Perplexities concerning the Ecdysozoa: A reply to Pilato et al

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Volumn 244, Issue 3-4, 2006, Pages 205-208

  Schmidt Rhaesa, Andreas ^a  

^a BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EVOLUTION;

ECDYSOZOA;

EID: 33645098748     PISSN: 00445231     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2005.11.002     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Abele, L.G., Kim, W., Felgenhauer, B.E., 1989. Molecular evidence for inclusion of the phylum Pentastomida in the Crustacea. Mol. Biol. Evol. 6, 685-691.
2. Aguinaldo, A.M.A., Turbeville, J.M., Linford, L.S., Rivera, M.C., Garey, J.R., Raff, R.A., Lake, J.A., 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature 387, 489-493.
3. Anderson, D.T., 1973. Embryology and phylogeny in annelids and arthropods. International Series Monograph Pure and Applied Biology, Zoological Division, vol. 50. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
4. Berchtold, J.-P., Sauber, F., Reuland, M., 1985. Etude ultrastructurale de l'evolution du tegument de la sangsue Hirudo medicinalis L. (Annelide, Hirudinee) au cours d'un cycle de mue. Int. J. Invert. Reprod. Dev. 8, 127-138.
5. Budd, G.E., 2003. Arthropods as ecdysozoans: The fossil evidence. In: Legakis, A., Sfenthourakis, S., Polymeni, R., Thessalou-Legakis,M. (Eds.), The New Panorama of Animal Evolution. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress on Zoology. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, pp. 479-487.
6. Budd, G.E., Jensen, S., 2000. A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla. Biol. Rev. 75, 253-295.
7. De Rosa, R., Grenier, J.K., Andreeva, T., Cook, C.E., Adoutte, A., Akam, M., Carroll, S.B., Balavoine, G., 1999. Hox genes in brachiopods and priapulids and protostome evolution. Nature 399, 772-776.
8. Dong, X.-P., Donoghue, P.C.J., Cheng, H., Liu, J.-B., 2004. Fossil embryos from the middle and late Cambrian period of Hunan, south China. Nature 427, 237-240.
9. Eibye-Jacobsen, J., 1996. New observations on the embryology of the Tardigrada. Zool. Anz. 235, 201-216.
10. Giere, O., Rhode, B., Dubilier, N., 1988. Structural peculiarities of the body wall of Tubificoides benedii (Oligochaeta) and possible relations to its life in sulphidic sediments. Zoomorphology 108, 29-39.
11. Garey, J.R., 2001. Ecdysozoa: The relationship between Cycloneuralia and Panarthropoda. Zool. Anz. 240, 321-330.
12. Garey, J.R., 2003. Ecdysozoa: The evidence for a close relationship between arthropods and nematodes. In: Legakis, A., Sfenthourakis, S., Polymeni, R., Thessalou- Legakis, M. (Eds.), The New Panorama of Animal Evolution. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress on Zoology. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, pp. 503-509.
13. Giribet, G., 2003. Molecules, development and fossils in the study of metazoan evolution; Articulata versus Ecdysozoa revisited. Zoology 106, 303-326.
14. Giribet, G., Wheeler, W.C., 1999. The position of arthropods in the animal kingdom: Ecdysozoa, islands, trees, and the "parsimony ratchet". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 13, 619-623.
15. Giribet, G., Distel, D.L.D., Polz, M., Sterrer, W., Wheeler, W.C., 2000. Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology. Syst. Biol. 49, 539-562.
16. Giribet, G., Sorensen, M.V., Funch, P., Kristensen, R.M., Sterrer, W., 2004. Investigations into the phylogenetic position of Micrognathozoa using four molecular loci. Cladistics 20, 1-13.
17. Haase, A., Stern, M., Wächtler, K., Bicker, G., 2001. A tissuespecific marker of Ecdysozoa. Dev. Genes Evol. 211, 428-433.
18. Hanelt, B., van Schyndel, D., Adema, C.M., Lewis, L.A., Loker, E.S., 1996. The phylogenetic position of Rhopalura ophiocomae (Orthonectida) based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13, 1187-1191.
19. Hejnol, A., Schnabel, R., 2005. The eutardigrade Thulinia stephaniae has an indeterminate development and the potential to regulate early blastomere ablations. Development 132, 1349-1361.
20. Katayama, T., Wada, H., Furuya, H., Satoh, N., Yamamoto, M., 1995. Phylogenetic position of the dicyemid Mesozoa inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Biol. Bull. 189, 81-90.
21. Kristensen, R.M., 2003. Comparative morphology: Do the ultrastructural investigations of Loricifera and Tardigrada support the clade Ecdysozoa? In: Legakis, A., Sfenthourakis, S., Polymeni, R., Thessalou-Legakis, M. (Eds.), The New Panorama of Animal Evolution. Proceedings of the 18th Interantional Congress on Zoology. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, pp. 467-477.
22. Kristensen, R.M., Funch, P., 2000. Micrognathozoa: A new class with complicated jaws like those of Rotifera and Gnathostomulida. J. Morphol. 246, 1-49.
23. Littlewood, D.T.J., Telford, M., Clough, K.A., Rohde, K., 1998. Gnathostomulida - an enigmatic metazoan phylum from both morphological and molecular perspectives. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 9, 72-79.
24. Mackey, L.Y., Winnepenninckx, B., De Wachter, R., Backeljau, T., Emschermann, P., Garey, J.R., 1996. 18S rRNA suggests that entoprocts are protostomes, unrelated to Ectoprocta. J. Mol. Evol. 42, 552-559.
25. Mallatt, J., Garey, J.R., Shultz, J.W., 2004. Ecdysozoan phylogeny and Bayesian inference: First use of nearly complete 28S and 18S rRNA gene sequences to classify the arthropods and their kin. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 31, 178-191.
26. Marcus, E., 1928. Zur Embryologie der Tardigraden. Verh. Dtsch Zool. Ges. 32, 134-146.
27. McHugh, D., 1997. Molecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are derived annelids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 8006-8009.
28. Nielsen, C., 2003. Proposing a solution to the Articulata- Ecdysozoa controversy. Zool. Scr. 32, 475-482.
29. Pawlowski, J., Montoya-Burgos, J.-I., Fahrni, J.F., Wüest, J., Zaninetti, L., 1996. Origin of the Mesozoa inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13, 1128-1132.
30. Paxton, H., 2005. Moulting polychaete jaws - ecdysozoans are not the only molting animals. Evol. Dev. 7, 337-340.
31. Philippe, H., Lartillot, N., Brinkmann, H., 2005. Multigene analysis of bilaterian animals corroborate the monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22, 1246-1253.
32. Pilato, G., Binda, M.G., Biondi, O.V., Lisi, O., Marletta, A., Maugeri, S., Nobile, V., Rappazzo, G., Sabella, G., Sammartano, F., Turrisi, G., Viglianisi, F., 2005. The clade Ecdysozoa, perplexities and questions. Zool. Anz. 244, 43-50.
33. Regier, J.C., Shultz, J.W., 2001. Elongation Factor-2: A useful gene for arthropod phylogenetics. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 20, 136-148.
34. Sauber, F., Reuland, M., Berchtold, J.-P., Hertu, C., Tsoupras, G., Luu, B., Moritz, M.-E., Hoffmann, J.A., 1983. Cycle de mue et ecdysteroides chez une sangsue, Hirudo medicinalis. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 296, 413-418.
35. Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., 2001. Tardigrades - are they really miniaturized dwarfs? Zool. Anz 240, 549-555.
36. Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., 2004. Ecdysozoa versus Articulata. In: Richter, S., Sudhaus, W. (Eds.), Kontroversen in der Phylogenetischen Systematik der Metazoa. Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin (N.F.) 43, 35-49.
37. Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., Bartolomaeus, T., Lemburg, C., Ehlers, U., Garey, J.R., 1998. The position of the Arthropoda in the phylogenetic system. J. Morphol. 238, 263-285.
38. Scholtz, G., 1997. Cleavage, germ band formation and head segmentation: the ground pattern of the Euarthropoda. In: Fortey, R.A., Thomas, R.H. (Eds.), Arthropod Relationships. Systematic Association-Special Volume Series 55. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 317-332.
39. Scholtz, G., 2002. The Articulata hypotesis - or what is segment? Org. Divers. Evol. 2, 197-215.
40. Scholtz, G., 2003. Is the taxon Articulata obsolete? Arguments in favour of a close relationship between annelids and arthropods. In: Legakis, A., Sfenthourakis, S., Polymeni, R., Thessalou-Legakis, M. (Eds.), The New Panorama of Animal Evolution. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress Zoology. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, pp. 489-501.
41. Sørensen, M.V., 2003. Further structures in the jaw apparatus of Limnognathia maerski (Micrognathozoa), with notes on the phylogeny of the Gnathifera. J. Morphol. 255, 131-145.
42. Sørensen, M.V., Funch, P., Willerslev, E., Hansen, A.J., Olesen, J., 2000. On the phylogeny of the Metazoa in the light of Cycliophora and Micrognathozoa. Zool. Anz. 239, 297-318.
43. Storch, V., Higgins, R.P., Morse, M.P., 1989. Internal anatomy of Meiopriapulus fijiensis (Priapulida). Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 108, 245-261.
44. Wägele, J.-W., Misof, B., 2001. On the quality of evidence in phylogeny reconstruction: A reply to Zrzavy's defence of the 'Ecdysozoa' hypothesis. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 39, 165-176.
45. Wägele, J.-W., Erikson, T., Lockhart, P., Misof, B., 1999. The Ecdysozoa: Artifact or monophylum? J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 37, 211-223.
46. Winnepenninckx, B., Backeljau, T., Mackey, L.M., Brooks, J.M., De Wachter, R., Kumar, S., Garey, J.R., 1995. 18S rRNA data indicate that Aschelminthes are polyphyletic in origin and consist of at least three distinct clades. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12, 1132-1137.
47. Winnepenninckx, B., Backeljau, T., Kristensen, R.M., 1998. Relations of the new phylum Cycliophora. Nature 393, 636-638.
48. Zrzavy, J., 2001. Ecdysozoa versus Articulata: Clades, artifacts, prejudices. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 39, 159-163.