Guidelines for the outpatient management of complex congenital heart disease

Congenital Heart Disease

Volumn 1, Issue 1-2, 2006, Pages 10-26

  Wernovsky, Gil ^a,b   Rome, Jonathan J ^a,b   Tabbutt, Sarah ^a,b   Rychik, Jack ^a,b   Cohen, Meryl S ^a,b   Paridon, Stephen M ^a,b   Webb, Gary ^a,b   Dodds, Kathryn M ^c   Gallagher, Maureen A ^c   Fleck, Desiree A ^c   Spray, Thomas L ^a,b   Vetter, Victoria L ^a,b   Gleason, Marie M ^a,b  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL OF NURSING   (United States)

Author keywords

Arrhythmia; Congenital; Exercise; Fontan; Heart defects; Tetralogy of fallot; Transposition of the great arteries

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ENOXAPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; WARFARIN;

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; ANASTOMOSIS; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; AORTA ARCH INTERRUPTION; AORTA SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ATHLETE; ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRONCHITIS; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD HEALTH CARE; COIL EMBOLIZATION; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; DEVICE INFECTION; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; FALLOT TETRALOGY; FAMILY STRESS; FOLLOW UP; FONTAN PROCEDURE; FUNGAL VIRULENCE; GREAT VESSELS TRANSPOSITION; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE NEED; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; HEART ATRIUM SEPTUM; HEART SURGERY; HEART VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INDWELLING CATHETER; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSE; LANGUAGE DISABILITY; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LUNG VASCULAR RESISTANCE; MEDICAID; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MUSTARD OPERATION; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTPATIENT CARE; PACEMAKER; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT INFORMATION; PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE; PROTEIN LOSING GASTROENTEROPATHY; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SELF CARE; STENT; SUDDEN DEATH; SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; SURGICAL MORTALITY; SURGICAL RISK; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR DISEASE;

ADOLESCENT; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; CHILD; FONTAN PROCEDURE; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HEART BYPASS, RIGHT; HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL; HUMANS; INFANT; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS;

EID: 33644984522     PISSN: 1747079X     EISSN: 17470803     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0803.2006.00002.x     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Vermeulen LC Jr, Ratko TA, Erstad BL, Brecher ME, Matuszewski KA. A paradigm for consensus. The University Hospital Consortium guidelines for the use of albumin, nonprotein colloid, and crystalloid solutions. Arch Intern Med. 1995; 155: 373-379.
2. Bradley D, Creswell LL, Hogue CW Jr, Epstein AE, Prystowsky EN, Daoud EG. Pharmacologic prophylaxis: American College of Chest Physicians guidelines for the prevention and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Chest. 2005; 128: 39S-47S.
3. Coward K, Tucker N, Darville T. Infective endocarditis in Arkansan children from 1990 through 2002. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003; 22: 1048-1052.
4. Saiman L, Prince A, Gersony WM. Pediatric infective endocarditis in the modern era. J Pediatr. 1993; 122: 847-853.
5. Wahl MJ. Myths of dental-induced endocarditis. Arch Intern Med. 1994; 154: 137-144.
6. Guntheroth WG. How important are dental procedures as a cause of infective endocarditis? Am J Cardiol. 1984; 54: 797-801.
7. Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W, et al. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Recommendations by the American Heart Association. JAMA. 1997; 277: 1794-1801.
8. Maron BJ, Shirani J, Poliac LC, Mathenge R, Roberts WC, Mueller FO. Sudden death in young competitive athletes. Clinical, demographic, and pathological profiles. JAMA. 1996; 276: 199-204.
9. Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Puffer JC, et al. Cardiovascular preparticipation screening of competitive athletes. A statement for health professionals from the Sudden Death Committee (clinical cardiology) and Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee (cardiovascular disease in the young), American Heart Association. Circulation. 1996; 94: 850-856.
10. Maron BJ, Zipes DP. Introduction: Eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities-general considerations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45: 1318-1321.
11. Mitchell JH, Maron BJ, Epstein SE. 16th Bethesda Conference: cardiovascular abnormalities in the athlete: Recommendations regarding eligibility for competition. October 3-5, 1984. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985; 6: 1186-1232.
12. Mahle WT, McBride MG, Paridon SM. Exercise performance after the arterial switch operation for d -transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 87: 753-758.
13. Pedra S.R. Pedra C.A. Abizaid A.A. et al. Intracoronary ultrasound assessment late after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45: 2061-2068.
14. Gagliardi MG, Adorisio R, Crea F, Versacci P, Di Donato R, Sanders SP. Abnormal vasomotor function of the epicardial coronary arteries in children five to eight years after arterial switch operation: An angiographic and intracoronary Doppler flow wire study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46: 1565-1572.
15. Mahle WT, Wernovsky G, Bridges ND, Linton AB, Paridon SM. Impact of early ventricular unloading on exercise performance in preadolescents with single ventricle Fontan physiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 34: 1637-1643.
16. Wray J, Sensky T. Congenital heart disease and cardiac surgery in childhood: Effects on cognitive function and academic ability. Heart. 2001; 85: 687-691.
17. Wernovsky G, Stiles KM, Gauvreau K, et al. Cognitive development after the Fontan operation. Circulation. 2000; 102: 883-889.
18. Wernovsky G, Shillingford AJ, Gaynor JW. Central nervous system outcomes in children with complex congenital heart disease. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2005; 20: 94-99.
19. Uzark K, Lincoln A, Lamberti JJ, Mainwaring RD, Spicer RL, Moore JW. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with Fontan repair of functional single ventricle. Pediatrics. 1998; 101: 630-633.
20. Shinoka T, ShumTim D, Jonas RA, et al. Higher hematocrit improves cerebral outcome after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996; 112: 1610-1620.
21. Shillingford AJ, Wernovsky G. Academic performance and behavioral difficulties after neonatal and infant heart surgery. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2004; 51: 1625-1639.
22. Rappaport LA, Wypij D, Bellinger DC, et al. Relation of seizures after cardiac surgery in early infancy to neurodevelopmental outcome. Boston Circulatory Arrest Study Group. Circulation. 1998; 97: 773-779.
23. Newburger JW, Jonas RA, Wernovsky G, et al. A comparison of the perioperative neurologic effects of hypothermic circulatory arrest versus low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass in infant heart surgery. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 1057-1064.
24. Newburger JW, Wypij D, Kuban KCK, et al. Four year neurodevelopmental status: The Boston circulatory arrest study. Circulation. 1996; 94: 1003.
25. Newburger JW, Wypij D, Bellinger DC, et al. Length of stay after infant heart surgery is related to cognitive outcome at age 8 years. J Pediatr. 2003; 143: 67-73.
26. Mussatto K, Wernovsky G. Challenges facing the child, adolescent, and young adult after the arterial switch operation. Cardiol Young. 2005; 15 (suppl 1): 111-121.
27. Mahle WT, Clancy RR, Moss E, Gerdes M, Jobes DR, Wernovsky G. Neurodevelopmental outcome and lifestyle assessment in school-age and adolescent children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatrics. 2000; 105: 1082-1089.
28. Kirshbom PM, Flynn TB, Clancy RR, et al. Late neurodevelopmental outcome after repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 129: 1091-1097.
29. Kern JH, Hinton VJ, Nereo NE, Hayes CJ, Gersony WM. Early developmental outcome after the Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatrics. 1998; 102: 1148-1152.
30. Karl TR, Hall S, Ford G, et al. Arterial switch with full-flow cardiopulmonary bypass and limited circulatory arrest: neurodevelopmental outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004; 127: 213-222.
31. Ikle L, Hale K, Fashaw L, Boucek MM, Rosenberg AA. Developmental outcome of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome treated with heart transplantation. J Pediatr. 2003; 142: 20-25.
32. Hovels-Gurich HH, Seghaye MC, Schnitker R, et al. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in school-aged children after neonatal arterial switch operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002; 124: 448-458.
33. Goldberg CS, Schwartz EM, Brunberg JA, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome of patients after the Fontan operation: A comparison between children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and other functional single ventricle lesions. J Pediatr. 2000; 137: 646-652.
34. Forbess JM, Visconti KJ, Bellinger DC, Jonas RA. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children after the Fontan operation. Circulation. 2001; 104: I127-I132.
35. Forbess JM, Visconti KJ, Bellinger DC, Howe RJ, Jonas RA. Neurodevelopmental outcomes after biventricular repair of congenital heart defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002; 123: 631-639.
36. Forbess JM, Visconti KJ, Hancock-Friesen C, Howe RC, Bellinger DC, Jonas RA. Neurodevelopmental outcome after congenital heart surgery: Results from an institutional registry. Circulation. 2002; 106: I95-I102.
37. Bellinger DC, Jonas RA, Rappaport LA, et al. Developmental and neurologic status of children after heart surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest or low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 549-555.
38. Bellinger DC, Rappaport LA, Wypij D, Wernovsky G, Newburger JW. Patterns of developmental dysfunction after surgery during infancy to correct transposition of the great arteries. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1997; 18: 75-83.
39. Bellinger DC, Wypij D, Kuban KCK, et al. Developmental and neurological status of children at 4 years of age after heart surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest or low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation. 1999; 100: 526-532.
40. Bellinger DC, Wypij D, duPlessis AJ, et al. Neurodevelopmental status at eight years in children with dextro-transposition of the great arteries: the Boston Circulatory Arrest Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003; 126: 1385-1396.
41. Baum M, Freier MC, Freeman K, et al. Neuropsychological outcome of infant heart transplant recipients. J Pediatr. 2004; 145: 365-372.
42. Skorton DJ, Garson A Jr, Allen HD, et al. Task force 5: Adults with congenital heart disease: Access to care. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37: 1193-1198.
43. Hellstedt LF. Insurability issues facing the adolescent and adult with congenital heart disease. Nurs Clin North Am. 1994; 29: 331-343.
44. Allen HD, Gersony WM, Taubert KA. Insurability of the adolescent and young adult with heart disease. Report from the Fifth Conference on Insurability, October 3-4, 1991, Columbus, Ohio. Circulation. 1992; 86: 703-710.
45. Joesch JM, Smith KR. Children's health and their mothers' risk of divorce or separation. Soc Biol. 1997; 44: 159-169.
46. Young PC, Shyr Y, Schork MA. The role of the primary care physician in the care of children with serious heart disease. Pediatrics. 1994; 94: 284-290.
47. Uzark K, Jones K. Parenting stress and children with heart disease. J Pediatr Health Care. 2003; 17: 163-168.
48. Uzark K, Collins J, Meisenhelder K, Dick M, Rosenthal A. Primary preventive health care in children with heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 1983; 4: 259-263.
49. Foster E, Graham TP Jr, Driscoll DJ, et al. Task force 2: Special health care needs of adults with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37: 1176-1183.
50. Reid GJ, Irvine MJ, McCrindle BW, et al. Prevalence and correlates of successful transfer from pediatric to adult health care among a cohort of young adults with complex congenital heart defects. Pediatrics. 2004; 113: E197-e205.
51. Gewillig M, Cullen S, Mertens B, Lesaffre E, Deanfield J. Risk factors for arrhythmia and death after Mustard operation for simple transposition of the great arteries. Circulation. 1991; 84: III187-III192.
52. Gelatt M, Hamilton RM, McCrindle BW, et al. Arrhythmia and mortality after the Mustard procedure: A 30-year single-center experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 29: 194-201.
53. Millane T, Bernard EJ, Jaeggi E, et al. Role of ischemia and infarction in late right ventricular dysfunction after atrial repair of transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 1661-1668.
54. Lubiszewska B, Gosiewska E, Hoffman P, et al. Myocardial perfusion and function of the systemic right ventricle in patients after atrial switch procedure for complete transposition: Long-term follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36: 1365-1370.
55. Wells WJ, Blackstone E. Intermediate outcome after Mustard and Senning procedures: A study by the Congenital Heart Surgeons Society. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2000; 3: 186-197.
56. Puley G, Siu S, Connelly M, et al. Arrhythmia and survival in patients >18 years of age after the Mustard procedure for complete transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83: 1080-1084.
57. Wilson NJ, Clarkson PM, Barratt-Boyes BG, et al. Long-term outcome after the Mustard repair for simple transposition of the great arteries. 28-year follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 758-765.
58. Vetter VL, Tanner CS, Horowitz LN. Electrophysiologic consequences of the Mustard repair of d -transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987; 10: 1265-1273.
59. Vetter VL, Tanner CS, Horowitz LN. Inducible atrial flutter after the Mustard repair of complete transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol. 1988; 61: 428-435.
60. Vetter VL, Horowitz LN. Electrophysiologic residua and sequelae of surgery for congenital heart defects. Am J Cardiol. 1982; 50: 588-604.
61. Hutter PA, Thomeer BJ, Jansen P, et al. Fate of the aortic root after arterial switch operation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001; 20: 82-88.
62. Kramer HH, Scheewe J, Fischer G, et al. Long term follow-up of left ventricular performance and size of the great arteries before and after one- and two-stage arterial switch operation of simple transposition. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003; 24: 898-905.
63. Schwartz ML, Gauvreau K, del Nido P, Mayer JE, Colan SD. Long-term predictors of aortic root dilation and aortic regurgitation after arterial switch operation. Circulation. 2004; 110: II128-II132.
64. Hutter PA, Kreb DL, Mantel SF, Hitchcock JF, Meijboom EJ, Bennink GB. Twenty-five years' experience with the arterial switch operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002; 124: 790-797.
65. Prifti E, Crucean A, Bonacchi M, et al. Early and long term outcome of the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries: predictors and functional evaluation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002; 22: 864-873.
66. Williams WG, McCrindle BW, Ashburn DA, Jonas RA, Mavroudis C, Blackstone EH. Outcomes of 829 neonates with complete transposition of the great arteries 12-17 years after repair. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003; 24: 1-9.
67. Hui L, Chau AK, Leung MP, Chiu CS, Cheung YF. Assessment of left ventricular function long term after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries by dobutamine stress echocardiography. Heart. 2005; 91: 68-72.
68. Murphy DJ. Transposition of the great arteries: Long-term outcome and current management. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2005; 7: 299-304.
69. Taylor AM, Dymarkowski S, Hamaekers P, et al. MR coronary angiography and late-enhancement myocardial MR in children who underwent arterial switch surgery for transposition of great arteries. Radiology. 2005; 234: 542-547.
70. Wernovsky G, Mayer JE, Jonas RA, et al. Factors influencing early and late outcome of the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great-arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995; 109: 289-302.
71. Wernovsky G, Jonas RA, Colan SD, et al. Results of the arterial switch operation in patients with transposition of the great arteries and abnormalities of the mitral valve or left ventricular outflow tract. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990; 16: 1446-1454.
72. Rhodes LA, Wernovsky G, Keane JF, et al. Arrhythmias and intracardiac conduction after the arterial switch operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995; 109: 303-310.
73. Tanel RE, Wernovsky G, Landzberg ML, Burke RP, Perry SB. Coronary artery abnormalities detected by cardiac catheterization after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol. 1995; 76: 153-157.
74. Colan SD, Boutin C, Castaneda AR, Wernovsky G. Status of the left ventricle after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries: Hemodynamic and echocardiographic evaluation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995; 109: 311-321.
75. Wernovsky G, Bridges ND, Mandell VS, Castañeda AR, Perry SB. Enlarged bronchial arteries after early repair of transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 21: 465-470.
76. Vetter VL, Tanner CS. Electrophysiologic consequences of the arterial switch repair of d -transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988; 12: 229-237.
77. Murphy JG, Gersh BJ, Mair DD, et al. Long-term outcome in patient undergoing surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 593-599.
78. Khambadkone S, Coats L, Taylor A, et al. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation in humans: Results in 59 consecutive patients. Circulation. 2005; 112: 1189-1197.
79. Van der Wall EE, Mulder BJ. Pulmonary valve replacement in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary regurgitation: Early surgery similar to optimal timing of surgery? Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 2614-2615.
80. Erdogan HB, Bozbuga N, Kayalar N, et al. Long-term outcome after total correction of tetralogy of Fallot in adolescent and adult age. J Card Surg. 2005; 20: 119-123.
81. Cheung MM, Konstantinov IE, Redington AN. Late complications of repair of tetralogy of Fallot and indications for pulmonary valve replacement. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 17: 155-159.
82. Buechel ER, Dave HH, Kellenberger CJ, et al. Remodelling of the right ventricle after early pulmonary valve replacement in children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: Assessment by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 2721-2727.
83. Morris CD, Menashe VD. 25-year mortality after surgical repair of congenital heart defect in childhood. A population-based cohort study. JAMA. 1991; 266: 3447-3452.
84. Knott-Craig CJ, Elkins RC, Lane MM, Holz J, McCue C, Ward KE. A 26-year experience with surgical management of tetralogy of Fallot: Risk analysis for mortality or late reintervention. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998; 66: 506-511.
85. Hokanson JS, Moller JH. Adults with tetralogy of Fallot: Long-term follow-up. Cardiol Rev. 1999; 7: 149-155.
86. Schultz AH, Wernovsky G. Late outcomes in patients with surgically treated congenital heart disease. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2005: 145-156.
87. Cesnjevar R, Harig F, Raber A, et al. Late pulmonary valve replacement after correction of Fallot's tetralogy. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004; 52: 23-28.
88. Discigil B, Dearani JA, Puga FJ, et al. Late pulmonary valve replacement after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001; 121: 344-351.
89. Walsh EP, Rockenmacher S, Keane JF, Hougen TJ, Lock JE, Castaneda AR. Late results in patients with tetralogy of Fallot repaired during infancy. Circulation. 1988; 77: 1062-1067.
90. Nollert G, Fischlein T, Bouterwek S, Bohmer C, Klinner W, Reichart B. Long-term survival in patients with repair of tetralogy of Fallot: 36-year follow-up of 490 survivors of the first year after surgical repair. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 1374-1383.
91. Waien SA, Liu PP, Ross BL, Williams WG, Webb GD, McLaughlin PR. Serial follow-up of adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992; 20: 295-300.
92. Boening A, Scheewe J, Paulsen J, et al. Tetralogy of Fallot: Influence of surgical technique on survival and reoperation rate. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001; 49: 355-360.
93. Karl TR, Sano S, Pornviliwan S, Mee RB. Tetralogy of Fallot: Favorable outcome of nonneonatal transatrial, transpulmonary repair. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992; 54: 903-907.
94. Di Donato RM, Jonas RA, Lang P, Rome JJ, Mayer JE Jr, Castaneda AR. Neonatal repair of tetralogy of Fallot with and without pulmonary atresia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991; 101: 126-137.
95. Rome JJ, Mayer JE, Castaneda AR, Lock JE. Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia. Rehabilitation of diminutive pulmonary arteries. Circulation. 1993; 88: 1691-1698.
96. Ghanayem NS, Hoffman GM, Mussatto KA, et al. Home surveillance program prevents interstage mortality after the Norwood procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003; 126: 1367-1377.
97. Zeltser I, Menteer J, Gaynor JW, et al. Impact of re-coarctation following the Norwood operation on survival in the balloon angioplasty era. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45: 1844-1848.
98. Brown DW, Gauvreau K, Moran AM, et al. Clinical outcomes and utility of cardiac catheterization prior to superior cavopulmonary anastomosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003; 126: 272-281.
99. Lemler MS, Zellers TM, Harris KA, Ramaciotii C. Coarctation index: indentification of recurrent coarctation in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome after the Norwood procedure. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 86: 697-699.
100. Donofrio MT, Jacobs ML, Norwood WI, Rychik J. Early changes in ventricular septal defect size and ventricular geometry in the single left ventricle after volume-unloading surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26: 1008-1015.
101. Nakanishi T. Cardiac catheterization is necessary before bidirectional Glenn and Fontan procedures in single ventricle physiology. Pediatr Cardiol. 2005; 26: 159-161.
102. Ro PS, Rychik J, Cohen MS, Mahle WT, Rome JJ. Diagnostic assessment before Fontan operation in patients with bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis: Are noninvasive methods sufficient? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44: 184-187.
103. Kanter KR, Vincent RN. Management of aortopulmonary collateral arteries in Fontan patients: Occlusion improves clinical outcome. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2002; 5: 48-54.
104. Bernstein HS, Brook MM, Silverman NH, Bristow J. Development of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae in children after cavopulmonary shunt. Circulation. 1995; 92: II309-II314.
105. Shah MJ, Rychik J, Fogel MA, Murphy JD, Jacobs ML. Pulmonary AV malformations after superior cavopulmonary connection: Resolution after inclusion of hepatic veins in the pulmonary circulation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997; 63: 960-963.
106. Nicolas RT, Hills C, Moller JH, Huddleston CB, Johnson MC. Early outcome after Glenn shunt and Fontan palliation and the impact of operation during viral respiratory season: Analysis of a 19-year multi-institutional experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005; 79: 613-617.
107. Cohen MI, Bush DM, Ferry RJ, et al. Somatic growth failure after the Fontan operation. Cardiol Young. 2000; 10: 447-457.
108. Shachar GB, Fuhrman BP, Wang Y, Lucas RV Jr, Lock JE. Rest and exercise hemodynamics after the Fontan procedure. Circulation. 1982; 65: 1043-1048.
109. Hsia TY, Khambadkone S, Deanfield JE, Taylor JF, Migliavacca F, De Leval MR. Subdiaphragmatic venous hemodynamics in the Fontan circulation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001; 121: 436-447.
110. Mahle WT, Todd K, Fyfe DA. Endothelial function following the Fontan operation. Am J Cardiol. 2003; 91: 1286-1288.
111. Khambadkone S, Li J, De Leval MR, Cullen S, Deanfield JE, Redington AN. Basal pulmonary vascular resistance and nitric oxide responsiveness late after Fontan-type operation. Circulation. 2003; 107: 3204-3208.
112. Earing MG, Cetta F, Driscoll DJ, et al. Long-term results of the Fontan operation for double-inlet left ventricle. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96: 291-298.
113. Gaynor JW, Bridges ND, Cohen MI, et al. Predictors of outcome after the Fontan operation: Is hypoplastic left heart syndrome still a risk factor? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002; 123: 237-245.
114. Yang SG, Spray TL, Gaynor JW, Clark BJ, Rychik J. Rate of spontaneous closure of fenestration in the modified Fontan operation. Circulation. 1999; 100: 399.
115. Fogel MA, Weinberg PM, Fellows KE, Hoffman EA. A study in ventricular-ventricular interaction. Single right ventricles compared with systemic right ventricles in a dual-chamber circulation. Circulation. 1995; 92: 219-230.
116. Mahle WT, Cohen MS, Spray TL, Rychik J. Atrioventricular valve regurgitation in patients with single ventricle: Impact of the bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 72: 831-835.
117. Cohen MS, Marino BS, McElhinney DB, et al. Neo-aortic root dilation and valve regurgitation up to 21 years after staged reconstruction for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42: 533-540.
118. Mahle WT, Rychik J, Weinberg PM, Cohen MS. Growth characteristics of the aortic arch after the Norwood operation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 1951-1954.
119. Monagle P, Karl TR. Thromboembolic problems after the Fontan operation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2002; 5: 36-47.
120. Coon PD, Rychik J, Novello RT, Ro PS, Gaynor JW, Spray TL. Thrombus formation after the Fontan operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 71: 1990-1994.
121. Cromme-Dijkhuis AH, Hess J, Hahlen K, et al. Specific sequelae after Fontan operation at mid- and long-term follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993; 106: 1126-1132.
122. Jahangiri M, Shore D, Kakkar V, Lincoln C, Shinebourne E. Coagulation factor abnormalities after the Fontan procedure and its modifications. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997; 113: 989-993.
123. Ravn HB, Hjortdal VE, Stenbog EV, et al. Increased platelet reactivity and significant changes in coagulation markers after cavopulmonary connection. Heart. 2001; 85: 61-65.
124. Odegard KC, McGowan FX, Zurakowski D, et al. Procoagulant and anticoagulant factor abnormalities following the Fontan procedure: increased factor VIII may predipose to thrombosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003; 125: 1260-1267.
125. Walker HA, Gatzoulis MA. Prophylactic anticoagulation following the Fontan operation. Heart. 2005; 91: 854-856.
126. Mertens LP, Hagler DJM, Sauer UM, Somerville JM, Gewillig MM. Protein-losing enteropathy after the Fontan operation: An international multicenter study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998; 115: 1063-1073.
127. Stiller B, Riedel F, Paul K, van Landeghem FK. Plastic bronchitis in children with Fontan palliation: Analogue to protein losing enteropathy? Pediatr Cardiol. 2002; 23: 90-94.
128. Rychik J, Spray TL. Strategies to treat protein-losing enteropathy. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2002; 5: 3-11.
129. Fujii T, Shimizu T, Takahashi K, et al. Fecal alpha1-antitrypsin concentrations as a measure of enteric protein loss after modified Fontan operations. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003; 37: 577-580.
130. Gewillig MH, Lundstrom UR, Bull C, Wyse RKH, Deanfield JE. Exercise responses in patients with congenital heart disease after Fontan repair: patterns and determinants of performance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990; 15: 1424-1432.
131. Rhodes J, Curran TJ, Camil L, et al. The magnitude and mechanisms by which cardiac rehabilitation improves the exercise function of children with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2004; 110: 386.
132. Kurer CC, Tanner CS, Norwood WI, Vetter VL. Perioperative arrhythmias after Fontan repair. Circulation. 1990; 82 (suppl IV): IV-190-IV-194.
133. Kurer CC, Tanner CS, Vetter VL. Electrophysiologic findings after Fontan repair of functional single ventricle. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991; 17: 174-181.
134. Gelatt M, Hamilton RM, McCrindle BW, et al. Risk factors for atrial tachyarrhythmias after the Fontan operation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 24: 1735-1741.
135. Cohen MI, Wernovsky G, Vetter VL, et al. Sinus node function after a systematically staged Fontan procedure. Circulation. 1998; 98: II352-II358.