Importance of Pre-Pregnancy and Pregnancy Iron Status: Can Long-Term Weekly Preventive Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation Achieve Desirable and Safe Status?

Nutrition Reviews

Volumn 63, Issue SUPPL.2, 2005, Pages

  Viteri, Fernando E ^a   Berger, Jacques ^b  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OAKLAND RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT   (France)

Author keywords

Anemia; Iron deficiency; Iron status; Women of reproductive age

Indexed keywords

FOLIC ACID; VITAMIN B COMPLEX;

ADULT; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; IRON INTAKE; NEURAL TUBE DEFECT; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

ADULT; ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FEMALE; FOLIC ACID; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; IRON, DIETARY; NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, HEMATOLOGIC; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; RISK FACTORS; VITAMIN B COMPLEX;

EID: 33644864517     PISSN: 00296643     EISSN: 17534887     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00163.x     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination Sub-Committee on Nutrition, International Food Policy Research Institute. 4th Report on the World Nutrition Situation. Nutrition Throughout the Life Cycle. January 2000;Geneva, Switzerland. Available online at: http:www.unsystem.orgscnPublications4RWNS4rwns.pdf. Accessed October 27, 2005.
2. Mason JB, Lotfi M., Dalmiya N., et al. The Micronutrient Report: Current Progress in the Control of Vitamin A, Iodine, and Iron Deficiencies. Ottawa: The Micronutrient Initiative International Development Research Center; 2001. Available online at: http:www.micronutrient.orgresourcespublicationsThe20Micronutrient20Report.htm. Accessed October 27, 2005.
3. Kim I., Hungerford DW, Yip R., et al. Pregnancy nutrition surveillance system-United States, 1979-1990. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1992;41:S25-S41.
4. Bodnar LM, Scanlon KS, Freedman DS, et al., High prevalence of postpartum anemia among low-income women in the United States Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:S438-S443.
5. Viteri FE, Ali F., Tujague J. Long-term weekly iron supplementation improves and sustains non-pregnant women's iron status as well or better than currently recommended short-term daily supplementation. J Nutr 1999;129:S2013-S2020.
6. Yip R. Iron deficiency: contemporary scientific issues and international programmatic approaches. J Nutr 1994;124:S1479S-S1490S.
7. Morasso M del C., Molero J., Vinocur P., et al. Iron deficiency and anemia in pregnant women from Chaco, Argentina. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2002;52:S336-S343.
8. Bothwell TH, Charlton R. Iron Deficiency in Women. Washington, DC: International Nutritional Anemia Group; 1981.
9. Hallberg L. Iron balance in pregnancy and lactation. In: Fomon SJ, Zlotkin S., eds. Nutritional Anemias. New York: Vevey/Raven Press; 1992.
10. Fernandez-Ballart J. Iron metabolism during pregnancy. Clin Drug Invest 2000;19:S9-S19.
11. Cook JD, Skikne BS, Lynch SR, Reusser ME. Estimates of iron sufficiency of the US population. Blood 1986;68:S726-S731.
12. Cook JD, Flowers CH, Skikne BS. The quantitative assessment of body iron. Blood 2003;101:S3359-S3364.
13. Kaufer M., Casaneuva E. Relation of pregnancy serum ferritin levels to Hb levels throughout pregnancy. Eur J Clin Nutr 1990;44:S709-S715.
14. Ronnenberg AG, Wood RJ, Wang X., et al. Preconception Hb and ferritin concentrations are associated with pregnancy outcome in a prospective cohort of Chinese women. J Nutr 2004;134:S2586-S2591.
15. Franzetti S., Mejfa LA, Viteri FE, Alvarez A. Body iron reserves of rural and urban Guatemalan women of reproductive age. Arch Latinoamer Nutr 1984;34:S69-S82.
16. Viteri FE, Alvarez E., Batres R., et al. Fortification of sugar with NaFeEDTA improves iron status in semi-rural populations in Guatemala. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:S1153-S1163.
17. Thuy PV, Berger J., Davidsson L., et al. Regular consumption of NaFeEDTA-fortified fish sauce improves iron status and reduces the prevalence of anemia in anemic Vietnamese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:S284-S290.
18. Thuy PV, Berger J., Nakanishi Y., et al. Effectiveness of NaFeEDTA fortified fish sauce in controlling iron deficiency in Vietnam. Abstract presented at the International Nutritional Anemia Group meeting;Lima, Peru;November 18, 2004.
19. Viteri FE. Iron supplementation for the control of iron deficiency in populations at risk. Nutr Rev 1997;55:S195-S209.
20. Zlotkin SH, Christofides AL, Hyder SM, et al. Controlling iron deficiency anemia through the use of home-fortified complementary foods. Ind J Pediatr 2004, 71: S1015-S1019.
21. Smuts CM, Lombard CJ, Benade S., et al. International Research on Infant Supplementation (IRIS) Study Group Efficacy of a foodlet-based multiple micronutrient supplement for preventing growth faltering, anemia, and micronutrient deficiency of infants: The Four Country IRIS Trial Pooled Data Analysis J Nutr 2005;135:S631-S638.
22. Hop LT, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient status and growth of Vietnamese infants: double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr 2005;135:S660S-S665S.
23. Angeles-Agdeppa I., Schultink W., Sastroamidjojo S., et al. Weekly micronutrient supplementation to build iron stores in female Indonesian adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:S177-S183.
24. Tee ES, Kandiah M., Awin N., et al. School-administered weekly iron-folate supplements improve Hb and ferritin concentrations in Malaysian adolescent girls. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:S1249-S1256.
25. Berger J., Thanh HTK, Cavalli-Sforza T., et al. Community mobilization and social marketing to promote weekly iron-folic acid supplementation in women of reproductive age in Vietnam: impact on anemia and iron status. Nutr Rev 2005;63:S95-S108.
26. Angeles-Agdeppa I., Paulino LS, Ramos AC, et al. Government-industry partnership in weekly iron-folic acid supplementation for women of reproductive age: impact on iron status. Nutr Rev 2005;63:S109-S115.
27. Crape BL, Kenefick E., Cavalli-Sforza T., Busch-Hallen J., Milani S., Kanal K. Positive impact of a weekly iron-folic acid supplement delivered with social marketing to Cambodian women: compliance, participation, and hemoglobin levels increase with higher socioeconomic status. Nutr Rev 2005;63(12):S134-S138.
28. DeMaeyer EM, ed. Preventing and Controlling Iron Deficiency Anaemia through Primary Health Care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1989;S58 pp.
29. Viteri FE. Prevention of iron deficiency. In: Howson CP, Kennedy E., Horwitz A., eds. Micronutrient Deficiencies: A Toolkit for Policymakers and Public Health Workers. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press; 1998:S45-S102.
30. Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Bendich A., et al. Use of multivitamin/mineral prenatal supplements: influence on the outcome of pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:S134-S141.
31. Stoltzfus RJ, Dreyfus ML, eds. INACG UNICEF Guidelines for the Use of Supplements to Prevent and Treat Iron Deficiency Anemia Washington, DC: ILSI Press; 1998;S39 pp.
32. WHO/UNICEF/UNU Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Assessment, Prevention, and Control. A guide for programme managers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001;S114 pp.
33. Goodnough LT, Skikne B., Brugnara C. Erythropoietin, iron, and erythropoiesis. Blood 2000;96:S823-S833.
34. Viteri FE, Liu XN, Martin A., Tolomei K. True absorption and retention of supplemental iron is more efficient when administered every-three-days rather than daily to iron-normal and iron-deficient rats. J Nutr 1995;125:S82-S91.
35. Viteri FE. Suplementacion con hierro para el control de la deficiencia de hierro en poblaciones en riesgo. In: O'Donnell AM, Viteri FE, Carmuega E., eds. Deficiencia De Hierro: Desnutricion Oculta en America Latina. Argentina: Centro de Estudios sobre Nutricion Infantil; 1997:S231-S257.
36. Knutson MD, Walter PB, Ames BN, Viteri FE. Both iron deficiency and daily iron supplements increase lipid peroxidation in rats. J Nutr 2000;130:S621-S628.
37. Walter PB, Knutson MD, Paler-Martinez A., et al. Iron deficiency and iron excess damage mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:S2264-S2269.
38. Srigiridhar K., Nair KM, Subramanian R., Singotamu L Oral repletion of iron induces free radical mediated alterations in the gastrointestinal tract of rat Mol Cell Biochem 2001;219:S91-S98.
39. Breuer W., Ronson A., Slotki IN, et al. The assessment of serum nontransferrin-bound iron in chela-tion therapy and iron supplementation. Blood 2000;95:S2975-S2982.
40. Mertz SD, Woodhouse LR, Donangelo CM, et al. Breath ethane excretion rate in young women is increased in daily iron but not in daily zinc supplementation. FASEB J 1999;13:SA216.
41. Viteri FE. Iron deficiency in children: new possibilities for its control. Int Child Health 1995;6:S49-S62.
42. Bothwell TH. Iron requirements in pregnancy and strategies to meet them. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:S257S-S264S.
43. Hytten FE, Leitch I., Baird D. The Physiology of Human Pregnancy. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell; 1971:S1-S43.
44. Viteri FE, Garcia Ibanez R., Torun B. Sodium iron NaFeEDTA as an iron fortification compound in Central America: absorption studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:S961-S971.
45. O'Brien KO, Zavaleta N., Caulfield LE, et al. Influence of prenatal iron and zinc supplements on supplemental iron absorption, red blood cell iron incorporation, and iron status in pregnant Peruvian women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:S509-S515.
46. Barrett JF, Whittaker PG, Williams JG, Lind T. Absorption of non-haem iron from food during normal pregnancy. BMJ 1994;309:S79-S82.
47. Letsky EA. Erythropoiesis in pregnancy. J Perinat Med 1995;23:S39-S45.
48. Hytten F. Blood volume changes in normal pregnancy. Clin Haematol 1985;14:S601-S612.
49. Viteri FE. Iron supplementation as a strategy for the control of iron deficiency and ferropenic anemia. Arch Latinoam Nutr 1999;49:S15S-S22S.
50. Cook JD, Reddy MB. Efficacy of weekly compared with daily iron supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62:S117-S120.
51. Pizarro F., Olivares M., Arredondo M., et al. Does Daily Iron Administration Produce a Mucosal Blockade? Wageningen, The Netherlands: European Academy of Nutritional Sciences; 1997.
52. Hallberg L Combating iron deficiency: daily administration of iron is far superior to weekly administration Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:S213-S217.
53. Beard JL. Weekly iron intervention: the case for intermittent iron supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:S209-S212.
54. Viteri FE, Mendoza C., Guiro A., et al. Daily and weekly supplementation and reference-dose iron (Fe) absorption in Berkeley, Ca. Dakar Senegal. FASEB J 1999;13: S536.
55. Svanberg B. Absorption of iron in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1975;48:S1-S108.
56. Mahomed K., Hytten F. Iron and folate supplementation in pregnancy. In: Chalmers, ed. Effective Care in Pregnancy. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1989:S301-S307.
57. Steer P., Alam MA, Wadsworth J. Relation between maternal haemoglobin concentration and birth weight in different ethnic groups. BMJ 1995;310:S489-S491.
58. Murphy JF, O'Riordan J, Newcombe, et al. Relation of haemoglobin levels in first and second trimesters to outcome of pregnancy. Lancet 1986;1:S992-S995.
59. Steer PJ. Maternal hemoglobin concentration and birth weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(suppl 5): S1285S-S1287S.
60. Xiong X., Buekens P., Alexander S., et al. Anemia during pregnancy and birth outcome: a meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol 2000;17:S137-S146.
61. Zhou LM, Yang WW, et al. Relation of hemoglobin measured at different times in pregnancy to preterm birth and low birth weight in Shanghai, China. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148:S998-S1006.
62. Pena-Rosas JP, Viteri FE. Routine oral iron supplementation with or without folic acid for women during pregnancy. An update. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;in press.
63. CDC criteria for anemia in children and childbearing-age women MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1989;38:S400-S404.
64. Beaton GH. Iron needs during pregnancy: do we need to rethink our targets Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:S265S-S271S.
65. Ekstrom EC, Hyder SM, Chowdhury, et al. Efficacy and trial effectiveness of weekly and daily iron supplementation among pregnant women in rural Bangladesh: disentangling the issues. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:S1392-S1400.
66. Borel MJ, Smith SM, Derr J., Beard JL Day-to-day variation in iron-status indices in healthy men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:S729-S735.
67. Cohen JH, Haas JD. The comparison of mixed distribution analysis with a three-criteria model as a method for estimating the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in Costa Rican children aged 12-23 months. Int J Epidemiol 1999;28:S82-S89.
68. Sjostedt, JE, Manner P., Nummi S., Eknved G. Oral iron prophylaxis during pregnancy: a comparative study on different dosage regimens. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1980;95:S43-S51.
69. Taylor DJ, Mallen C., McDougall N., Lind T. Effect of iron supplementation on serum ferritin levels during and after pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1982;89:S1011-S1017.
70. Puolakka J., Janne O., Pakarinen A., et al. Serum ferritin as a measure of iron stores during and after normal pregnancy with and without iron supplements. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1980;95:S43-S51.
71. Rush D. Nutrition and maternal mortality in the developing world. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72(suppl): S212S-S240S.
72. Klebanoff MA, Shiono PH, Selby JV, et al. Anemia and spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:S59-S63.
73. Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Fischer RL, Shearer JW. Anemia vs iron deficiency: increased risk of preterm delivery in a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:S985-S988.
74. Choi JW, Im MW, Pai SH. Serum transferrin receptor concentrations during normal pregnancy. Clin Chem 2000;46:S725-S727.
75. Milman N., Bergholt T., Eriksen L., et al. Iron prophylaxis during pregnancy: how much iron is needed? A randomized dose-response study of 20-80 mg ferrous iron daily in pregnant women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005;84:S238-S247.
76. Puolakka J., Janne O., Vihko R. Evaluation by serum ferritin assay of the influence of maternal iron stores on the iron status of newborns and infants. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1980;95:S53-S60.
77. Colomer J., Colomer C., Gutierrez D. Anemia during pregnancy as a risk factor for infant iron deficiency Report from the Valencia infant anemia cohort. In: Hercberg S., Galan P., Dupin H., eds. Recent Knowledge on Iron and Folate Deficiencies in the World. Colloque INSERM; 1990:S577-S582.
78. Preziosi P., Prual A., Galan P., et al. Effect of iron supplementation on the iron status of pregnant women: consequences for newborns. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:S1178-S1182.
79. Rasmussen K. Is there a causal relationship between iron deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia and weight at birth, length of gestation and perinatal mortality J Nutr 2001;131:S590S-S603S.
80. Menendez C., Todd J., Alonso PL, et al. The effects of iron supplementation during pregnancy, given by traditional birth attendants, on the prevalence of anaemia and malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994;88:S590-S593.
81. Hemminki Routine administration of iron and vitamins during pregnancy: a review of controlled clinical trials. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978;85:S404-S410.
82. Lachili B., Hininger I., Faure H., et al. Increased lipid peroxidation in pregnant women after iron and vitamin C supplementation. Biol Trace Elem Res 2001;83:S103-S110.
83. Lund CJ, Donovan JC. Blood volume during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1967;98:S393-S397.
84. Wallenburg HCS, van Eijk HG. Effect of oral iron supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and fetal iron status. J Perinat Med 1984;12:S7-S12.
85. Scanlon KS, Yip R., Schieve LA, Cogswell ME. High and low hemoglobin levels during pregnancy: differential risks for preterm birth and small for gestational age. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96(5):S741-S748.
86. Huisman A., Aarnoudse JG. Increased 2nd trimester hemoglobin concentration in pregnancies later complicated by hypertension and growth retardation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1986;65:S605-S608.
87. Casanueva E., Viteri FE. Iron and oxidative stress in pregnancy. J Nutr 2003;133:S1700S-S1708S.
88. Casanueva E., Erazo B., Rosales X., et al. Anemia, oxidative stress and iron supplementation on pregnant women. FASEB J 2005;98 SA3174.
89. Beaton G., McCabe GP. Efficacy of Intermittent Iron Supplementation in the Control of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Experience. Canada: Micronutrient Initiative; 2001.
90. Anderson SA, ed. Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Iron Deficiency in Women of Childbearing Age. Bethesda, MD: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology; 1991.
91. Institute of Medicine Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Recommended Guidelines for the Prevention, Detection, and Management Among U.S. Children and Women of Childbearing Age. Washington, DC National Academies Press; 1993.
92. Martinez Villarreal L., Perez JZ, Vazquez PA, et al. Decline of neural tube defects cases after a folic acid campaign in Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Teratology 2002;66:S249-S256.
93. Adank C., Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Briars B. Weekly high-dose folic acid supplementation is effective in lowering serum homocysteine concentrations in women. Ann Nutr Metab 2003;47:S55-S59.
94. Muslimatun S., Schmidt MK, Schultink W., et al. Weekly supplementation with iron and vitamin A during pregnancy increases hemoglobin concentration but decreases serum ferritin concentration in Indonesian pregnant women. J Nutr 2001;13:S85-S90.
95. Thu BD, Schultink W., Dillon D., et al. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:S80-S86.
96. Viteri FE. A new concept in the control of iron deficiency (ID): community-based preventive supplementation (PS) of at-risk groups by weekly intake of iron supplements. Biomed Environ Sci; 1998;11:S46-S60.