Force and Legitimacy in World Politics: Introduction

Review of International Studies

Volumn 31, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2005, Pages 3-13

  Armstrong, David ^a   Farrell, Theo ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33645089668     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210505006893     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, DC: 2002), p. 15, at 〈http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss. html〉.
2. The genesis of this doctrine and, in particular, the fact that it was produced with Iraq in mind, is discussed in Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), pp. 132-8.
3. 10 Downing Street, 'Legal Basis for Use of Force Against Iraq', 〈http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/ Page3287.asp〉. The Attorney General's secret memorandum to the Prime Minister, which was subsequently released following much public pressure, indicates that he was of the view that the legal case for war was 'unclear' and that the 'safest legal course' would be to secure a new UNSC resolution explicitly authorising use of force against Iraq.
4. See Attorney General note to the Prime Minister, 'Iraq Resolution 1441', 25 April 2005, available at 〈http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/ page7443.asp〉.
5. Lawrence Freedman, 'War in Iraq: Selling the Threat', Survival, 46 (2004), pp. 7-50;
6. Christoph Bluth, 'The British Road to War: Blair, Bush and the Decision to Invade Iraq', International Affairs, 80 (2004), pp. 871-92.
7. A comprehensive archive of critiques is available at 〈http://www. lawyersagainstthewar.org/〉.
8. Brian Hallett, The Lost Art of Declaring War (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1998).
9. The classic study on this is Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975).
10. See also John Mueller, The Remnants of War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), chs. 3-4.
11. For recent introductory surveys see Christine Gray, 'The Use of Force and the International Legal Order' and Christopher Greenwood, 'The Law of War (International Humanitarian Law), both in Malcolm Evans (ed.), International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
12. The distinction between principles and practices of legitimacy in statecraft is developed and explored in Ian Clark, Legitimacy in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
13. The exception here is Helen Kinsella's chapter, which was not commissioned but rather came through the normal refereeing process and, given the close thematic fit, was subsequently included in the volume with the author's consent.
14. John Austin famously described 'law properly so-called' as the command of a sovereign backed by sanctions, thus excluding international law from 'true law'. John Austin, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, ed. Wilfrid E. Rumble (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
15. Ronald Dworkin, Law's Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), pp. 190-5;
16. Thomas M. Franck, The Power of Legitimacy among Nations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).
17. The key figure here was of course Max Weber. See his 'The Types of Legitimate Domination', in G. Roth and C. Wittich (eds.), Economy and Society (Berkeley, CA: California University Press, 1978).
18. For the most recent and fullest discussion of these issues, see Ian Clark, Legitimacy in International Society.
19. See also David Beetham, The Legitimation of Power (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1991.
20. Colin McInnes, 'A Different Kind of War? September 11 and the United States' Afghan War', Review of International Studies, 29 (2003), pp. 165-84.
21. Hugo Grotius, De Juri Belli et Pacis, vol. 2, ed. William Whewell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1853), p. 442.
22. Jacques Bex, Essai sur L'Ëvolution du Droit des Gens (Paris: Librairie des sciences politiques et socials, Paris, 1910), pp. 12-13.
23. David Armstrong, Revolution and World Order: The Revolutionary State in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), p. 151.
24. Richard K. Gardiner, International Law (Harlow, UK: Person-Longman, 2003), p. 101.
25. It may also be read: 'International custom as evidenced by a general practice accepted as law'. Rosalyn Higgins, Problems and Prospects: International Law and How We Use It (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 18.
26. Thus Shaw refers to 'the actual practice of states' and Gardiner 'the general practice of states'. Malcolm Shaw, International Law, 4th edn. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 58;
27. Gardiner, International Law, p. 101.
28. Michael Byers, Custom, Power and the Power of Rules (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 133-41.
29. Shaw, International Law, pp. 655-60;
30. Antonio Cassese, International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 133-4.
31. Christian Reus-Smit, 'Politics and International Legal Obligation', European Journal of International Relations, 9 (2003), pp. 591-625.
32. Antje Wiener, 'Contested Compliance: Interventions in the Normative Structure of World Politics', European Journal of International Relations, 10 (2004), pp. 189-234.
33. This follows on from Ian Clark's suggestion that 'Legitimacy can be conceived as a political space, but not an unbounded or normatively autonomous one'. Clark, Legitimacy in International Society, p. 29.
34. This dynamic is explored in Theo Farrell, 'World Culture and Military Power', Security Studies, 14 (forthcoming 2005).
35. Thomas Risse, ' "Let's Argue!" Communicative Action in World Politics', International Organization, 54 (2000), pp. 1-39.
36. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1977);
37. James Turner Johnson, Morality and Contemporary Warfare (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999).
38. Report of the Secretary-General's High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility (New York: United Nations, 2004), para. 203, p. 66.
39. See also Ian Holliday, 'When is a Cause Just?' Review of International Studies, 28 (2002), pp. 557-75.
40. Stephen Walt, Revolution and War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996).
41. Iain Scobbie, 'Some Common Heresies about International Law: Sundry Theoretical Perspectives', in Evans (ed.), International Law, pp. 72-5.
42. John M. Owen, 'How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace', International Security, 19 (1994), pp. 87-125.
43. Of course, this is not a new phenomenon. See, for example, Iain Hampsher-Monk, 'Edmund Burke's Changing Justification for Intervention', The Historical Journal, 48 (2005), pp. 65-100.
44. For a contemporary example, see Lee Feinstein and Anne-Marie Slaughter, 'A Duty to Prevent', Foreign Affairs, 83 (2004).
45. Thomas Franck, 'The Emerging Right to Democratic Government', American Journal of International Law, 46 (1992), pp. 46-91;
46. Fernando R. Teson, 'The Kantian Theory of International Law', Columbia Law Review, 92 (1992), pp. 53-102;
47. Anne-Marie Slaughter, 'International Law in a World of Liberal States', European Journal of International Law, 6 (1995), pp. 503-38.
48. Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, 'The Imperial Peace: Democracy, Force and Globalization', European Journal of International Relations, 5 (1999), pp. 403-34.
49. Ido Oren, 'The Subjectivity of the Democratic Peace: Changing Perceptions of Imperial Germany', International Security, 20 (1995), pp. 147-84;
50. Gerry Simpson, Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
51. See, for example, Bruno Simma, 'NATO, the UN and Use of Force: Legal Aspects', European Journal of International Law, 10 (1999), pp. 6-14;
52. Alain Pellet, 'Brief Remarks on the Unilateral Use of Force', European Journal of International Law, 11 (2000), pp. 385-92.
53. See also the special section on the Kosovo War in the American Journal of International Law, 93 (1999).
54. Lawrence Freedman, 'Victors and Victims: Reflections on the Kosovo War', Review of International Studies, 26 (2000), pp. 335-58.