The development of impulsivity and suicidality in borderline personality disorder

Development and Psychopathology

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 1091-1104

  Paris, Joel ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; BORDERLINE STATE; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEMALE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; MALE; MENTAL INSTABILITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TEMPERAMENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER; CHILD; HUMANS; IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SUICIDE, ATTEMPTED; TEMPERAMENT;

EID: 33644846222     PISSN: 09545794     EISSN: 14692198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579405050510     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Achenbach, T. M., & McConaughy, S. H. (1997). Empirically based assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology, practical applications (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders - Text revision (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Becker, D. F., Grilo, C. M., Edell, W. S., & McGlashan, T. H. (2002). Diagnostic efficiency of borderline personality disorder criteria in hospitalized adolescents, comparison with hospitalized adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 2042-2047.
4. Bemporad, J. R., Smith, H. F., Hanson, G., & Cicchetti, D. (1982). Borderline syndromes in childhood, criteria for diagnosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 596-601.
5. Bernstein, D. P., Cohen, P., Skodol, A., Bezirganian, S., & Book, J. S. (1993). Prevalence and stability of the DSM-III personality disorders in a community based survey of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1237-1243.
6. Black, D. W. (1999). Bad boys, bad men, confronting antisocial personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
7. Block, M. J., Westen, D., Ludolph, P., Wixom, J., & Jackson, A. (1991). Distinguishing female borderline adolescents from normal and other disturbed female adolescents. Psychiatry, 54, 89-103.
8. Brent, D. A. (2001). Assessment and treatment of the youthful suicidal patient. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 932, 106-128.
9. Browne, A., & Finkelhor, D. (1986). Impact of child sexual abuse, a review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 66-77.
10. Cadoret, R. J., Yates, W. R., Troughton, E., Woodworth, G., & Stewart, M. A. (1995). Genetic environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 916-924
11. Caspi, A. (2000). The child is the father of the man, personality continuities from childhood to adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 158-172.
12. Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Morgan, J., Rutter, M., Taylor, A., Arseneault, L., et al. (2004). Maternal expressed emotion predicts children's antisocial behavior problems, using monozygotic-twin differences to identify environmental effects on behavioral development. Developmental Psychology, 40, 149-161.
13. Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Newman, D. L., & Silva, P. A. (1996). Behavioral observations at age three predict adult psychiatric disorders, longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1033-1039.
14. Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., et al. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression, moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301, 386-389.
15. Chambers, R. A., Taylor, J. R., & Potenza, M. N. (2003). Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence, a critical period of addiction vulnerability. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1041-1052.
16. Cicchetti, D. (1984). The emergence of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 1-7.
17. Cicchetti, D. (1993). Developmental psychopathology: Reactions, reflections, projections. Developmental Review, 13, 471-502.
18. Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 597-600.
19. Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2002). A developmental psychopathology perspective on adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 6-20.
20. Cloninger, R. C. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 573-588.
21. Coccaro, E. F., Siever, L. J., Klar, H. M., Maurer, G., Cochrane, K., Cooper, T. B., et al. (1989). Serotonergic studies in patients with affective and personality disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 587-599.
22. Cohen, D. J., Paul, R., & Volkmar, F. (1987). Issues in the classification of pervasive developmental disorders and associated conditions. In D. J. Cohen & A. M. Donnelean (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (pp. 20-39). New York: Wiley.
23. Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Kasen, S., & Velez, C. N. (1993). An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence, I. Age- and gender-specific prevalence. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 34, 851-867.
24. Costa, P. T., & Widiger, T. A. (Eds.). (2001). Personality disorders and the five factor model of personality (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
25. Cote, S., Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D., Zoccolillo, M., & Vitaro, F. (2002). The development of impulsivity, fearfulness, and helpfulness during childhood: Patterns of consistency and change in the trajectories of boys and girls. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 43, 609-618.
26. Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P., & Brook, J. S. (2001a). Dramatic-erratic personality disorder symptoms. I. Continuity from early adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 319-335.
27. Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P., & Brook, J. S. (2001b). Dramatic-erratic personality disorder symptoms, II. Developmental pathways from early adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 336-350.
28. Crick, N. R., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2003). The development of psychopathology in females and males, current progress and future challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 719-742.
29. Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 22, 491-517.
30. Depue, R. A., & Lenzenweger, M. (2001). A neurobehavioral dimensional model. In W. J. Livesley (Ed.), Handbook of personality disorders: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 137-176). New York: Guilford Press.
31. Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1997). Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 633-652.
32. Dubreuil, E., Ditto, B., Dionne, G., Pihl, R. O., Tremblay, R. E., Boivin, M., et al. (2003). Familiality of heart rate and cardiac-related autonomic activity in five-month-old twins, the Quebec newborn twins study. Psychophysiology, 40, 849-862.
33. Feldman, R. B., Zelkowitz, P., Weiss, M., Heyman, M., Vogel, J., & Paris, J. (1995). A comparison of the families of borderline personality disorder mothers and the families of other personality disorder mothers. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 36, 157-163.
34. Fergusson, D. M., Lynskey, M. T., & Horwood, J. (1996). Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood. II: Psychiatric outcomes of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1365-1374.
35. Fergusson, D. M., & Mullen, P. E. (1999). Childhood sexual abuse: An evidence based perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36. Garner, D. M., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1980). Socio-cultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 10, 647-656.
37. Garnet, K. E., Levy, K. N., Mattanah, J. F., Edell, W. S., & McGlashan, T. H. (1994). Borderline personality disorder in adolescents: Ubiquitous or specific? American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1380-1382.
38. Gerson, J., & Stanley, B. (2002). Suicidal and self-injurious behavior in personality disorder: Controversies and treatment directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 4, 30-38.
39. Goldman, S. J., D'Angelo, E. J., & DeMaso, D. R. (1993). Psychopathology in the families of children and adolescents with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1832-1835.
40. Goldman, S. J., D'Angelo, E. J., DeMaso, D. R., & Mezzacappa, E. (1992). Physical and sexual abuse histories among children with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1723-1726.
41. Goodman, G., Hull, J. W., Clarkin, J. F., & Yeomans, F. E. (1999). Childhood antisocial behaviors as predictors of psychotic symptoms and DSM-III-R borderline criteria among inpatients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 13, 35-46.
42. Gray, J. A. (1987). Perspectives on anxiety and impulsivity. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 493-509.
43. Greenman, D. A., Gunderson, J. G., Cane, M., & Saltzman, P. R. (1986) An examination of the borderline diagnosis in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 998-1002.
44. Grilo, C. M., Becker, D. F., Edell, W. S., & McGlashan, T. H. (2001). Stability and change of DSM-III-R personality disorder dimensions in adolescents followed up 2 years after psychiatric hospitalization. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 364-368.
45. Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., & Skodol, A. E. (2000). Stability and course of personality disorders. Psychiatric Quarterly, 71, 291-307.
46. Gunderson, J. G. (2001). Borderline personality disorder, a clinical guide. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
47. Gunderson, J. G., Bender, D., Sanislow, C., Yen, S., Rettew, J. B., Dolan-Sewell, R., et al. (2003). Plausibility and possible determinants of sudden "remissions" in borderline patients. Psychiatry, 66, 111-119.
48. Gunderson, J. G., & Zanarini, M. E. (1989). Pathogenesis of borderline personality. In A. Tasman, R. E. Hales, & A. J. Frances (Eds.), Review of psychiatry (Vol. 8, pp. 25-48). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
49. Guzder, J., Paris, J., Zelkowitz, P., & Feldman, R. (1999). Psychological risk factors for borderline pathology in school-aged children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 206-212.
50. Guzder, J., Paris, J., Zelkowitz, P., & Marchessault, K. (1996). Risk factors for borderline pathology in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 26-33.
51. Henry, C., Mitropoulou, V., New, A. S., Koenigsberg, H. W., Silverman, J., & Siever, L. J. (2001). Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: Similarities and differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 35, 307-312.
52. Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books.
53. Hinshaw, S. P. (2002). Process, mechanism, and explanation related to externalizing behavior in developmental psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 431-446.
54. Hinshaw, S. P. (2003). Impulsivity, emotion regulation, and developmental psychopathology, specificity versus generality of linkages. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1008, 149-159.
55. Horwitz, A. V., Widom, C. S., McLaughlin, J., & White, H. R. (2001). The impact of childhood abuse and neglect on adult mental health, a prospective study. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 42, 184-201.
56. Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., Vernon, P. A., & Jackson, D. N. (1996). Heritability of personality traits, a twin study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94, 438-444.
57. Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E. M., & Bernstein, D. P. (1999). Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 600-606.
58. Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (1999). Personality disorders in adolescence and risk of major mental disorders and suicidality during adulthood Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 805-811.
59. Kagan, J. (1994). Galen's prophecy. New York: Basic Books.
60. Kasen, S., Cohen, P., Skodol, A. E., Johnson, J. G., & Brook, J. S. (1999). Influence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders on young adult personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1529-1535.
61. Kernberg, P. F., Weiner, A. S., & Bardenstein, K. K. (2000). Personality disorders in children and adolescents. New York: Basic Books.
62. Kestenbaum, C. J. (1983). The borderline child at risk for major psychiatric disorder in adult life. In K. R. Robson (Ed.), The borderline child (pp. 49-82). New York: McGraw-Hill.
63. Koenigsberg, H. W., Harvey, P. D., Mitropolou, V., Schmeidler, J., New, A. S., Goodman, M., et al. (2002). Characterizing affective instability in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 784-788.
64. Krueger, R. F. (1999). The structure of common mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 921-926.
65. Krueger, R. F., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., & McGee, R. (1996). Personality traits are differentially linked to mental disorders: A multitrait multidiagnosis study of an adolescent birth cohort. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 299-312.
66. Kumra, S., Jacobsen, L. K., Lenane, M., Zahn, T. P., Wiggs, E., Alaghband-Rad, J., et al. (1998). "Multi-dimensionally impaired disorder": Is it a variant of very early-onset schizophrenia? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 91-99.
67. Lenzenweger, M. F., Loranger, A. W., Korfine, L., & Neff, C. (1997). Detecting personality disorders in a nonclinical population. Application of a 2-stage procedure for case identification. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 345-351.
68. Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., Klein, D. N., & Gotlib, I. H. (2000). Natural course of adolescent major depressive disorder in a community sample, predictors of recurrence in young adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1584-1591.
69. Leyton, M., Okazawa, H., Diksic, M., Paris, J., Rosa, P., & Mzengeza, S. (2001). Brain regional rate alpha-methyl {11} trapping in impulsive subjects with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 775-782.
70. Lincoln, A. J., Bloom, D., Katz, M., & Boksenbaym, N. (1998). Neuropsychological and neurophysiological indices of auditory processing impairment in children with multiple complex developmental disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 100-112.
71. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Dialectical behavioral therapy of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
72. Links, P. S., Heslegrave, R., & van Reekum, R. (1999). Impulsivity, core aspect of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 13, 131-139.
73. Livesley, W. J., Jang, K. L., & Vernon, P. A. (1998). Phenotypic and genetic structure of traits delineating personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 941-948.
74. Lofgren, D. P., Bemporad, J., King, J., Lindem, K., & O'Driscoll, G. (1991). A prospective follow-up study of so-called borderline children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1541-1545.
75. Looper, K., & Paris, J. (2000). What are the dimensions underlying Cluster B personality disorders? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 432-437.
76. Ludolph, P. S., Westen, D., & Misle, B. (1990). The borderline diagnosis in adolescents, symptoms and developmental history. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 470-476.
77. Malinovsky-Rummell, R., & Hansen, D. J. (1993). Long-term consequences of physical abuse. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 68-79.
78. Masse, L. C., & Tremblay, R. E. (1997). Behavior of boys in kindergarten and the onset of substance use during adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 62-68.
79. Mattanana, B. A., Becker, D. F., Levy, K. N., Edell, W. S., & McGlashan, T. H. (1995). Diagnostic stability in adolescents followed up 2 years after hospitalization. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 889-894.
80. Meijer, M., Goedhart, A. W., & Treffers, P. D. (1998). The persistence of borderline personality disorder in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 12, 13-22.
81. Millon, T. (1993). Borderline personality disorder, a psychosocial epidemic. In J. Paris (Ed.), Borderline personality disorder, etiology and treatment (pp. 197-210). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
82. Millon, T. (2000). Personality disorders in modern life. New York: Wiley.
83. Moffitt, T. E. (1993). "Life-course persistent" and "adolescence-limited" antisocial behavior, a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674-701.
84. Nicolson, R., Lenane, M., Brookner, F., Gochman, P., Kumra, S., Spechler, L., et al. (2001). Children and adolescents with psychotic disorder not otherwise specified: A 2- to 8-year follow-up study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 319-325.
85. O'Leary, K. M. (2000). Borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychological testing results. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23, 41-60.
86. Paris, J. (1994). Borderline personality disorder, a multi-dimensional approach. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
87. Paris, J. (1995). Memories of abuse in BPD, true or false? Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 3, 10-17.
88. Paris, J. (1996). Social factors in the personality disorders. New York: Cambridge University Press.
89. Paris, J. (1997). Antisocial and borderline personality disorders, two separate diagnoses or two aspects of the same psychopathology? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38, 237-242.
90. Paris, J. (1998). Anxious traits, anxious attachment, and anxious cluster personality disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 6, 142-148.
91. Paris, J. (2000a). Myths of childhood. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel.
92. Paris, J. (2000b). Childhood precursors of borderline personality disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23, 77-88.
93. Paris, J. (2002). Chronic suicidality in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatric Services, 53, 738-742.
94. Paris, J. (2003). Personality disorders over time. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
95. Paris, J., Zelkowitz, P., Guzder, J., Joseph, S., & Feldman, R (1999) Neuropsychological factors associated with borderline pathology in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 770-774.
96. Paris, J., Zweig-Frank, H., Ng, F., Schwartz, G., Steiger, H., Nair, X. (2004). Neurobiological correlates of diagnosis and underlying traits in patients with borderline personality disorder compared with normal controls. Psychiatry Research, 121, 239-252.
97. Pepper, C. M., Klein, D. N., Anderson, R. L., Riso, L. P., Ouimette, P. C., & Lizardi, H. (1995). DSM-III-R Axis II comorbidity in dysthymia and major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 239-247.
98. Petti, T. A., & Vela, R. M. (1990). Borderline disorders of childhood: An overview. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 327-337.
99. Pfeffer, C. (2000). Suicidal behavior in children: An emphasis on developmental influences. In K. Hawton & K. van Heeringen (Eds.), The International handbook of suicide and attempted suicide (pp. 237-248). New York: Wiley.
100. Pfohl, B., Coryell, W., Zimmerman, M., & Stangl, D. (1986). DSM-III personality disorders, diagnostic overlap and internal consistency of individual DSM-III criteria. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 27, 21-34.
101. Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E., & Rutter, M. M. (2000). Behavioral genetics: A primer (3rd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.
102. Rey, J. M., Singh, M., Morris-Yates, A., & Andrews, G. (1997). Referred adolescents as young adults. The relationship between psychosocial functioning and personality disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 219-226.
103. Rind, B., & Tromovitch, P. (1997). A meta-analytic review of findings from national samples on psychological correlates of child sexual abuse. Journal of Sexual Research, 34, 237-255.
104. Robins, L. N. (1966). Deviant children grown up. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
105. Robins, L. N. (1978). Sturdy childhood predictors of adult outcome. Psychological Medicine, 8, 611-622.
106. Robins, L. N, & Regier, D. A. (Eds.). (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America. New York: Free Press.
107. Rusch, K. M., Guastello, S. J., & Mason, P. T. (1992). Differentiating symptom clusters of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 730-738.
108. Rutter, M. (1987a). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-331.
109. Rutter, M. (1987b). Temperament, personality, and personality development. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 443-448.
110. Rutter, M. (1989). Pathways from childhood to adult life. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 30, 23-51.
111. Samuels, J., Eaton, W. W., Bienvenu, J., Clayton, P., Brown, H., Costa, P. T., et al. (2002). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 536-542.
112. Schuckit, M. A., & Smith, T. L. (1996). An 8 year follow-up of 450 sons of alcoholic and control subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 202-210.
113. 18F-fluorodeoxyglcuose positron emission tomography. Neuropychopharmacology, 20, 413-423.
114. Siever, L. J., & Davis, K. L. (1991). A psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1647-1658.
115. Soloff, P. H., Lynch, K. G., Kelly, T. M., Malone, K. M., & Mann, J. J. (2000). Characteristics of suicide attempts of patients with major depressive episode and borderline personality disorder: A comparative study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 601-608.
116. Stein, D. J., Hollander, E., Cohen, L., & Frenkel, M. (1993). Neuropsychiatric impairment in impulsive personality disorders. Psychiatry Research, 48, 257-266.
117. Swartz, M., Blazer, D., George, L., & Winfield, I. (1990). Estimating the prevalence of borderline personality disorder in the community. Journal of Personality Disorders, 4, 257-272.
118. Torgersen, S., Kringlen, E., & Cramer, V. (2001). The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 590-596.
119. Torgersen, S., Lygren, S., Oien, P. A., Skre, I., Onstad, S., Edvardsen, J., et al. (2000). A twin study of personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 416-425.
120. Tremblay, R. E., Pihl, R. O., Vitaro, F., & Dobkin, P. L. (1994). Predicting early onset of male antisocial behavior from preschool behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 732-739.
121. Trull, T. J., Widiger, T. A., Lynam, D. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Borderline personality disorder from the perspective of general personality functioning. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 193-202.
122. Weiss, M., Zelkowitz, P., Feldman, R., Vogel, J., Heyman, M., & Paris, J. (1996). Psychopathology in offspring of mothers with borderline personality disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 285-290.
123. Weissman, M. M., & Klerman, G. L. (1985). Gender and depression. Trends in Neuroscience, 8, 416-420.
124. Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds, high risk children from birth to adulthood. New York: Cornell University Press.
125. White, C. N., Gunderson, J. G., Zanarini, M. C., Hudson, J. I. (2002). Family studies of borderline personality disorder: A review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12, 118-119.
126. Widom, C. (1999). Childhood victimization and the development of personality disorder, unanswered questions remain. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 607-608.
127. Widom, C. S., & Kuhns, J. B. (1996). Childhood victimization and subsequent risk for promiscuity, prostitution, and teenage pregnancy, a prospective study. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1607-1612.
128. Zanarini, M. C. (1993). Borderline personality as an impulse spectrum disorder. In J. Paris (Ed.), Borderline personality disorder, etiology and treatment (pp. 67-86). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
129. Zanarini, M. C. (2000). Childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23, 89-101.
130. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Dubo, E. D., Sickel, A. E., Trikha, A., Levin, A., & Reynolds, V. (1998). Axis I comorbidity of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1733-1739.
131. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., & Silk, K. R. (2003) The longitudinal course of borderline psychopathology: 6-year prospective follow-up of the phenomenology of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 274-283.
132. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Khera, G. S., & Bleichmar, J. (2001). Treatment histories of borderline inpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 144-150.
133. Zanarini, M. C., Gunderson, J. G., & Frankenburg, F. R. (1990). Cognitive features of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 57-63.
134. Zelkowitz, P., Guzder, J., Paris, J., Feldman, R., & Roy, C. (2004). Follow-up of children with and without borderline pathology. Presented at the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, September 2004.
135. Zoccolillo, M., Tremblay, R., & Vitaro, F. (1996). DSM-III-R and DSM-III criteria for conduct disorder in preadolescent girls: Specific but insensitive. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 461-470.
136. Zweig-Frank, H., & Paris, J. (1995). The five factor model of personality in borderline personality disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 523-526.