Light rare earth element depleted to enriched basaltic flows from 2.8 to 2.7 Ga greenstone belts of the Uchi Subprovince, Ontario, Canada

Chemical Geology

Volumn 227, Issue 3-4, 2006, Pages 133-153

  Hollings, Pete ^a   Kerrich, Robert ^b  

^a LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

Author keywords

Basalts; Geochemistry; Island arcs; Shoshonites; Superior province; Uchi subprovince

Indexed keywords

BASALT; GREENSTONE BELT; LAVA FLOW; RARE EARTH ELEMENT;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; ONTARIO;

EID: 33644933457     PISSN: 00092541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.09.010     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. N.T. Arndt Archean komatiites K.C. Condie Archean Crustal Evolution 1994 Elsevier 11-44
2. R. Barragan D. Geist M. Hall P. Larson M. Kurz Subduction controls on the compositions of lavas from the Ecuadorian Andes Earth and Planetary Science Letters 154 1998 153-166
3. Berger, B.R., 1981. Stratigraphy of the western Lake St. Joseph greenstone terrain. Unpublished MSc thesis, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario: 117p.
4. W. Bleeker Archean tectonics: A review, with illustrations from the Slave Craton C.M.R. Fowler C.J. Ebinger C.J. Hawkesworth The Early Earth: Physical, Chemical and Biological Development 199 2002 Geological Society of London Special Publication 151-181
5. J.G. Brophy Andesites from northeastern Kanaga Island, Aleutians; implications for calc-alkaline fractionation mechanisms and magma chamber development Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 104 5 1990 568-581
6. P.M. Clifford Geology of the Western Lake St. Joseph Area Kenora and Thunder Bay Districts Geological Report 70 1969 Ontario Department of Mines 57
7. P.M. Clifford R.H. McNutt Evolution of Mt. St. Joseph - An Archaean volcano Canadian Journal of Earth Science 8 1971 150-161
8. T. Churikova F. Dorendorf G. Woerner Sources and fluids in the mantle wedge below Kamchatka, evidence from across-arc geochemical variation Journal of Petrology 42 8 2001 1567-1593
9. F. Corfu G.M. Stott U - Pb geochronology of the central Uchi Subprovince, Superior Province Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 1993 1179-1196
10. J.P. Davidson Deciphering mantle and crustal signatures in subduction zone magmatism. Subduction Top to Bottom Geophysical Monograph 96 1996 251-262
11. J. Dostal D.F. Strong R.A. Jamieson Trace element mobility in the mylonite zone within the ophiolite aureole, St. Anthony Complex, Newfoundland Earth and Planetary Science Letters 49 2 1980 188-192
12. M.S. Drummond M.J. Defant A model for trondhjemite-tonalite-dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: Archean to modern comparisons Journal of Geophysical Research B95 1990 21503-21521
13. C. Dupuy J. Dostal G. Marcelot H. Bougault J.L. Joron M. Treuil Geochemistry of basalts from Central and Southern New Hebrides Arc: implication for their source rock composition Earth and Planetary Science Letters 60 1982 207-225
14. C. Edwards M. Menzies M. Thirlwall Evidence from Muriah, Indonesia, for the interplay of supra-subduction zone and intraplate processes in the genesis of potassic alkaline magmas Journal of Petrology 32 3 1991 555-592
15. M.A. Elburg M. van Bergen J. Hoogewerff J. Foden P. Vroon I. Zulkarnain A. Nasution Geochemical trends across an arc-continent collision zone: magma sources and slab-wedge transfer processes below the Pantar Strait volcanoes, Indonesia Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 15 2002 2771-2789
16. L.T. Elkins-Tanton T.L. Grove Evidence for deep melting of hydrous metasomatized mantle: Pliocene high-potassium magmas from the Sierra Nevadas Journal of Geophysical Research 108 2003 2350
17. T. Elliott T. Planck A. Zindler W. White B. Bourdon Element transport from slab to volcanic front at the Mariana arc Journal of Geophysical Research 102 14 1997 14,991-15,019
18. A. Ewart J.M. Hergt J.W. Hawkins Major element, trace element, and isotope (Pb, Sr, and Nd) geochemistry of site 839 basalts and basaltic andesites: Implications for arc volcanism. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results 135 1994 519-531
19. A. Ewart K.D. Collerson M. Regelous J.I. Wendt Y. Niu Geochemical evolution within the Tonga-Kermadec-Lau arc-back-arc systems; the role of varying mantle wedge composition in space and time Journal of Petrology 39 3 1998 331-368
20. J.D. Foden R. Varne The petrology and tectonic setting of Quaternary - Recent volcanic centres of Lombok and Sumbawa, Sunda Arc Chemical Geology 30 3 1980 201-226
21. A. Fujinawa Tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series at Adatara Volcano, Northeast Japan; I, Geochemical constraints on their origin Lithos 22 2 1988 135-158
22. J. Gill Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics 1981 Springer New York 358 pp.
23. K. Govindaraju 1994 compilation of working values and sample description for 383 geostandards Geostandards Newsletter 18 1994 158 (Special Issue)
24. D.H. Green Experimental definition of mantle melting and implications for mantle dynamics B. Harte V. M. Goldschmidt Conference; extended abstracts Mineralogical Magazine 58A 1994 350-351
25. T.L. Grove M.B. Baker Phase equilibrium controls on the tholeiitic versus calc-alkaline differentiation trends Journal of Geophysical Research 89 5 1984 3253-3274
26. T.L. Grove R.J. Kinzler Petrogenesis of andesites Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 14 1986 417-454
27. W.B. Hamilton Archean magmatism and deformation were not products of plate tectonics Precambrian Research 91 1998 143-179
28. W.B. Hamilton An alternative Earth GSA Today 13 11 2003 4-12
29. C.J. Hawkesworth K. Gallagher J.M. Hergt F. McDermott Mantle and slab contributions in arc magmas Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 21 1993 175-204
30. C.J. Hawkesworth S.P. Turner F. McDermott D.W. Peate P. van Calsteren U-Th isotopes in arc magmas; implications for element transfer from the subducted crust Science 276 1997 551-555
31. A.G. Hochstaedter P. Kepezhinskas M. Defant M. Drummond A. Koloskov Insights into the volcanic arc mantle wedge from magnesian lavas from the Kamchatka arc Journal of Geophysical Research 101 1996 697-712
32. A.G. Hochstaedter J.B. Gill B. Taylor O. Ishizuka M. Yuasa S. Morita Across-arc geochemical trends in the Izu-Bonin arc: Constraints on source composition and mantle melting Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 105 2000 495-512
33. A. Hochstaedter J. Gill R. Peters P. Broughton P. Holden B. Taylor Across-arc geochemical trends in the Izu-Bonin arc: Contributions from the subducting slab Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 2001 art. no.-2000GC000105
34. P. Hollings Archean Nb-enriched basalts in the Northern Superior Province Lithos 64 2002 1-14
35. P. Hollings R. Kerrich Trace element systematics of ultramafic and mafic volcanic rocks from the 3 Ga North Caribou greenstone Belt, Northwestern Superior Province Precambrian Research 93 1999 257-279
36. P. Hollings R. Kerrich An Archean arc basalt-Nb-enriched basalt-Nb-adakite association: The 2.7 Ga Confederation assemblage of the Birch-Uchi greenstone belt, Superior Province Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 139 2000 208-226
37. P. Hollings D.A. Wyman R. Kerrich Komatiite-basalt-rhyolite volcanic associations in Northern Superior Province greenstone belts: Significance of plume-arc interaction in the generation of the proto-continental Superior Province Lithos 46 1 1999 137-161
38. P. Hollings G. Stott D. Wyman Trace element geochemistry of the Meen-Dempster greenstone belt, Uchi subprovince, Superior Province, Canada: Back-arc development on the margins of an Archean protocontinent Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37 2000 1021-1038
39. J.A. Hoogewerff M.J. van-Bergen P.Z. Vroon J. Hertogen R. Wordel A. Sneyers A. Nasution J.C. Varekamp H.L.E. Moens D. Mouchel U-series, Sr-Nd-Pb isotope and trace-element systematics across an active island arc-continent collision zone; implications for element transfer at the slab-wedge interface Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61 5 1997 1057-1072
40. S.E. Humphris G. Thompson Trace element mobility during hydrothermal alteration of oceanic basalts Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42 1 1978 127-136
41. A.G. Hunter Intracrustal controls on the coexistence of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series at Aso Volcano, SW Japan Journal of Petrology 39 7 1998 1255-1284
42. A.G. Hunter S. Blake Petrogenetic evolution of a transitional tholeiitic-calc-alkaline series; Towada Volcano, Japan Journal of Petrology 36 6 1995 1579-1605
43. T. Ishikawa E. Nakamura Origin of the slab component in arc lavas from across-arc variation of B and Pb isotopes Nature 370 1994 206-208
44. T. Ishikawa F. Tera Boron isotope systematics of the Kurile-Kamchatka Arc. AGU 1994 fall meeting Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 1994 American Geophysical Union Washington, DC 730
45. G.A. Jenner Trace element geochemistry of igneous rocks: Geochemical nomenclature and analytical geochemistry D.A. Wyman Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks: Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration Geological Association of Canada 12 1996 51-77
46. G.A. Jenner H.P. Longerich S.E. Jackson B.J. Fryer ICP-MS - a powerful tool for high precision trace-element analysis in earth sciences: evidence from analysis of selected USGS reference samples Chemical Geology 83 1990 133-148
47. K.P. Jochum N.T. Arndt A.W. Hofmann Nb-Th-La in komatiites and basalts: constraints on komatiite petrogenesis and mantle evolution Earth and Planetary Science Letters 107 1991 272-289
48. S.M. Kay R.W. Kay Aleutian tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series; 1, The mafic phenocrysts Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 90 2-3 1985 276-290
49. S.M. Kay R.W. Kay G.P. Citron Tectonic controls on tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmatism in the Aleutian Arc Journal of Geophysical Research 87 5 1982 4051-4072
50. P.B. Kelemen K. Hanghø A.R. Greene One view of the geochemistry of subduction-related magmatic arcs, with an emphasis on primitive andesite and lower crust H.D. Holland K.K. Turekian In Treatise on Geochemistry, The Crust 3 2004 593-649
51. R. Kerrich B.J. Fryer Archaean precious-metal hydrothermal systems, Dome Mine, Abitibi greenstone belt. II. REE and oxygen isotope relations Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 16 1979 440-458
52. R. Kerrich D. Wyman P. Hollings A. Polat Variability of Nb/U and Th/La in 3.0 to 2.7 Ga Superior Province ocean plateau basalts: Implications for the timing of continental growth and lithosphere recycling Earth and Planetary Science Letters 168 1999 101-115
53. I. Kushiro Origin of magmas in islands arcs; recent studies in experimental petrology, Chigaku Zasshi Journal of Geography 92 7 1983 68-75
54. I. Kushiro H. Sato Origin of calc-alkalic andesite in Japanese Island; critical review and discussion International geodynamics conference "Western Pacific" and "Magma genesis" Tokyo 1978 Science Council of Japan Tokyo, Japan 284-285
55. M.R. Lafleche C. Dupuy H. Bougault Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Archean mafic volcanic rocks of the Southern Abitibi Belt, Quebec Precambrian Research 57 1992 207-241
56. H.P. Longerich G.A. Jenner B.J. Fryer S.E. Jackson Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric analysis of geological samples: A critical evaluation based on case studies Chemical Geology 83 1990 105-118
57. J. Ludden L. Gelinas P. Trudel Archean metavolcanics from the Rouyn-Noranda district, Abitibi greenstone belt, Qubec. 2. Mobility of trace elements and petrogenetic constraints Canadian Jounal of Earth Sciences 19 1982 2276-2287
58. R. MacDonald C.J. Hawkesworth E. Heath The Lesser Antilles volcanic chain; a study in arc magmatism Earth Science Reviews 49 1-4 2000 1-76
59. W.H. MacLean P. Kranidiotis Immobile elements as monitors of mass transfer in hydrothermal alteration; Phelps Dodge massive sulfide deposit, Matagami, Quebec Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists 82 4 1987 951-962
60. T.C. McCuaig R. Kerrich Q. Xie Phosphorous and high field strength anomalies in Archean high-magnesian magmas as possible indicators of source mineralogy and depth Earth and Planetary Science Letters 124 1994 221-239
61. M.T. McCulloch J.A. Gamble Geochemical and geodynamical constraints on subduction zone magmatism Earth and Planetary Science Letters 102 1991 358-374
62. D.M. Miller T.H. Nilsen W.L. Bilodeau Late Cretaceous to early Eocene geologic evolution of the U. S. Cordillera Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America G-3 1992 205-260
63. A. Miyashiro Volcanic rock series in island arcs and active continental margins American Journal of Science 274 1974 317-327
64. J.D. Morris S.R. Hart Isotopic and incompatible element constraints on the genesis of island arc volcanics from Cold Bay and Amak Island, Aleutians, and implications for mantle structure Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47 11 1983 2015-2030
65. J.D. Morris W.P. Leeman F. Tera The subducted component in island arc lavas: Constraints from Be isotopes and B-Be systematics Nature 344 1990 31-36
66. J.B. Murphy A.J. Hynes Contrasting secondary mobility of Ti, P, Zr, Nb, and Y in two metabasaltic suites in the Appalachians Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23 8 1986 1138-1144
67. T.R. Naumann D.J. Geist Generation of alkalic basalt by crystal fractionation of tholeiitic magma Geology 27 5 1999 423-426
68. J.A. Pearce I.J. Parkinson Trace element models for mantle melting: application to volcanic arc petrogenesis H.M. Prichard T. Alabaster N.B.W. Harris C.R. Neary Magmatic processes and plate tectonics 1993 373-403
69. J.A. Pearce D.W. Peate Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science Letters 23 1995 252-285
70. J.A. Pearce S. van der Laan R.J. Arculus B.J. Murton T. Ishii D.W. Peate Boninite and Harzburgite from Leg 125 (Bonin-Mariana Fore-arc): A case study of magma genesis during the initial stage of subduction P. Fryer J.A. Pearce L.B. Stokking Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 1992 623-659
71. J.A. Pearce P.E. Baker P.K. Harvey I. Luff Geochemical evidence for subduction fluxes, mantle melting and fractional crystallization beneath the South Sandwich island arc Journal of Petrology 36 4 1995 1073-1109
72. J.A. Pearce P.D. Kempton G.M. Nowell S.R. Noble Hf-Nd element and isotope perspective on the nature and provenance of mantle and subduction components in Western Pacific arc-basin systems Journal of Petrology 40 11 1999 1579-1611
73. J.A. Pearce P.F. Barker S.J. Edwards I.J. Parkinson P.T. Leat Geochemistry and tectonic significance of peridotites from the South Sandwich arc-basin system, South Atlantic Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 139 1 2000 36-53
74. A. Peccerillo S.R. Taylor Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, northern Turkey Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 58 1 1976 63-81
75. M.R. Perfit D.A. Gust A.E. Bence R.J. Arculus S.R. Taylor Chemical characteristics of island-arc basalts: Implications for mantle sources Chemical Geology 30 1980 227-256
76. T. Plank C.H. Langmuir An evaluation of the global variations in the major element chemistry of arc basalts Earth and Planetary Science Letters 90 4 1988 349-370
77. A. Polat R. Kerrich Geodynamic processes, continental growth, and mantle evolution recorded in Late Archean greenstone belts of the Southern Province, Canada H.R. Rollinson M. Whitehouse Archaean Crustal Evolution. Rollinson Precambrian Research vol. 112, 1-2 2001 5-25
78. A. Polat R. Kerrich Nd-isotope systematics of ∼2.7 Ga adakites, magnesian andesites, and arc basalts, Superior Province: Evidence for shallow crustal recycling at Archean subduction zones Earth and Planetary Science Letters 202 2002 345-360
79. A. Polat A.W. Hofmann M.T. Rosing Boninite-like volcanic rocks in the 3.7-3.8 Ga Isua greenstone belt, West Greenland: Geochemical evidence for intra-oceanic subduction zone processes in the early Earth Chemical Geology 184 2002 231-254
80. N. Rogers Whole-rock chemical analyses from the Birch-Uchi greenstone belt, Superior Province Geological Survey of Canada, Open File Report 2002 4271
81. J.G. Ryan J. Morris F. Tera W.P. Leeman A. Tsvetkov Cross-arc geochemical variations in the Kurile Arc as a function of slab depth Science 270 1995 625-627
82. F.G. Sajona R.C. Maury H. Bellon J. Cotten M. Defant High field strength element enrichment of Pliocene-Pleistocene island arc basalts, Zamboanga Peninsula, Western Mindanao (Philippines) Journal of Petrology 37 1996 693-726
83. M. Sakuyama Petrological study of the Myoko and Kurohime volcanoes, Japan; crystallization sequence and evidence for magma mixing Journal of Petrology 22 4 1981 553-583
84. M. Sakuyama Petrology of arc volcanic rocks and their origin by mantle diapers Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 18 1983 297-320
85. R.J. Stern M.C. Jackson P. Fryer E. Ito O, Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic composition of the Kasuga cross-chain in the Mariana Arc - A new perspective on the K-h relationship Earth and Planetary Science Letters 119 4 1993 459-475
86. A.J. Stolz R. Varne G.E. Wheller J.D. Foden M.J. Abbott The geochemistry and petrogenesis of K-rich alkaline volcanics from the Batu Tara Volcano, eastern Sunda Arc Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 98 3 1988 374-389
87. A.J. Stolz R. Varne G.R. Davies G.E. Wheller J.D. Foden Magma source components in an arc-continent collision zone - the Flores-Lembata sector, Sunda Arc, Indonesia Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 105 5 1990 585-601
88. G.M. Stott F. Corfu Uchi Subprovince, Geology of Ontario Ontario Geological Survey 1991 145-238
89. Stott, G.M., Kay, S.V., and Sanborn, M.M., 1987a. Precambrian geology of the Lake St. Joseph area, east half, Ontario Geological Survey, Map P3051, scale 1:50,000.
90. Stott, G.M., Kay, S.V., and Sanborn, M.M., 1987b. Precambrian geology of the Lake St. Joseph area, west half. Ontario Geological Survey, Map P3050, scale 1:50,000.
91. S.-s. Sun W.F. McDonough Chemical and isotopic systematics of ocean basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes A. Saunders D. M.J. Norry Magmatism in the Ocean Basin 1989 Geological Society Special Publications 313-345
92. Y. Tatsumi Melting experiments on a high-magnesian andesite Earth and Planetary Science Letters 54 2 1981 357-365
93. Y. Tatsumi D.L. Hamilton R.W. Nesbitt Chemical characteristics of fluid phase released from a subducted lithosphere and origin of arc magmas: evidence from high-pressure experiments and natural rocks Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 29 1986 293-309
94. Y. Tatsumi M. Murasaki E.M. Arsadi S. Nohda Geochemistry of Quaternary lavas from NE Sulawesi: Transfer of subduction components into the mantle wedge Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 107 2 1991 137-149
95. S.R. Taylor S.M. McLennan The continental crust: Its composition and evolution Blackwell 1985
96. R.N. Taylor H. Lapierre P. Vidal R.W. Nesbitt I.W. Croudace Igneous geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Izu-Bonin forearc basin. E.M. Maddox Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Bonin Arc-Trench System. Scientific Results 1992 405-430
97. P.C. Thurston Autochthonous development of Superior Province greenstone belts? Precambrian Research 115 1-4 2002 11-36
98. P.C. Thurston B.J. Fryer The geochemistry of repetitive cyclical volcanism from basalt through rhyolite in the Uchi-Confederation greenstone belt, Canada Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 83 1983 204-226
99. P.C. Thurston I.A. Osmani D. Stone Northwestern Superior Province: review and terrane analysis, Geology of Ontario Ontario Geological Survey 1991 81-144
100. K.Y. Tomlinson R.K. Stephenson D. Hughes R. Hall P. Thurston P. Henry The Red Lake greenstone belt, Superior Province: Evidence of plume-related magmatism at 3 Ga and evidence of an older enriched source Precambrian Research 89 1998 59-76
101. M.J. van-Bergen P.Z. Vroon J.A. Hoogewerff Subduction of the Australian passive continental margin; an extreme case of source contamination in the East Sunda-Banda Arc M.B. Duggan J. Knutson IAVCEI Abstracts; Ancient Volcanism and Modern Analogues 1993 Australian Geological Survey Organisation 116
102. P.Z. Vroon M.J. van-Bergen W.M. White J.C. Varekamp Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systematics of the Banda Arc, Indonesia: Combined subduction and assimilation of continental material Journal of Geophysical Research 98 12 1993 22349-22366
103. P.Z. Vroon M.J. van-Bergen G.J. Klaver W.M. White Strontium, neodymium, and lead isotopic and trace-element signatures of the East Indonesian sediments: Provenance and implications for Banda Arc magma genesis Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59 12 1995 2573-2598
104. 18O despite involvement of subducted continental material in magma genesis Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65 4 2001 589-609
105. G.E. Wheller R. Varne J.D. Foden M.J. Abbott Geochemistry of Quaternary volcanism in the Sunda-Banda Arc, Indonesia, and three-component genesis of island-arc basaltic magmas S.D. Weaver R.W. Johnson Tectonic Controls on Magma Chemistry 1987 Elsevier Amsterdam 137-160
106. D.J. Whitford I.A. Nicholls Potassium variation in lavas across the Sunda Arc in Java and Bali R.W. Johnson Volcanism in Australasia 1976 Elsevier New York, N.Y. 63-75
107. D.J. Whitford I.A. Nicholls S.R. Taylor Spatial variations in the geochemistry of Quaternary lavas across the Sunda Arc in Java and Bali Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 70 3 1979 341-356
108. D. Woodhead R.W. Johnson Isotopic and trace-element profiles across the New Britain Island Arc, Papua New Guinea Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 113 1993 479-491
109. J.D. Woodhead S.M. Eggins J. Gamble High field strength and transition element systematics in island arc and back-arc basin basalts: Evidence for multi-phase melt extraction and a depleted mantle wedge Earth and Planetary Science Letters 114 1993 491-504
110. D.A. Wyman R. Kerrich Archean lamprophyre dikes of the Superior Province, Canada: Distribution, petrology, and geochemical characteristics Journal of Geophysical Research 94 B4 1989 4667-4696
111. D.A. Wyman R. Kerrich Archean shoshonitic lamprophyres of the Abitibi Subprovince, Canada: Petrogenesis, age and tectonic setting Journal of Petrology 34 6 1993 1067-1109
112. D.A. Wyman R. Kerrich D.I. Groves Lode gold deposits and Archean mantle plume-island arc interaction, Abitibi Subprovince, Canada The Journal of Geology 107 1999 715-725
113. Young, M., 2003. New structural, geochronological, and geochemical constraints on the tectonic assembly of the Archean Pickle Lake greenstone belt, Uchi subprovince, western Superior Province. Unpublished MSc thesis, Queens University, Canada: 182p.