Z. P Zeang, Recent Advances in Japanese Broadcast News Transcription, Proc. ESCA Eurospeech’99, 2:671-674, Budapest, Hungary, September 1999.
98. P A. Olsen and R. A. Gopinath, Modeling Inverse Covariance Matrices by Basis Expansion, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-02, 945-948, Orlando, FL, 2002.
99. S. Ortmanns, H. Ney, and A. Eiden, Language-model look-ahead for large vocabulary speech recognition, Proc. ICSLP’96, 2095-2098, Philadelphia, PA, October 1996
100. S. Ortmanns, H. Ney, and X. Aubert, A Word Graph Algorithm for Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition, Computer, Speech and Language, 11(1):43-72, January 1997.
101. B. T Oshika, V.W. Zue, R. V. Weeks, H. Neu and J. Aurbach, The Role of Phonological Rules in Speech Understanding Research, IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, ASSP-23, 104-112,1975.
102. M. Ostendorf, A. Kannan, O. Kimball and J. R. Rohlicek, Continuous Word Recognition Based on the Stochastic Segment Model, Proc ARPA Workshop on Continuous Speech Recognition, 53-58, Stanford, CA, September 1992.
103. D. S. Pallett, J. G. Fiscus, W. M. Fisher, J. S. Garofolo, B. A. Lund and M.A. Pryzbocki, 1993 Benchmark Tests for the ARPA Spoken Language Program, Proc. ARPA Human Language Technology Workshop, 49-74, Princeton, NJ, March 1994
104. D. S. Pallett, J. G. Fiscus, W. M. Fisher, J. S. Garofolo, B. A. Lund, A.F. Martin and M. A. Przybocki, 1994 Benchmark Tests for the ARPA Spoken Language Program, Proc. ARPA Spoken Language Systems Technology Workshop, 536, Austin, TX, January 1995.
105. D. S. Pallett, J. G. Fiscus, W. M. Fisher, J. S. Garofolo, A.F. Martin and M.A. Przybocki, 1995 Hub-3 Multiple Microphone Corpus Benchmark Tests, Proc. ARPA Speech Recognition Workshop, 27-46, Harriman, NY, February 1996.
106. D. S. Pallett, J. G. Fiscus, J. S. Garofolo, A.F. Martin and M. A. Przybocki, 1998 Broadcast News Benchmark Test Results: English and Non-English Word Error Rate Performance Measures, Proc. Darpa Broadcast News Workshop, 5-12, Herndon, VA, February 1999.
107. D. B. Paul, An efficient A stack decoder algorithm for continuous speech recognition with a stochastic language model, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-92, 405-409, San Francisco, CA, March 1992.
108. D. Povey and P Woodland, Improved Discriminative Training Techniques For Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-01, Salt Lake City, May 2001.
109. P Price, Evaluation of Spoken Language Systems: The ATIS Domain, Proc. Darpa Speech and Natural Language Workshop, 91-95, Hidden Valley, PA, June, 1990
110. L. R. Rabiner and B. H. Juang, An Introduction to Hidden Markov Models, IEEE Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing Magazine, ASSP-3(1):4-16, January 1986
111. M. K. Ravishankar, Efficient Algorithms for Speech Recognition, PhD Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 1996.
112. M. D. Riley, W. Byrne, M. Finke, S. Khudanpu, A. Ljojle, J. McDonough, H. Nock, M. Saraclar, C. Wooters and G. Zavaliagkos, Stochastic pronunciation modelling from hand-labelled phonetic corpora, Speech Communication, 29(2-4):209-224, November 1999.
113. R. Rosenfeld and X. Huang, Improvements in Stochastic Language Modeling, Proc. Darpa Workshop on Speech &Natural Language, 107-111, Harriman, NY, February 1992
114. R. Rosenfeld, Adaptive Statistical Language Modeling, Ph. D. Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 1994. (also Tech. rep. CMU-CS-94-138).
115. R. Rosenfeld, Two Decades of Statistical Language Modeling: Where Do We Go From Here?, Proceedings of the IEEE, Special issue on Spoken Language Processing, 88(8):1270-1278, August 2000.
116. T Schultza and A. Waibel, Language-independent and langauge-adaptive acoustic modeling for speech recognition, Speech Communication, 35(1-2):31-51, August 2001.
117. M. Schuster, Memory-efficient LVCSR search using a one-pass stack decoder, Computer Speech &Language, 14(1):47-77, January 2000.
118. R. Schwartz, S. Austin, F. Kubala and J. Makhoul, New uses for N-Best Sentence Hypothesis, within the BYBLOS Speech Recognition System, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-92,1:1-4, San Francisco, CA, March 1992.
119. R. Schwartz, Y. Chow, S. Roucos, M. Krasner and J. Makhoul, Improved Hidden Markov Modeling of Phonemes for Continuous Speech Recognition, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-84, 3:35.6.1-35.6.4, San Diego, CA, March 1984.
120. S. Sekine and R. Grishman, NYU Language Modeling Experiments for the 1995 CSR Evaluation, Proc. ARPA Speech Recognition Workshop, 123-128, Harriman, NY, February 1996.
121. B. Shahshahani, A Markov Random Field Approach to Bayesian Speaker Adaptation, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-95, 697-700, Detroit, MI, May 1995.
122. R. Schwartz, H. Jin, F. Kubala and S. Matsoukas, Modeling Those F-Conditions - Or Not, Proc. Darpa Speech Recognition Workshop, 115-118, Chantilly, VA, February 1997.
123. K. Seymore and R. Rosenfeld, Scalable backoff language models, Proc. ICSLP’96, 1:232-235, Philadelphia, PA, October 1996.
124. M. Siegler, U. Jain, B. Raj and R. Stern, Automatic Segmentation, Classification and Clustering of Broadcast News Audio, Proc DARPA Speech Recognition Workshop, 97-99, Chantilly, VA, February 1997
125. M. Siu and H. Gish, Evaluation of word confidence for speech recognition systems, Computer Speech &Language, 13(4):299-318, October 1999.
126. A. Stolcke, Entropy-based Pruning of Backoff Language Models, Proc. Darpa Broadcast News Transcription &Understanding Workshop, 270-274, Lands-downe, VA, February 1998
127. S. Takahashi and S. Sagayama, Four-level Tied Structure for Efficient Representation of Acoustic Modeling, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-95, 520-523, Detroit, MI, May 1995.
128. L. F. Uebel and P C. Woodland, An Investigation into Vocal Tract Length Normalization, Proc. ESCA Eurospeech’99, 2527-2530, Budapest, Hungary, September 1999.
129. D.A. van Leeuwen, L. G. van den Berg and H.J. M. Steeneken, Human Benchmarks for Speaker Independent Large Vocabulary Recognition Performance, Proc. ESCA Eurospeech’95, 1461-1464, Madrid, Spain, September 1995.
130. T K. Vintsyuk, Speech discrimination by dynamic programming, Kibnernetika, 4:81, 1968.
131. T. K. Vintsyuk, Elements-wise recognition of continuous speech composed of words from a specified dictionary, Cybernetics, 7:133-143, March-April 1971.
132. W. Wahlster, Verbmobil: Translation of Face-to-Face Dialogs, Proc. ESCA Eurospeech’93, Berlin, Germany, Plenary, 29-38, September 1993.
133. A. Waibel, P Geutner, L. Mayfield Tomokiyo, T. Schultz and M. Woszczyna, Multilinguality in Speech and Spoken Language Systems, Proceedings of the IEEE, Special Issue on Spoken Language Processing, 88(8):1297-1313, August 2000.
134. F. Walls, H. Jin, S. Sista and R. Schwartz, Probabilistic Models for Topic Detection and Tracking, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-99,1:521-524, Phoenix, AZ, March 1999
135. S. Wegmann, F. Scattone, I. Carp, L. Gillick, R. Roth and J. Yamron, Dragon Systems’ 1997 Broadcast News Transcription System, Proc. Darpa Broadcast News Transcription &Understanding Workshop, 60-65, Landsdowne, VA, February 1998
136. S. Wegmann, P Zhan, and L. Gillick, Progress in Broadcast News Transcription at Dragon Systems, Proc IEEE ICASSP-99, 33-36, Phoenix, AZ, March 1999
137. M. Weintraub, F. Beaufays, Z. Rivlin, Y. Konig and A. Stolcke, NeuralNetwork based Measures of Confidence for Word Recognition, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-97, 887-890, Munich, Germany, April 1997.
138. F. Wessel, K. Macherey and R. Schlüter, Using word probabilities as confidence measures, Proc. IEEE ICASSP-98, 225-228, Seattle, WA, May 1998.
139. F. Wessel and H. Ney, Unsupervised training of acoustic models for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition, Proc. IEEE ASRU’01, Madonna di Campiglio, Italy, December 2001.
140. I.H. Witten and T. C. Bell, The Zero Frequency problem: Estimating the problems of Novel Events in Adaptive tex Compression, Proc. IEEE Trans. On Information Theory, 37(1):1085-1094, July 1991.
141. P C. Woodland and D. Povey, Large scale discriminative training of hidden Markov models for speech recognition, Computer, Speech and Language, 16(1):25-47, January 2002.
142. P C. Woodland, C. J. Leggetter, J.J. Odell, V. Valtchev and S. J. Young, The development of the 1994 HTK large vocabulary speech recognition system, Proc. ARPA Spoken Language Systems Technology Workshop, 104-109, Austin, TX, January 1995.
143. P C. Woodland, M. J.F. Gales, D. Pye and V. Valtchev, The HTK large vocabulary recognition system for the 1995 ARPA H3 task, Proc. ARPA Speech Recognition Workshop, 99-104, Harriman, NY, February 1996.
144. J.P. Yamron, I. Carp, L. Gillick, S. Lowe and P. van Mulbregt, A Hidden Markov Approach to Text Segmentation and Event Tracking, Proc IEEE ICASSP-98,1:333-336, Seattle, WA, May 1998.
145. S. J. Young, A Review of Large-Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 13(5):45-57, September 1996.
146. S.J. Young, M. Adda-Decker, X. Aubert, C. Dugast, J. L. Gauvain, D.J. Kershaw, L Lamel, D A Leeuwen, D Pye, H J M Steeneken, A J Robinson and P C. Woodland, Multilingual large vocabulary speech recognition: the European SQALE project, Computer Speech &Language, 11(1):73-89, January 1997
147. S.J. Young and L. Chase, Speech recognition evaluation: a review of the U.S. CSR andLVCSR programmes, Computer Speech &Language, 12(4):263-279, October 1998
148. S. J. Young, J. J. Odell and P C. Woodland, Tree-Based State Tying for High Accuracy Acoustic Modeling, Proc. ARPA Human Language Technology Workshop, 307-312, Princeton, NJ, March 1994.
149. S.J. Young and P C. Woodland, The Use of State Tying in Continuous Speech Recognition, Proc. ESCA Eurospeech’93, 3:2203-2206, Berlin, Germany, September1993
150. G. Zavaliagkos and T. Colthurst, Utilizing Untranscribed Training Data to Improve Performance, DARPA Broadcast News Transcription and Understanding Workshop, Landsdowne, VA, 301-305, February 1998.
151. G. Zavaliagkos, R. Schwartz and J. McDonough, Maximum a Posteriori Adaptation for Large Scale HMM Recognizers, Proc IEEE ICASSP-95, 725-728, Detroit, MI, May 1995
152. V. Zue, J. Glass, M. Phillips and S. Seneff, The MITSummit Speech Recognition System: A Progress Report, Proc DARPA Speech &Natural Language Workshop, 179-189, Philadelphia, PA, February 1989