Effects of hunting on brown bear cub survival and litter size in Alaska

Ursus

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 130-152

  Miller, Sterling D ^a,c   Sellers, Richard A ^a   Keay, Jeffrey A ^b,d  

^a ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME   (United States)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^c National Wildlife Federation   (United States)

^d Room 250   (United States)

Author keywords

Alaska; Brown bear; Compensatory mechanisms; Density dependence; Grizzly bear; Hunting; Infanticide; Intraspecific mortality; Sexually selected infanticide; Survivorship; Ursus arctos

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645018898     PISSN: 15376176     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. ADAMS, L.G., B.W. DALE, AND L.D. MECH. 1995. Wolf predation on caribou calves in Denali National Park, Alaska. Pages 245-260 in L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip. Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication No. 35.
2. AGRESTI, A. 1990. Categorical data analysis. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
3. ANALYTICAL SOFTWARE. 2000. Statistix 7 User's Manual. Analytical Software, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
4. ANDREWARTHA, H.G., AND L.C. BIRCH. 1954. The distribution and abundance of animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
5. BALLARD, W.B., J.S. WHITMAN, AND D. REED. 1991. Population dynamics of moose in south-central Alaska. Wildlife Monograph 114.
6. -, L.A. AYRES, D.J. REED, S.G. FANCY, AND K.E. RONEY. 1993. Demography of grizzly bears in relation to hunting and mining development in Northwestern Alaska. Scientific Monograph NPS/NRARO/NRSM-93/23, U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service.
7. BLEDSOE, W.T. 1987. Brown bear summer. Dutton, New York, New York, USA.
8. BOYCE, M.S., A.R.E. SINCLAIR, AND G.C. WHITE. 1999. Seasonal compensation of predation and harvesting. Oikos 87:419-426.
9. -, B.M. BLANCHARD, R.R. KNIGHT, AND C. SERVHEEN. 2001. Population viability for grizzly bears: a critical review. International Association for Bear Research and Management Monograph Series 4.
10. BUNNELL, F.L., AND D.E.N. TAIT. 1981. Population dynamics of bears-implications. Pages 75-98 in C.W. Fowler and T.D. Smith, editors. Dynamics of large mammal populations. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA.
11. -, 1985, Mortality rates of North American bears, Arctic, 38: 316-323.
12. CAHALANE, V.H. 1959. A biological survey of Katmai National Monument. Smithsonian Institute Publication 4376.
13. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 1999. Bear hunting, final environmental document Section 265, 365, 366, 367, 367.6, Title 14 California Code of Regulations. California Fish and Game, Sacramento, California, USA.
14. CARR, H.D. 1989. Distribution, numbers, and mortality of grizzly bears in and around Kananaskis Country, Alberta. Wildlife Research Services No. 3, Alberta Forestry, Lands and Wildlife. Fish and Wildlife Division, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
15. CAUGHLEY, G. 1966. Mortality patterns in mammals. Ecology 47:906-918.
16. -. 1977. Analysis of vertebrate populations. John Wiley &Sons, New York, New York, USA.
17. CRAIGHEAD, J.J., J.R. VARNEY, AND F.C. CRAIGHEAD, JR. 1974. A population analysis of the Yellowstone grizzly bears. Montana Forest and Conservation Experimental Station Bulletin 40. University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA.
18. -, D.J. CRAIGHEAD, S. SUMNER, AND J.A. MITCHELL. 1995. The grizzly bears of Yellowstone; their ecology in the Yellowstone ecosystem, 1959-1992. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
19. DEAN, F.C., L.M. DARLING, AND A.G. LIERHAUS. 1986. Observations of intraspecific killing by brown bears, Ursus arctos. Canadian Field-Naturalist 100:208-211.
20. DEROCHER, A.E., AND M.K. TAYLOR. 1994. Density-dependent population regulation of polar bears. Pages 25-30 in M. Taylor, editor. Density-dependent population regulation in black, brown and polar bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management. Monograph Series 3.
21. -, I. STIRLING, AND W. CALVERT. 1997. Male-biasedharvesting of polar bears in western Hudson Bay. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:1075-1082.
22. DOOD, A.E., R.D. BRANNON, AND R.D. MACE. 1986. Final programmatic environmental impact statement: the grizzly bear in northwestern Montana. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, Montana, USA.
23. EGBERT, A.L., AND A.W. STOKES. 1976. The social behavior of brown bears on an Alaskan salmon stream. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 3:41-56.
24. FRASER, D., J. GARDNER, G. KOLENOSKY, AND S. STRATHERN. 1982. Estimation of harvest rate of black bears from age and sex data. Ursus 10:53-57.
25. GARSHELIS, D.L. 1994. Density-dependent population regulation of black bears. Pages 3-14 in M. Taylor, editor. Density-dependent population regulation in black, brown and polar bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management. Monograph Series 3.
26. -, K.V. NOYCE, AND P.L. COY. 1998. Calculating average age of first reproduction free of the biases prevalent in bear studies. Ursus 10:437-447.
27. GLENN, L.P. 1980. Morphometric characteristics of brown bears on the Central Alaska Peninsula. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 4:313-319.
28. -, AND L.H. MILLER. 1980. Seasonal movements of an Alaska Peninsula brown bear population. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 4:307-312.
29. -, J.W. LENTFER, J.B. FARO, AND L.H. MILLER. 1976. Reproductive biology of female brown bears (Ursus arctos), McNeil River, Alaska. International Conference Bear Research and Management 3:381-390.
30. GREENE, G., J. UMBANHOWAR, M. MANGEL, AND T. CARO. 1998. Animal breeding systems, hunter selectivity, and consumptive use in wildlife conservation. Pages 271-305 in T. Caro, editor. Behavioral ecology and conservation biology. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
31. HESSING, P., AND L. AUMILLER. 1994. Observations of con-specific predation by brown bears, Ursus arctos, in Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 108:332-336.
32. HILDEKBRAND, G.V., C.C. SCHWARTZ, C.T. ROBBINS, M.E. JACOBY, T.A. HANLEY, S.M. ARTHUR, AND S. SERVHEEN. 1999. The importance of meat, particularly salmon, to body size, population productivity, and conservation of North American brown bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:132-138.
33. HORNOCKER, M. 1962. Population characteristics and social and reproductive behavior of the grizzly bear in Yellowstone National Park. Thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA.
34. HOVEY, F.W., AND B.N. MCLELLAN. 1996. Estimating population growth of grizzly bears from Flathead River drainage using computer simulations of reproductive and survival rates. Canadian Journal Zoology 74:1409-1416.
35. HRDY, S.B. 1979. Infanticide among animals: a review, classification and examination of the implications for the reproductive strategies of females. Ethnology and Sociobi-ology 1:13-40.
36. -, AND G. HAUSFATER. 1984. Comparative and evolutionary perspectives on infanticide: introduction and overview. Pages xiii-xxxv in G. Hausfater and S.B. Hrdy, editors. Infanticide-comparative and evolutionary perspectives. Aldine Publication Company, New York, New York, USA.
37. JANSON, C.H., AND C.P. VAN SCHAIK. 2000. The behavioral ecology of infanticide by males. Pages 469-494 in C.P. Van Schaik and C.H. Janson, editors. Infanticide by males and its implications. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
38. KEAY, J.A. 2001. Grizzly bear population ecology and monitoring, Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska. U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Biological Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.
39. MACE, R.D., AND J.S. WALLER. 1998. Demography and population trend of grizzly bears in the Swan Mountains, Montana. Conservation Biology 12:1005-1016.
40. MATSON, G., L. VAN DAELE, E. GOODWIN, L. AUMILLER, H. REYNOLDS, AND H. HRISTIENKO. 1993. A laboratory manual for cementum age determination of Alaska brown bear first premolar teeth. Matson's Laboratory, Milltown, Montana, USA.
41. MCCULLOUGH, D.R. 1981. Population dynamics of the Yellowstone grizzly. Pages 173-196 in C.W. Fowler and T.D. Smith, editors. Dynamics of large mammal populations. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA.
42. MCLELLAN, B. 1994. Density-dependent population regulation of brown bears. Pages 15-24 in M. Taylor, editor. Density-dependent population regulation in black, brown and polar bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management. Monograph Series 3.
43. MILLER S.D. 1987. Susitna hydroelectric project final report. Big game studies, Volume VI, black and brown bear. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.
44. -1990. Population management of bears in North America. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 8:357-373.
45. -. 1990b. Impact of increased bear hunting on survivorship of young bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18:462-467.
46. -. 1990c. Detection of differences in brown bear density and population composition caused by hunting. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:393-404.
47. -. 1990d. Denning ecology of brown bears in south-central Alaska and comparisons with a sympatric black bear population. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:279-287.
48. -. 1992. Impacts of increased hunting pressure on the density, structure, and dynamics of brown bear populations in Alaska's Game Management Unit 13. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Federal Aid In Wildlife Restoration Progress Report on Project W-23-24, Study 4.21. Juneau, Alaska, USA.
49. -. 1993a. Impacts of increased hunting pressure on the density, structure, and dynamics of brown bear populations in Alaska's Game Management Unit 13. Alaska Department of and Fish and Game, Federal Aid In Wildlife Restoration Final Report on Project W-23-6, W-23-1, W-23-2, W-23-3, W-23-4 and W-23-25, Study 4.21. Juneau, Alaska, USA.
50. -. 1993b. Brown bears in Alaska: A statewide management overview. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation Wildlife Technical Bulletin 11. Juneau, Alaska, USA.
51. -. 1997a. Impacts of increased hunting pressure on thedensity and demographics of brown bear populations in soulhcentral Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration. Final Report on Study 4.26 (June). Juneau, Alaska, USA.
52. -. 1997A. Impacts of increased hunting pressure on the density and demographics of brown bear populations in southcentral Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Federal Aid In Wildlife Restoration Progress Report on Study 4.26 (December). Juneau, Alaska, USA.
53. -, AND W.B. BALLARD. 1982. Density and biomass estimates for an interior Alaskan brown bear, Ursus arclos, population. Canadian Field Naturalist 96:448-454.
54. -, 1992. Analysis of an effort to increase moose calf survivorship by increased hunting of brown bears in south-central Alaska. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 20:445-1154
55. -, E.F. BECKER, AND W.B. BALLARD. 1987. Black and brown bear density estimates using modified capture-recapture techniques in Alaska. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 7:23-35.
56. -, G.C. WHITE, R.A. SELLERS, H.V. REYNOLDS, J.W.SCHOEN, K. Trrus, V.G. BARNES, Jr., R.B. SMITH, R.R. NELSON, W.B. BALLARD, AND C.C. SCHWARTZ. 1997. Brown and black bear density estimation in Alaska using radiotelemetry and replicated mark-resight techniques. Wildlife Monograph No. 133.
57. OLSEN T.L. 1993. Infanticide in brown bears, Ursus arctos, at Brooks River, Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 107:92-94.
58. PASITSCHNIAK-ARTS, M., AND F. MESSIER. 2000. Brown (grizzly) and polar bears. Pages 409-1128 in S. Demarais, and P.R. Krausman, editors. Ecology and management of large mammals in North America. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.
59. POLLOCK, K.H., S.R. WINTERSTEIN, C.M. BUNCK, AND P.D. CURTIS. 1989. Survival analysis in telemetry studies: the staggered entry design. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:7-15.
60. PUSEY, A.E., AND C. PACKER. 1994. Infanticide in lions: consequences and counterstrategies. Pages 277-299 in S. Parmigiani and F.S. vom Saal, editors. Infanticide and parental care. Harwood Academic, London, England, U.K.
61. REYNOLDS, H.V. 1997. Effects of harvest on grizzly bear population dynamics in the northcentral Alaska Range. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Research Final Report. Juneau, Alaska, USA.
62. RUFF, R.L. 1982. Dynamics of black bear populations (low to no human exploitation). Pages 87-103 in F.G. Lindzey, editor. Western Black Bear Workshop 2:87-103.
63. SETHER, B.E., S. ENGREN, J.E. SWENSON, Ø. BAKKE, AND F. SANDEGREN. 1998. Viability of Scandinavian brown bear Ursus arctos populations: the effects of uncertain parameter estimates. Oikos 83:403-116..
64. SARGEANT, G.A., AND R.L. RUFF. 2001. Demographic response of black bears at Cold Lake, Alberta, to the removal of adult males: a re-evaluation. Ursus 12:59-68.
65. SCHOEN, J.W., AND V. BEIER. 1990. Brown bear habitat preferences and brown bear logging and mining relationships in southeaster Alaska. Final Report, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Project No. W-22 and W-23, Study 4.17. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska, USA.
66. SCHWARTZ, C.S., S.D. MILLER, AND M.A. HAROLDSON. 2003. Grizzly/brown bear. Pages 556-586 in G. Feldhamer, B. Thompson, and J. Chapman, editors. Wild mammals of North America. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
67. SELLERS, R.A. 1994. Dynamics of a hunted brown bear population at Black Lake, Alaska. 1993 Annual Progress Report, December 1994. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, King Salmon, Alaska, USA.
68. -. 1998. Game Management Unit 9. Pages 89-100 in M. Hicks, editor. Brown bear. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Management Report, Survey-Inventory Activities. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Grants W-24-3 and W-24-34, Study 4.0. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska, USA.
69. -, AND S.D. MILLER. 1991. Dynamics of a hunted brown bear population at Black Lake, Alaska. Third Annual Progress Report, 1990. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska, USA.
70. -, AND L.D. AUMILLER. 1994. Brown bear population characteristics at McNeil River, Alaska. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9(1):283-293.
71. -, AND S.D. MILLER. 1999. Population dynamics of brown bears after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Ursus 11:73-78.
72. SMITH, R.B., AND L.J. VAN DAELE. 1991. Terror Lake Hydroelectric Project, Kodiak Island, Alaska. Final report on brown bear studies (1982-1986). Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Kodiak, Alaska, USA.
73. STONOROV, D., AND A.W. STOKES. 1972. Social behavior of the Alaskan brown bear. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 2:232-242.
74. STRINGHAM, S.F. 1980. Possible impacts of hunting on the grizzly/brown bear, a threatened species. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 4:337-349.
75. -. 1983. Roles of adult males in grizzly bear population biology. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 5:140-151.
76. SWENSON, J.E. 2003. Implications of sexually selected infanticide for hunting of large carnivores. In M. Festa-Bianchet and M. Apollonio, editors. Animal behavior and wildlife management. Island Press, Covelo, California, USA.
77. -, F. SANDEGREN, A. BJÄRVALL, A. SÖDERBERG, P. WABAKKEN, AND R. FRANZÉN. 1994. Size, trend, distribution and conservation of the brown bear Ursus arctos population in Sweden. Biological Conservation 70:9-17.
78. -, F. SANDEGREN, A. SÖDERBERG, A. BJÄRVALL, R. FRANZÉN, AND P. WABAKKEN. 1997. Infanticide caused by hunting of male bears. Nature 386:450-451.
79. -, B. DAHLE, AND F. SANDEGREN. 2001a. Intraspecific predation in Scandinavian brown bears older than cubs-of-the-year. Ursus 12:81-92.
80. -, F. SANDEGREN, S. BRUNBERG, AND P. SEGERSTRÖM. 2001b. Factors associated with loss of brown bear cubs in Sweden. Ursus 12:69-80.
81. TAYLOR, M. 1994. Density-dependent population regulation of black, brown, and polar bears. Pages 1-2 in M. Taylor, editor. Density-dependent population regulation in black, brown and polar bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management Monograph Series 3.
82. TROYER, W., AND R. HENSEL. 1962. Cannibalism in brown bears. Animal Behavior 10:231.
83. VAN DAELE, L.J., V.G. BARNES, JR., AND R.B. SMITH. 1990. Denning characteristics of brown bears on Kodiak Island. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:257-268.
84. VAN NOORDWUK, M.A., AND C.P. VAN SCHAIK. 2000. Reproductive patterns in eutherian mammals: adaptations against infanticide? Pages 322-360 in C.P. Van Schaik and C.H. Janson, editors. Infanticide by males and its implications. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
85. VAN SCHAIK, C.P., J.K. HODGES, AND C.L. NUNN. 2000. Paternity confusion and the ovarian cycles of female primates. Pages 361-387 in C.P. Van Schaik and C.H. Janson, editors. Infanticide by males and its implications. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
86. WALKER, T. 1993. River of bears. Voyageur Press, Stillwater, Minnesota, USA.
87. WIELGUS, R.B. 1993. Causes and consequences of sexual habitat segregation in grizzly bears. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
88. -, AND F.L. BUNNELL. 1994a. Sexual segregation and female grizzly bear avoidance of males. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:405-413.
89. -, AND-. 1994b. Dynamics of a small, hunted brown bear Ursus arctos population in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Biological Conservation 67:161-166.
90. -, AND-. 1995. Tests of hypotheses for sexual segregation in grizzly bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:552-560.
91. -2000. Possible negative effects of adult male mortality on female grizzly bear reproduction. Biological Conservation, 93: 145-154.
92. -, F. SARRAZIN, R. FERRIERE, AND J. CLOBERT. 2001. Estimating effects of adult male mortality on grizzly bear population growth and persistence using matrix models. Biological Conservation 98:293-303.