Prepubertal depression: Diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas

Current Psychiatry Reports

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 121-126

  Sheikh, Roomana M ^b   Weller, Elizabeth B ^a   Weller, Ronald A ^b  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLUOXETINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUTISM; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FAMILY HISTORY; FAMILY THERAPY; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; LIFE EVENT; MAJOR DEPRESSION; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREPUBERTY; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOEDUCATION; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RATING SCALE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PSYCHOTHERAPY;

EID: 33645572900     PISSN: 15233812     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-006-0009-z     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Costello EJ, Pine DS, Hammen C, et al.: Development and natural history of mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2002, 52:529-542.
2. Birmaher B, Ryan ND, Williamson DE, et al.: Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996, 35:1427-1439.
3. Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, et al.: Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:125-127.
4. Spitz RA: Anaclitic depression. Psychoanal Study Child 1946, 2:313-342.
5. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
6. Bowlby J: Loss: Sadness and Depression. Vol 3 of Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books; 1983.
7. Hill P: Child and adolescent psychiatry. In The Essentials of Postgraduate Psychiatry, edn 3. Edited by Murray R, Hill P, McGuffin P. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997:97-144.
8. Wu P, Hoven CW, Bird HR, et al.: Depressive and disruptive disorders and mental health service utilization in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999, 38:1081-1090.
9. Weller EB, Weller RA: Depressive disorders in children and adolescents. In Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Edited by Garfinkle B, Carlson G, Weller EB. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1990:37-47.
10. Burke MG: Depression in preschool children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42:263-264.
11. Timimi S: Pathological child psychiatry and the medicalization of childhood. London: Brunner-Routledge; 2002.
12. Sroufe LA, Rutter M: The domain of developmental psychopathology. Child Dev 1984, 55:17-29.
13. Cicchetti D, Cohen DJ: Developmental psychopathology. New York: John Wiley; 1995.
14. Jensen PS: Developmental psychopathology courts developmental neurobiology: Current issues and future challenges. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 1998, 3:333-337.
15. Shaffer D, Fisher P, Dulcan MK, et al.: The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA Study. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996, 35:865-877.
16. Jimerson S: Depression. Gevirtz Graduate School of Education, University of California; 2002. Available at http://www.education.uscb.edu/netshare/jimerson/dep.html.
17. Jellinek MS, Snyder JB: Depression and suicide in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rev 1998, 19:255 -264.
18. Lewisohn PM, Hyman H, Roberts RE, et al.: Adolescent psychopathology: 1. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. J Abnorm Psychol 1993, 102:133-144.
19. Klerman GL, Lavori PW, Rice J, et al.: Birth-cohort trends in rates of major depressive disorder among relatives of patients with affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985, 42:689-693.
20. Kovacs M, Akiskal HS, Gatsonis C, Parrone PL: Childhood-onset dysthymic disorder. Clinical features and prospective naturalistic outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994, 51:365-374.
21. Kovacs M, Feinberg TL, Crouse-Novak MA, et al.: Depressive disorders in childhood. I. A longitudinal prospective study of characteristics and recovery. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984, 41:229-237.
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 1997. CDC Surveillance Summaries, August 14, 1998. MMWR, 47 (No. SS-3).
23. Wolraich M, Felice ME, Drotar D: The Classification of Child and Adolescent Mental Diagnoses in Primary Care: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Primary Care (DSM-PC) Child and Adolescent Version. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 1996.
24. Rutter M: Clinical implications of attachment concepts: retrospect and prospect. J Child Psychol Psychiatiy 1995, 36:49-571.
25. National Institute of Mental Health: Genetics and mental disorders: Report of the National Institute of Mental Health's genetics workgroup (NIH Publication No. 98-4268). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health; 1998.
26. Birmaher B, Brent D, Benson RS: Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998, 37(Suppl 10):63S-82S.
27. Puig-Antich J, Goetz D, Davies M, et al.: A controlled family history study of prepubertal major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989, 46:406-418.
28. Williamson DE, Ryan ND, Birmaher B, et al.: A case-control family history study of depression in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995, 34:1596-1607.
29. Todd RD, Neuman R, Geller B, et al.: Genetic studies of affective disorders: Should we be starting with childhood onset probands? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993, 32:1164-1171.
30. Kovacs M, Devlin B, Pollock M: A controlled family history study of childhood-onset depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997, 54:613-623.
31. Weller EB, Weller RA, Svadjian H: Mood disorders. In Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook. Edited by Lewis M. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:650-655.
32. Downey G, Coyne JC: Children of depressed parents: an integrative review. Psychol Bull 1990, 108:50-76.
33. Weissman MM, Warner V, Wickramaratne P: Offspring of depressed parents. 10 years later. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995, 54:932-940.
34. Merikangas KR, Prusoff BA, Weissman MM: Parental concordance for affective disorders: psychopathology in offspring. J Affect Disord 1988, 15:279-290.
35. Mufson L, Weissman MM, Warner V: Depression and anxiety in parents and children: A direct interview study. J Anxiety Disord 1992, 6:1-13.
36. Wickramaratne PJ, Weissman MM: Onset of psychopathology in offspring by developmental phase and parental depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998, 37:933-942.
37. Toth SL, Cicchetti D: Patterns of relatedness, depressive symptomatology, and perceived competence in maltreated children. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996, 64:32-41.
38. van Ijzendoorn MH, Goldberg S, Kroonenberg PM, Frenkel OJ: The relative effects of maternal and child problems on the quality of attachment: a meta-analysis of attachment in clinical samples. Child Dev 1992, 63:840-858.
39. Garber J, Hilsman R: Cognition, stress, and depression in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am 1992, 1:129-167.
40. Garmezy N: Stressors of childhood. In Stress, Coping, and Development in Children. Edited by Garmezy N, Rutter M. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1983:43-84.
41. Kaufman J: Depressive disorders in maltreated children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991, 30:257-265.
42. Kazdin AE, Moser J, Colbus D, Bell R: Depressive symptoms among physically abused and psychiatrically disturbed children. J Abnorm Psychol 1985, 94:298-307.
43. Ryan ND, Puig-Antich J, Ambrosini P, et al.: The clinical picture of major depression in children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987, 44:854-861.
44. Weller EB, Weller RA: Pediatric management of depression [review]. Pediatr Ann 1989, 18:104, 106-109, 112-113.
45. Kovacs M: Children's Depression Inventory. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi Health System, 1992.
46. Reynolds WM: Reynolds Child Depression Scale. Odassa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1989.
47. Weller EB, Weller RA: Assessing depression in prepubertal children. Hillside J Clin Psychiatry 1986, 8:193-201.
48. Ambrosini PJ, Bianchi MD, Rabinovich H, Elia J: Antidepressant treatments in children and adolescents. I. Affective disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993, 32:1-6.
49. Emslie GJ, Rush AJ, Weinberg WA, et al.: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997, 54:1031-1037.
50. United States Food and Drug Administration: Worsening depression and suicidality in patients being treated with antidepressant medications. March 22, 2004; FDA Public Health Advisory. http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/antidepressants/AntidepressanstPHA.html
51. Zito JM, Safer DJ, Dosreis S, et al.: Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers. JAMA 2000, 283:1025-1030.
52. Kashani JH, Holcomb WR, Orvaschel H: Depression and depressive symptoms in preschool children from the general population. Am J Psychiatry 1986, 143:1138-1143.
53. Luby JL, Mrakotsky C, Heffelfinger A, et al.: Modification of DSM-IV criteria for depressed preschool children. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:1169-1172.
54. Luby JL, Heffelfinger AK, Mrakotsky C, et al.: Preschool major depressive disorder: preliminary validation for developmentally modified DSM-IV criteria. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002, 41:928-937.
55. Luby JL, Heffelfinger A, Mrakotsky C, et al.: The clinical picture of depression in preschool children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003, 42:340-348.
56. Luby JL, Heffelfinger A, Mrakotsky C, et al.: Alterations in stress cortisol reactivity in depressed preschoolers relative to psychiatric and no disorder comparison groups. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003, 60:1248-1255.
57. Mrakotsky C: Visual perception, spatial cognition, and affect recognition in preschool depressive syndromes [dissertation]. University of Vienna/Washington University School of Medicine; 2001.
58. Kashani JH, Allan WD, Beck Jr NC, et al.: Dysthymic disorder in clinically referred preschool children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997, 36:1426-1433.
59. Luby JL,Heffelfinger A, Koenig-McNaught AL, et al.: The Preschool Feelings Checklist: a brief and sensitive screening measure for depression in young children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004, 43:708-717.