메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 11, 2005, Pages 735-764

Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure executive summary (update 2005);Linee guida per la diagnosi e il trattamento dello scompenso cardiaco cronico: Riassunto esecutivo (revisione 2005)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; AMILORIDE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BISOPROLOL; BUMETANIDE; CAPTOPRIL; CARVEDILOL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ENALAPRIL; FUROSEMIDE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; INDAPAMIDE; LISINOPRIL; METOLAZONE; METOPROLOL SUCCINATE; NEBIVOLOL; POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETIC AGENT; RAMIPRIL; SPIRONOLACTONE; TORASEMIDE; TRANDOLAPRIL; TRIAMTERENE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASODILATOR AGENT; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT;

EID: 33644793019     PISSN: 11294728     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (5)

References (168)
  • 1
    • 0029053086 scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the diagnosis of heart failure
    • The Task Force on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology
    • The Task Force on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines for the diagnosis of heart failure. Eur Heart J 1995; 16: 741-51.
    • (1995) Eur Heart J , vol.16 , pp. 741-751
  • 2
    • 0030979613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The treatment of heart failure
    • The Task Force of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology
    • The Task Force of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. The treatment of heart failure. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 736-53.
    • (1997) Eur Heart J , vol.18 , pp. 736-753
  • 3
    • 17944374924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure
    • Remme WJ, Swedberg K. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1527-60.
    • (2001) Eur Heart J , vol.22 , pp. 1527-1560
    • Remme, W.J.1    Swedberg, K.2
  • 4
    • 0032127076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to diagnose diastolic heart failure
    • European Study Group on Diastolic Heart Failure
    • European Study Group on Diastolic Heart Failure. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 990-1003.
    • (1998) Eur Heart J , vol.19 , pp. 990-1003
  • 5
    • 0032972473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in the general population
    • Mosterd A, Hoes AW, de Bruyne MC, et al. Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in the general population. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 447-55.
    • (1999) Eur Heart J , vol.20 , pp. 447-455
    • Mosterd, A.1    Hoes, A.W.2    De Bruyne, M.C.3
  • 6
    • 0030882421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symptomatic and asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population
    • McDonagh TA, Morrison CE, Lawrence A, et al. Symptomatic and asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population. Lancet 1997; 350: 829-33.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.350 , pp. 829-833
    • McDonagh, T.A.1    Morrison, C.E.2    Lawrence, A.3
  • 7
    • 0034937939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The heart failure epidemic: Exactly how big is it?
    • Cleland JG, Khand A, Clark A. The heart failure epidemic: exactly how big is it? Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 623-6.
    • (2001) Eur Heart J , vol.22 , pp. 623-626
    • Cleland, J.G.1    Khand, A.2    Clark, A.3
  • 8
    • 0027438295 scopus 로고
    • Trends in hospitalization for heart failure in Scotland 1980-1990
    • McMurray J, McDonagh T, Morrison CE, et al. Trends in hospitalization for heart failure in Scotland 1980-1990. Eur Heart J 1993; 14: 1158-62.
    • (1993) Eur Heart J , vol.14 , pp. 1158-1162
    • McMurray, J.1    McDonagh, T.2    Morrison, C.E.3
  • 9
    • 0033494834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the prognosis of heart failure improving?
    • Cleland JG, Gemmell I, Khand A, et al. Is the prognosis of heart failure improving? Eur J Heart Fail 1999; 1: 229-41.
    • (1999) Eur J Heart Fail , vol.1 , pp. 229-241
    • Cleland, J.G.1    Gemmell, I.2    Khand, A.3
  • 10
    • 0037336371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Euro Heart Failure Survey Programme - A survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: Patient characteristics and diagnosis
    • Cleland JG, Swedberg K, Follath F, et al. The Euro Heart Failure Survey Programme - a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 442-63.
    • (2003) Eur Heart J , vol.24 , pp. 442-463
    • Cleland, J.G.1    Swedberg, K.2    Follath, F.3
  • 11
    • 0027471513 scopus 로고
    • Echocardiography in chronic heart failure in the community
    • Wheeldon NM, MacDonald TM, Flucker CJ, et al. Echocardiography in chronic heart failure in the community. Q J Med 1993; 86: 17-23.
    • (1993) Q J Med , vol.86 , pp. 17-23
    • Wheeldon, N.M.1    MacDonald, T.M.2    Flucker, C.J.3
  • 12
    • 0025762490 scopus 로고
    • Validity of clinical diagnosis of heart failure in primary health care
    • Remes J, Miettinen H, Reunanen A, et al. Validity of clinical diagnosis of heart failure in primary health care. Eur Heart J 1991; 12: 315-21.
    • (1991) Eur Heart J , vol.12 , pp. 315-321
    • Remes, J.1    Miettinen, H.2    Reunanen, A.3
  • 13
    • 20044379730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure: The Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology
    • the ESC Committee for Practice Guideline
    • Nieminen MS, Bohm M, Cowie MR, et al, the ESC Committee for Practice Guideline. Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure: the Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 384-416.
    • (2005) Eur Heart J , vol.26 , pp. 384-416
    • Nieminen, M.S.1    Bohm, M.2    Cowie, M.R.3
  • 14
    • 0842265892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function
    • McMurray J, Swedberg K, Hogg K. Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 317-27.
    • (2004) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.43 , pp. 317-327
    • McMurray, J.1    Swedberg, K.2    Hogg, K.3
  • 15
    • 0008635247 scopus 로고
    • Heart failure
    • Wood P, ed. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode
    • Wood P. Heart failure. In: Wood P, ed. Diseases of the heart and circulation. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1950.
    • (1950) Diseases of the Heart and Circulation
    • Wood, P.1
  • 16
    • 1342271075 scopus 로고
    • Heart failure: An overview
    • Fishma AP, ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
    • Braunwald E. Heart failure: an overview. In: Fishma AP, ed. Heart failure. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1977.
    • (1977) Heart Failure
    • Braunwald, E.1
  • 18
    • 0001972111 scopus 로고
    • Chronic heart failure: Causes, pathophysiology, prognosis, clinical manifestations, investigation
    • Julian DG, Camm AJ, Fox KM, Hall RJ, Poole-Wilson PA, eds. London: Bailliere-Tindall
    • Poole-Wilson PA. Chronic heart failure: causes, pathophysiology, prognosis, clinical manifestations, investigation. In: Julian DG, Camm AJ, Fox KM, Hall RJ, Poole-Wilson PA, eds. Diseases of the heart. London: Bailliere-Tindall, 1989: 48.
    • (1989) Diseases of the Heart , pp. 48
    • Poole-Wilson, P.A.1
  • 19
    • 0041356972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the community
    • Wang TJ, Evans JC, Benjamin EJ, et al. Natural history of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the community. Circulation 2003; 108: 977-82.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.108 , pp. 977-982
    • Wang, T.J.1    Evans, J.C.2    Benjamin, E.J.3
  • 20
    • 0022578504 scopus 로고
    • Factors determining symptoms in heart failure: Comparison of fast and slow exercise tests
    • Lipkin DP, Canepa-Anson R, Stephens MR, et al. Factors determining symptoms in heart failure: comparison of fast and slow exercise tests. Br Heart J 1986; 55: 439-45.
    • (1986) Br Heart J , vol.55 , pp. 439-445
    • Lipkin, D.P.1    Canepa-Anson, R.2    Stephens, M.R.3
  • 21
    • 0027931479 scopus 로고
    • Increased alveolar/capillary membrane resistance to gas transfer in patients with chronic heart failure
    • Puri S, Baker BL, Oakley CM, et al. Increased alveolar/capillary membrane resistance to gas transfer in patients with chronic heart failure. Br Heart J 1994; 72: 140-4.
    • (1994) Br Heart J , vol.72 , pp. 140-144
    • Puri, S.1    Baker, B.L.2    Oakley, C.M.3
  • 22
    • 0027420930 scopus 로고
    • Bedside cardiovascular examination in patients with severe chronic heart failure: Importance of rest or inducible jugular venous distension
    • Butman SM, Ewy GA, Standen JR, et al. Bedside cardiovascular examination in patients with severe chronic heart failure: importance of rest or inducible jugular venous distension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 968-74.
    • (1993) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.22 , pp. 968-974
    • Butman, S.M.1    Ewy, G.A.2    Standen, J.R.3
  • 23
    • 0024497513 scopus 로고
    • The limited reliability of physical signs for estimating hemodynamics in chronic heart failure
    • Stevenson LW, Perloff JK. The limited reliability of physical signs for estimating hemodynamics in chronic heart failure. JAMA 1989; 10: 884-8.
    • (1989) JAMA , vol.10 , pp. 884-888
    • Stevenson, L.W.1    Perloff, J.K.2
  • 24
    • 0023829274 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between left ventricular systolic function and congestive heart failure diagnosed by clinical criteria
    • Marantz PR, Tobin JN, Wassertheil-Smoller S, et al. The relationship between left ventricular systolic function and congestive heart failure diagnosed by clinical criteria. Circulation 1988; 77: 607-12.
    • (1988) Circulation , vol.77 , pp. 607-612
    • Marantz, P.R.1    Tobin, J.N.2    Wassertheil-Smoller, S.3
  • 25
    • 0031824977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical definition and epidemiology of advanced heart failure
    • Adams KF, Zannad F. Clinical definition and epidemiology of advanced heart failure. Am Heart J 1998; 135: S204-S215.
    • (1998) Am Heart J , vol.135
    • Adams, K.F.1    Zannad, F.2
  • 26
    • 0014138362 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit. A two-year experience with 250 patients
    • Killip T, Kimball JT. Treatment of myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit. A two-year experience with 250 patients. Am J Cardiol 1967; 20: 457-64.
    • (1967) Am J Cardiol , vol.20 , pp. 457-464
    • Killip, T.1    Kimball, J.T.2
  • 27
    • 0142087596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic importance of physical examination for heart failure in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: The enduring value of Killip classification
    • Khot UN, Jia G, Moliterno DJ, et al. Prognostic importance of physical examination for heart failure in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: the enduring value of Killip classification. JAMA 2003; 290: 2174-81.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 2174-2181
    • Khot, U.N.1    Jia, G.2    Moliterno, D.J.3
  • 28
    • 0042890654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features and contemporary management of patients with low and preserved ejection fraction heart failure: Baseline characteristics of patients in the Candesartan in Heart failure - Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme
    • McMurray J, Ostergren J, Pfeffer M, et al. Clinical features and contemporary management of patients with low and preserved ejection fraction heart failure: baseline characteristics of patients in the Candesartan in Heart failure - Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme. Eur J Heart Fail 2003; 5: 261-70.
    • (2003) Eur J Heart Fail , vol.5 , pp. 261-270
    • McMurray, J.1    Ostergren, J.2    Pfeffer, M.3
  • 29
    • 0033864121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of brain natriuretic peptide as marker of left ventricular dysfunction and hypertrophy in the population
    • Luchner A, Burnett JC Jr, Jougasaki M, et al. Evaluation of brain natriuretic peptide as marker of left ventricular dysfunction and hypertrophy in the population. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 1121-8.
    • (2000) J Hypertens , vol.18 , pp. 1121-1128
    • Luchner, A.1    Burnett Jr., J.C.2    Jougasaki, M.3
  • 30
    • 0036000777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The circulating levels of cardiac natriuretic hormones in healthy adults: Effects of age and sex
    • Clerico A, Del Ry S, Maffei S, et al. The circulating levels of cardiac natriuretic hormones in healthy adults: effects of age and sex. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002; 40: 371-7.
    • (2002) Clin Chem Lab Med , vol.40 , pp. 371-377
    • Clerico, A.1    Del Ry, S.2    Maffei, S.3
  • 31
    • 0030806988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of compensation of endogenous cardiac natriuretic peptide system in chronic heart failure: Prognostic role of plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration in patients with chronic symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction
    • Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Maeda K, et al. Attenuation of compensation of endogenous cardiac natriuretic peptide system in chronic heart failure: prognostic role of plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration in patients with chronic symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1997; 96: 509-16.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 509-516
    • Tsutamoto, T.1    Wada, A.2    Maeda, K.3
  • 32
    • 0346156029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain natriuretic peptide predicts right heart failure in patients with acute pulmonary embolism
    • Krüger S, Graf J, Merx MW, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide predicts right heart failure in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Am Heart J 2004; 147: 60-5.
    • (2004) Am Heart J , vol.147 , pp. 60-65
    • Krüger, S.1    Graf, J.2    Merx, M.W.3
  • 33
    • 0037130155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure
    • Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 161-7.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.347 , pp. 161-167
    • Maisel, A.S.1    Krishnaswamy, P.2    Nowak, R.M.3
  • 34
    • 0032127076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to diagnose diastolic heart failure
    • Working Group Report. European Study Group on Diastolic Heart Failure
    • Working Group Report. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure. European Study Group on Diastolic Heart Failure. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 990-1003.
    • (1998) Eur Heart J , vol.19 , pp. 990-1003
  • 35
    • 0034702499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do patients with suspected heart failure and preserved left ventricular systolic function suffer from "diastolic heart failure" or from misdiagnosis? A prospective descriptive study
    • Caruana L, Petrie MC, Davie AP, et al. Do patients with suspected heart failure and preserved left ventricular systolic function suffer from "diastolic heart failure" or from misdiagnosis? A prospective descriptive study. BMJ 2000; 321: 215-8.
    • (2000) BMJ , vol.321 , pp. 215-218
    • Caruana, L.1    Petrie, M.C.2    Davie, A.P.3
  • 36
    • 0024992169 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the early transmitral Doppler velocity curve: Effect of primary physiologic changes and compensatory preload adjustment
    • Thomas JD, Choong CY, Flachskampf FA, et al. Analysis of the early transmitral Doppler velocity curve: effect of primary physiologic changes and compensatory preload adjustment. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 16: 644-55.
    • (1990) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.16 , pp. 644-655
    • Thomas, J.D.1    Choong, C.Y.2    Flachskampf, F.A.3
  • 37
    • 0030751956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of mitral annulus velocity by Doppler tissue imaging in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function
    • Sohn DW, Chai IH, Lee DJ, et al. Assessment of mitral annulus velocity by Doppler tissue imaging in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 474-80.
    • (1997) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.30 , pp. 474-480
    • Sohn, D.W.1    Chai, I.H.2    Lee, D.J.3
  • 38
    • 0034517838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in sample size for studies of remodeling in heart failure by the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance
    • Bellenger NG, Davies LC, Francis JM, Coats AJ, Pennell DJ. Reduction in sample size for studies of remodeling in heart failure by the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2000; 2: 271-8.
    • (2000) J Cardiovasc Magn Reson , vol.2 , pp. 271-278
    • Bellenger, N.G.1    Davies, L.C.2    Francis, J.M.3    Coats, A.J.4    Pennell, D.J.5
  • 39
    • 0842304408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interstudy reproducibility of right ventricular volumes, function, and mass with cardiovascular magnetic resonance
    • Grothues F, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Smith GS, Klein HU, Pennell DJ. Interstudy reproducibility of right ventricular volumes, function, and mass with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am Heart J 2004; 147: 218-23.
    • (2004) Am Heart J , vol.147 , pp. 218-223
    • Grothues, F.1    Moon, J.C.2    Bellenger, N.G.3    Smith, G.S.4    Klein, H.U.5    Pennell, D.J.6
  • 40
    • 0242654867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: Results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials
    • Turnbull F. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 362: 1527-35.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 1527-1535
    • Turnbull, F.1
  • 41
    • 0030972278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure
    • Anker SD, Ponikowski P, Varney S, et al. Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure. Lancet 1997; 349: 1050-3.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 1050-1053
    • Anker, S.D.1    Ponikowski, P.2    Varney, S.3
  • 42
    • 0034944272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for exercise testing in chronic heart failure patients
    • Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology
    • Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Recommendations for exercise testing in chronic heart failure patients. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 37-45.
    • (2001) Eur Heart J , vol.22 , pp. 37-45
  • 43
    • 0026785561 scopus 로고
    • Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions
    • The SOLVD Investigators
    • The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 685-91.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 685-691
  • 44
    • 0026786643 scopus 로고
    • Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial
    • The SAVE Investigators
    • Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 669-77.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 669-677
    • Pfeffer, M.A.1    Braunwald, E.2    Moye, L.A.3
  • 45
    • 9044239676 scopus 로고
    • Effects on mortality by trandolapril after myocardial infarction
    • Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, et al. Effects on mortality by trandolapril after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1670-6.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 1670-1676
    • Kober, L.1    Torp-Pedersen, C.2    Carlsen, J.E.3
  • 46
    • 0037716744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of enalapril on 12-year survival and life expectancy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: A follow-up study
    • Jong P, Yusuf S, Rousseau MF, et al. Effect of enalapril on 12-year survival and life expectancy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a follow-up study. Lancet 2003; 361: 1843-8.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , pp. 1843-1848
    • Jong, P.1    Yusuf, S.2    Rousseau, M.F.3
  • 47
    • 0010838455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: A systematic overview of data from individual patients
    • ACE-Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group
    • Flather M, Yusuf S, Kober L, et al. Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. ACE-Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Lancet 2000; 355: 1575-81.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 1575-1581
    • Flather, M.1    Yusuf, S.2    Kober, L.3
  • 48
    • 0023266532 scopus 로고
    • Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS)
    • The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group
    • The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1429-35.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.316 , pp. 1429-1435
  • 49
    • 0027423378 scopus 로고
    • Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure
    • The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AlRE) Study Investigators
    • The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AlRE) Study Investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 1993; 342: 821-8.
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.342 , pp. 821-828
  • 50
    • 0030161151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Objective assessment of the response to treatment of severe heart failure using a 9-minute walk test on a patient-powered treadmill
    • Kaddoura S, Patel D, Parameshwar J, et al. Objective assessment of the response to treatment of severe heart failure using a 9-minute walk test on a patient-powered treadmill. J Card Fail 1996; 2: 133-9.
    • (1996) J Card Fail , vol.2 , pp. 133-139
    • Kaddoura, S.1    Patel, D.2    Parameshwar, J.3
  • 51
    • 0023276509 scopus 로고
    • Untreated heart failure: Clinical and neuroendocrine effects of introducing diuretics
    • Bayliss J, Norell M, Canepa-Anson R, Sutton G, Poole-Wilson P. Untreated heart failure: clinical and neuroendocrine effects of introducing diuretics. Br Heart J 1987; 57: 17-22.
    • (1987) Br Heart J , vol.57 , pp. 17-22
    • Bayliss, J.1    Norell, M.2    Canepa-Anson, R.3    Sutton, G.4    Poole-Wilson, P.5
  • 52
    • 0029937949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure
    • US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group
    • Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1349-55.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.334 , pp. 1349-1355
    • Packer, M.1    Bristow, M.R.2    Cohn, J.N.3
  • 53
    • 0031050642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease
    • Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group
    • Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1997; 349: 375-80.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 375-380
  • 54
    • 0035978763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure
    • Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1651-8.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 1651-1658
    • Packer, M.1    Coats, A.J.2    Fowler, M.B.3
  • 55
    • 0033514046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): A randomised trial
    • CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees
    • CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 9-13.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 9-13
  • 56
    • 0033549290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure. Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF)
    • MERIT-HF Study Group
    • MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure. Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999; 353: 2001-7.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 2001-2007
  • 57
    • 0034142256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of metoprolol CR in patients with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy: The randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction pilot study
    • Effects of metoprolol CR in patients with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy: the randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction pilot study. Circulation 2000; 101: 378-84.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.101 , pp. 378-384
  • 58
    • 13544258730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS)
    • for the SENIORS Investigators
    • Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJ, et al, for the SENIORS Investigators. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 215-25.
    • (2005) Eur Heart J , vol.26 , pp. 215-225
    • Flather, M.D.1    Shibata, M.C.2    Coats, A.J.3
  • 59
    • 0035810547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: The CAPRICORN randomised trial
    • Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1385-90.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 1385-1390
  • 60
    • 0035978801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure
    • The Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial Investigators
    • The Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial Investigators. A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1659-67.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 1659-1667
  • 61
    • 3142776467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): Randomised controlled trial
    • Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 7-13.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 7-13
    • Poole-Wilson, P.A.1    Swedberg, K.2    Cleland, J.G.3
  • 62
    • 0033517302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure
    • Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators
    • Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 709-17.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 709-717
    • Pitt, B.1    Zannad, F.2    Remme, W.J.3
  • 63
    • 0037417252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction
    • Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1309-21.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 1309-1321
    • Pitt, B.1    Remme, W.2    Zannad, F.3
  • 64
    • 0041909380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: The CHARM-Alternative trial
    • for the CHARM Investigators and Committees
    • Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, et al, for the CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting- enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 772-6.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 772-776
    • Granger, C.B.1    McMurray, J.J.2    Yusuf, S.3
  • 65
    • 0042410539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: The CHARM-Overall programme
    • for the CHARM Investigators and Committees
    • Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, et al, for the CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 2003; 362: 759-66.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 759-766
    • Pfeffer, M.A.1    Swedberg, K.2    Granger, C.B.3
  • 66
    • 0037120958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure not receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
    • Maggioni AP, Anand I, Gottlieb SO, et al. Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure not receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1414-21.
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.40 , pp. 1414-1421
    • Maggioni, A.P.1    Anand, I.2    Gottlieb, S.O.3
  • 67
    • 0035818884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure
    • for the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators
    • Cohn JN, Tognoni G, for the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1667-75.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1667-1675
    • Cohn, J.N.1    Tognoni, G.2
  • 68
    • 0242490542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both
    • Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1893-906.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.349 , pp. 1893-1906
    • Pfeffer, M.A.1    McMurray, J.J.2    Velazquez, E.J.3
  • 69
    • 0041408235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: The CHARM-Added trial
    • for the CHARM Investigators and Committees
    • McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al, for the CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting- enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 767-71.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 767-771
    • McMurray, J.J.1    Ostergren, J.2    Swedberg, K.3
  • 70
    • 0037028607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Jong P, Demers C, McKelvie RS, et al. Angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 463-70.
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.39 , pp. 463-470
    • Jong, P.1    Demers, C.2    McKelvie, R.S.3
  • 71
    • 0346730898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology: CHARM, BASEL, EUROPA and ESTEEM
    • Coletta AP, Cleland JG, Freemantle N, Loh H, Memon A, Clark AL. Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology: CHARM, BASEL, EUROPA and ESTEEM. Eur J Heart Fail 2003; 5: 697-704.
    • (2003) Eur J Heart Fail , vol.5 , pp. 697-704
    • Coletta, A.P.1    Cleland, J.G.2    Freemantle, N.3    Loh, H.4    Memon, A.5    Clark, A.L.6
  • 72
    • 0034124255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of the management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure
    • Khand AU, Rankin AC, Kaye GC, et al. Systematic review of the management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 614-32.
    • (2000) Eur Heart J , vol.21 , pp. 614-632
    • Khand, A.U.1    Rankin, A.C.2    Kaye, G.C.3
  • 73
    • 0001648756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Digoxin or carvedilol for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure?
    • (abstr)
    • Khand AU, Rankin AC, Martin W, et al. Digoxin or carvedilol for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure? (abstr) Heart 2000; 83: 30.
    • (2000) Heart , vol.83 , pp. 30
    • Khand, A.U.1    Rankin, A.C.2    Martin, W.3
  • 74
    • 19644400578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure
    • Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2049-57.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 2049-2057
    • Taylor, A.L.1    Ziesche, S.2    Yancy, C.3
  • 75
    • 0022623381 scopus 로고
    • Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study
    • Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 1547-52.
    • (1986) N Engl J Med , vol.314 , pp. 1547-1552
    • Cohn, J.N.1    Archibald, D.G.2    Ziesche, S.3
  • 76
    • 0030835847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of the calcium antagonist felodipine as supplementary vasodilator therapy in patients with chronic heart failure treated with enalapril: V-HeFT III
    • Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT) Study Group
    • Cohn JN, Ziesche S, Smith R, et al. Effect of the calcium antagonist felodipine as supplementary vasodilator therapy in patients with chronic heart failure treated with enalapril: V-HeFT III. Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT) Study Group. Circulation 1997; 96: 856-63.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 856-863
    • Cohn, J.N.1    Ziesche, S.2    Smith, R.3
  • 77
    • 0034044306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical trials update: OPTIME-CHF, PRAISE-2, ALL-HAT
    • Thackray S, Witte K, Clark AL, et al. Clinical trials update: OPTIME-CHF, PRAISE-2, ALL-HAT. Eur J Heart Fail 2000; 2: 209-12.
    • (2000) Eur J Heart Fail , vol.2 , pp. 209-212
    • Thackray, S.1    Witte, K.2    Clark, A.L.3
  • 78
    • 0037142946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of intravenous levosimendan compared with dobutamine in severe low-output heart failure (the LIDO study): A randomised double-blind trial
    • for the Steering Committee and Investigators of the Levosimendan Infusion versus Dobutamine (LIDO) Study
    • Follath F, Cleland JG, Just H, et al, for the Steering Committee and Investigators of the Levosimendan Infusion versus Dobutamine (LIDO) Study. Efficacy and safety of intravenous levosimendan compared with dobutamine in severe low-output heart failure (the LIDO study): a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 196-202.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 196-202
    • Follath, F.1    Cleland, J.G.2    Just, H.3
  • 79
    • 0029893924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should all patients with atrial fibrillation receive warfarin? Evidence from randomized clinical trials
    • Cleland JG, Cowburn PJ, Falk RH. Should all patients with atrial fibrillation receive warfarin? Evidence from randomized clinical trials. Eur Heart J 1996; 17: 674-81.
    • (1996) Eur Heart J , vol.17 , pp. 674-681
    • Cleland, J.G.1    Cowburn, P.J.2    Falk, R.H.3
  • 80
    • 0037065502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients
    • Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002; 324: 71-86.
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.324 , pp. 71-86
  • 81
    • 2942564768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Warfarin/Aspirin Study in Heart failure (WASH): A randomized trial comparing antithrombotic strategies for patients with heart failure
    • Cleland JG, Findlay I, Jafri S, et al. The Warfarin/Aspirin Study in Heart failure (WASH): a randomized trial comparing antithrombotic strategies for patients with heart failure. Am Heart J 2004; 148: 157-64.
    • (2004) Am Heart J , vol.148 , pp. 157-164
    • Cleland, J.G.1    Findlay, I.2    Jafri, S.3
  • 82
    • 0037027075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in the presence or absence of aspirin: A systematic review
    • Teo KK, Yusuf S, Pfeffer M, et al. Effects of long-term treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in the presence or absence of aspirin: a systematic review. Lancet 2002; 360: 1037-43.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 1037-1043
    • Teo, K.K.1    Yusuf, S.2    Pfeffer, M.3
  • 83
    • 2942556913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical trials update and cumulative meta-analyses from the American College of Cardiology: WATCH, SCD-HeFT, DINAMIT, CASINO, INSPIRE, STRATUS-US, RIOLipids and cardiac resynchronisation therapy in heart failure
    • Cleland JG, Ghosh J, Freemantle N, et al. Clinical trials update and cumulative meta-analyses from the American College of Cardiology: WATCH, SCD-HeFT, DINAMIT, CASINO, INSPIRE, STRATUS-US, RIOLipids and cardiac resynchronisation therapy in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2004; 6: 501-8.
    • (2004) Eur J Heart Fail , vol.6 , pp. 501-508
    • Cleland, J.G.1    Ghosh, J.2    Freemantle, N.3
  • 84
    • 0024321898 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary report: Effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction
    • The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators
    • The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 406-12.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.321 , pp. 406-412
  • 85
    • 3442901436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expert consensus document on beta-adrenergic receptor blockers
    • Lopez-Sendon J, Swedberg K, McMurray J, et al. Expert consensus document on beta-adrenergic receptor blockers. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 1341-62.
    • (2004) Eur Heart J , vol.25 , pp. 1341-1362
    • Lopez-Sendon, J.1    Swedberg, K.2    McMurray, J.3
  • 86
    • 0026655676 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of electrophysiologically guided antiarrhythmic drug therapy with beta-blocker therapy in patients with symptomatic, sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias
    • Steinbeck G, Andresen D, Bach P, et al. A comparison of electrophysiologically guided antiarrhythmic drug therapy with beta-blocker therapy in patients with symptomatic, sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 987-92.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 987-992
    • Steinbeck, G.1    Andresen, D.2    Bach, P.3
  • 87
    • 0031583760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and in congestive heart failure: Meta-analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in randomised trials
    • Amiodarone Trials Meta-Analysis Investigators
    • Amiodarone Trials Meta-Analysis Investigators. Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and in congestive heart failure: meta-analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in randomised trials. Lancet 1997; 350: 1417-24.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.350 , pp. 1417-1424
  • 88
    • 0032169177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atrial fibrillation: Current knowledge and recommendations for management
    • Working Group on Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology
    • Levy S, Breithardt G, Campbell RW, et al. Atrial fibrillation: current knowledge and recommendations for management. Working Group on Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 1294-320.
    • (1998) Eur Heart J , vol.19 , pp. 1294-1320
    • Levy, S.1    Breithardt, G.2    Campbell, R.W.3
  • 89
    • 0029004921 scopus 로고
    • Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia
    • Singh SN, Fletcher RD, Fisher SG, et al. Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 77-82.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 77-82
    • Singh, S.N.1    Fletcher, R.D.2    Fisher, S.G.3
  • 90
    • 19944429413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure
    • Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 225-37.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.352 , pp. 225-237
    • Bardy, G.H.1    Lee, K.L.2    Mark, D.B.3
  • 91
    • 0037014647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: Results from the Multisite Stimulation in Cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study
    • Linde C, Leclercq C, Rex S, et al. Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the Multisite Stimulation in Cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 111-8.
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.40 , pp. 111-118
    • Linde, C.1    Leclercq, C.2    Rex, S.3
  • 92
    • 0037071808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure
    • Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, et al. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1845-53.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 1845-1853
    • Abraham, W.T.1    Fisher, W.G.2    Smith, A.L.3
  • 93
    • 2442479695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure
    • Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2140-50.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 2140-2150
    • Bristow, M.R.1    Saxon, L.A.2    Boehmer, J.3
  • 94
    • 0037433180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac resynchronization and death from progressive heart failure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Bradley DJ, Bradley EA, Baughman KL, et al. Cardiac resynchronization and death from progressive heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2003; 289: 730-40.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 730-740
    • Bradley, D.J.1    Bradley, E.A.2    Baughman, K.L.3
  • 95
    • 0006918490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia
    • Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators
    • Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1933-40.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 1933-1940
    • Moss, A.J.1    Hall, W.J.2    Cannom, D.S.3
  • 96
    • 0037149716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction
    • Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 877-83.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 877-883
    • Moss, A.J.1    Zareba, W.2    Hall, W.J.3
  • 97
    • 2442572117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prophylactic defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Kadish A, Dyer A, Daubert JP, et al. Prophylactic defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2151-8.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 2151-2158
    • Kadish, A.1    Dyer, A.2    Daubert, J.P.3
  • 99
    • 9644263976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. A pooled analysis of IO primary prevention trials
    • Nanthakumar K, Epstein AE, Kay GN, et al. Prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. A pooled analysis of IO primary prevention trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 2166-72.
    • (2004) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.44 , pp. 2166-2172
    • Nanthakumar, K.1    Epstein, A.E.2    Kay, G.N.3
  • 100
    • 10344249396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implantable defibrillators for the prevention of mortality in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Desai AS, Fang JC, Maisel WH, et al. Implantable defibrillators for the prevention of mortality in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2004; 292: 2874-9.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.292 , pp. 2874-2879
    • Desai, A.S.1    Fang, J.C.2    Maisel, W.H.3
  • 101
    • 1942534552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-years gained from defibrillator implantation: Markedly nonlinear increase during 3 years of follow-up and its implications
    • Salukhe TV, Dimopoulos K, Sutton R, et al. Life-years gained from defibrillator implantation: markedly nonlinear increase during 3 years of follow-up and its implications. Circulation 2004: 109: 1848-53.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.109 , pp. 1848-1853
    • Salukhe, T.V.1    Dimopoulos, K.2    Sutton, R.3
  • 102
    • 0035552311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Worldwide thoracic organ transplantation: A report from the UNOS/ISHLT international registry for thoracic organ transplantation
    • Bennett LE, Keck BM, Hertz MI, Trulock EP, Taylor DO. Worldwide thoracic organ transplantation: a report from the UNOS/ISHLT international registry for thoracic organ transplantation. Clin Transpl 2001; 25-40.
    • (2001) Clin Transpl , pp. 25-40
    • Bennett, L.E.1    Keck, B.M.2    Hertz, M.I.3    Trulock, E.P.4    Taylor, D.O.5
  • 103
    • 0035892018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term mechanical left ventricular assistance for end-stage heart failure
    • Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, et al. Long-term mechanical left ventricular assistance for end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1435-43.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1435-1443
    • Rose, E.A.1    Gelijns, A.C.2    Moskowitz, A.J.3
  • 104
    • 0023613756 scopus 로고
    • Hemofiltration as short term treatment for refractory congestive heart failure
    • Rimondini A, Cipolla CM, Della Bella P, et al. Hemofiltration as short term treatment for refractory congestive heart failure. Am J Med 1987; 83: 43-8.
    • (1987) Am J Med , vol.83 , pp. 43-48
    • Rimondini, A.1    Cipolla, C.M.2    Della Bella, P.3
  • 105
    • 0029990615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic intermittent haemofiltration and haemodialysis in end stage chronic heart failure with oedema refractory to high dose frusemide
    • Dormans TP, Huige RM, Gerlag PG. Chronic intermittent haemofiltration and haemodialysis in end stage chronic heart failure with oedema refractory to high dose frusemide. Heart 1996; 75: 349-51.
    • (1996) Heart , vol.75 , pp. 349-351
    • Dormans, T.P.1    Huige, R.M.2    Gerlag, P.G.3
  • 106
    • 0035940379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences
    • Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration with the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation 2001; 104: 2118-50.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 2118-2150
    • Fuster, V.1    Ryden, L.E.2    Asinger, R.W.3
  • 107
    • 0025129567 scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of verapamil for congestive heart failure associated with abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling and normal left ventricular systolic performance
    • Setaro JF, Zaret BL, Schulman DS, et al. Usefulness of verapamil for congestive heart failure associated with abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling and normal left ventricular systolic performance. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 981-6.
    • (1990) Am J Cardiol , vol.66 , pp. 981-986
    • Setaro, J.F.1    Zaret, B.L.2    Schulman, D.S.3
  • 108
    • 0022381296 scopus 로고
    • Verapamil-induced improvement in left ventricular diastolic filling and increased exercise tolerance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Short- and long-term effects
    • Bonow RO, Dilsizian V, Rosing DR, et al. Verapamil-induced improvement in left ventricular diastolic filling and increased exercise tolerance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: short- and long-term effects. Circulation 1985; 72: 853-64.
    • (1985) Circulation , vol.72 , pp. 853-864
    • Bonow, R.O.1    Dilsizian, V.2    Rosing, D.R.3
  • 109
    • 0041408234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: The CHARM-Preserved Trial
    • for the CHARM Investigators and Committees
    • Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al, for the CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 777-81.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 777-781
    • Yusuf, S.1    Pfeffer, M.A.2    Swedberg, K.3
  • 110
    • 9844224486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias
    • The Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators
    • The Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1576-83.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.337 , pp. 1576-1583
  • 111
    • 0033576804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease
    • Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators
    • Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1882-90.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 1882-1890
    • Buxton, A.E.1    Lee, K.L.2    Fisher, J.D.3    Josephson, M.E.4    Prystowsky, E.N.5    Hafley, G.6
  • 112
    • 17944381537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology
    • Priori SG, Aliot E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, et al. Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1374-450.
    • (2001) Eur Heart J , vol.22 , pp. 1374-1450
    • Priori, S.G.1    Aliot, E.2    Blomstrom-Lundqvist, C.3
  • 113
    • 0033575989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction
    • Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group
    • Torp-Pedersen C, Moller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE, et al. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 857-65.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 857-865
    • Torp-Pedersen, C.1    Moller, M.2    Bloch-Thomsen, P.E.3
  • 114
    • 0033019569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart failure disease management: A critical review
    • Rich MW. Heart failure disease management: a critical review. J Card Fail 1999; 5: 64-75.
    • (1999) J Card Fail , vol.5 , pp. 64-75
    • Rich, M.W.1
  • 115
    • 0035960287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised trials of secondary prevention programmes in coronary heart disease: Systematic review
    • McAlister FA, Lawson FM, Teo KK, et al. Randomised trials of secondary prevention programmes in coronary heart disease: systematic review. BMJ 2001; 323: 957-62.
    • (2001) BMJ , vol.323 , pp. 957-962
    • McAlister, F.A.1    Lawson, F.M.2    Teo, K.K.3
  • 116
    • 0032565581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a home-based intervention among patients with congestive heart failure discharged from acute hospital care
    • Stewart S, Pearson S, Horowitz JD. Effects of a home-based intervention among patients with congestive heart failure discharged from acute hospital care. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 1067-72.
    • (1998) Arch Intern Med , vol.158 , pp. 1067-1072
    • Stewart, S.1    Pearson, S.2    Horowitz, J.D.3
  • 117
    • 0033604099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a multidisciplinary, home-based intervention on unplanned readmissions and survival among patients with chronic congestive heart failure: A randomised controlled study
    • Stewart S, Marley JE, Horowitz JD. Effects of a multidisciplinary, home-based intervention on unplanned readmissions and survival among patients with chronic congestive heart failure: a randomised controlled study. Lancet 1999; 354: 1077-83.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 1077-1083
    • Stewart, S.1    Marley, J.E.2    Horowitz, J.D.3
  • 118
    • 0038541583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nurse-led heart failure clinics improve survival and self-care behaviour in patients with heart failure: Results from a prospective, randomised trial
    • Stromberg A. Nurse-led heart failure clinics improve survival and self-care behaviour in patients with heart failure: results from a prospective, randomised trial. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 1014-23.
    • (2003) Eur Heart J , vol.24 , pp. 1014-1023
    • Stromberg, A.1
  • 119
    • 0029892519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does increased access to primary care reduce hospital readmissions?
    • Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Primary Care and Hospital Readmission
    • Weinberger M, Oddone EZ, Henderson WG. Does increased access to primary care reduce hospital readmissions? Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Primary Care and Hospital Readmission. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1441-7.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.334 , pp. 1441-1447
    • Weinberger, M.1    Oddone, E.Z.2    Henderson, W.G.3
  • 120
    • 0032933180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of education and support on self-care and resource utilization in patients with heart failure
    • Jaarsma T, Halfens R, Huijer Abu-Saad H, et al. Effects of education and support on self-care and resource utilization in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 673-82.
    • (1999) Eur Heart J , vol.20 , pp. 673-682
    • Jaarsma, T.1    Halfens, R.2    Huijer Abu-Saad, H.3
  • 121
    • 0032147068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feasibility of a nurse-monitored, outpatient-care programme for elderly patients with moderate-to-severe, chronic heart failure
    • Ekman I, Andersson B, Ehnfors M, et al. Feasibility of a nurse-monitored, outpatient-care programme for elderly patients with moderate-to-severe, chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 1254-60.
    • (1998) Eur Heart J , vol.19 , pp. 1254-1260
    • Ekman, I.1    Andersson, B.2    Ehnfors, M.3
  • 122
    • 4143055922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidisciplinary strategies for the management of heart failure patients at high risk for admission: A systematic review of randomized trials
    • McAlister FA, Stewart S, Ferrua S, et al. Multidisciplinary strategies for the management of heart failure patients at high risk for admission: a systematic review of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 810-9.
    • (2004) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.44 , pp. 810-819
    • McAlister, F.A.1    Stewart, S.2    Ferrua, S.3
  • 123
    • 0037901406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical assessment identifies hemodynamic profiles that predict outcomes in patients admitted with heart failure
    • Nohria A, Tsang SW, Fang JC, et al. Clinical assessment identifies hemodynamic profiles that predict outcomes in patients admitted with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1797-804.
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.41 , pp. 1797-1804
    • Nohria, A.1    Tsang, S.W.2    Fang, J.C.3
  • 124
    • 0037145913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting death due to progressive heart failure in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic heart failure
    • Kearney MT, Fox KA, Lee AJ, et al. Predicting death due to progressive heart failure in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1801-8.
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.40 , pp. 1801-1808
    • Kearney, M.T.1    Fox, K.A.2    Lee, A.J.3
  • 125
    • 0036141041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features and outcomes of elderly outpatients with heart failure followed up in hospital cardiology units: Data from a large nationwide cardiology database (IN-CHF Registry)
    • for the IN-CHF Investigators
    • Pulignano G, Del Sindaco D, Tavazzi L, et al, for the IN-CHF Investigators. Clinical features and outcomes of elderly outpatients with heart failure followed up in hospital cardiology units: data from a large nationwide cardiology database (IN-CHF Registry). Am Heart J 2002; 143: 45-55.
    • (2002) Am Heart J , vol.143 , pp. 45-55
    • Pulignano, G.1    Del Sindaco, D.2    Tavazzi, L.3
  • 126
    • 0042627992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does race matter in heart failure?
    • Yancy CW. Does race matter in heart failure? Am Heart J 2003; 146: 203-6.
    • (2003) Am Heart J , vol.146 , pp. 203-206
    • Yancy, C.W.1
  • 127
    • 0036185239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Left bundle-branch block is associated with increased 1-year sudden and total mortality rate in 5517 outpatients with congestive heart failure: A report from the Italian network on congestive heart failure
    • for the Italian Network on Congestive Heart Failure Investigators
    • Baldasseroni S, Opasich C, Gorini M, et al, for the Italian Network on Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. Left bundle-branch block is associated with increased 1-year sudden and total mortality rate in 5517 outpatients with congestive heart failure: a report from the Italian network on congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 2002; 143: 398-405.
    • (2002) Am Heart J , vol.143 , pp. 398-405
    • Baldasseroni, S.1    Opasich, C.2    Gorini, M.3
  • 128
    • 0026092505 scopus 로고
    • Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure
    • Mancini DM, Eisen H, Kussmaul W, et al. Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Circulation 1991; 83: 778-86.
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.83 , pp. 778-786
    • Mancini, D.M.1    Eisen, H.2    Kussmaul, W.3
  • 129
    • 0032520998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peak exercise oxygen consumption in chronic heart failure: Toward efficient use in the individual patient
    • Opasich C, Pinna GD, Bobbio M, et al. Peak exercise oxygen consumption in chronic heart failure: toward efficient use in the individual patient. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 766-75.
    • (1998) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.31 , pp. 766-775
    • Opasich, C.1    Pinna, G.D.2    Bobbio, M.3
  • 130
    • 0037426398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged QTc interval and high B-type natriuretic peptide levels together predict mortality in patients with advanced heart failure
    • Vrtovec B, Delgado R, Zewail A, Thomas CD, Richartz BM, Radovancevic B. Prolonged QTc interval and high B-type natriuretic peptide levels together predict mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. Circulation 2003; 107: 1764-9.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 1764-1769
    • Vrtovec, B.1    Delgado, R.2    Zewail, A.3    Thomas, C.D.4    Richartz, B.M.5    Radovancevic, B.6
  • 131
    • 0027308856 scopus 로고
    • Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with congestive heart failure
    • The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group
    • Cintron G, Johnson G, Francis G, Cobb F, Cohn JN. Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with congestive heart failure. The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation 1993; 87 (Suppl): VI17-VI23.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.87 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Cintron, G.1    Johnson, G.2    Francis, G.3    Cobb, F.4    Cohn, J.N.5
  • 132
    • 0142043899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of late development of heart failure in stable survivors of myocardial infarction: The CARE study
    • for the CARE Study
    • Lewis EF, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, et al, for the CARE Study. Predictors of late development of heart failure in stable survivors of myocardial infarction: the CARE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 1446-53.
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.42 , pp. 1446-1453
    • Lewis, E.F.1    Moye, L.A.2    Rouleau, J.L.3
  • 133
    • 0038037757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of microvolt T-wave alternans for prediction of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: Results from a prospective observational study
    • Hohnloser SH, Klingenheben T, Bloomfield D, Dabbous O, Cohen RJ. Usefulness of microvolt T-wave alternans for prediction of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: results from a prospective observational study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 2220-4.
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.41 , pp. 2220-2224
    • Hohnloser, S.H.1    Klingenheben, T.2    Bloomfield, D.3    Dabbous, O.4    Cohen, R.J.5
  • 134
    • 0037116527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A standardized definition of ischemic cardiomyopathy for use in clinical research
    • Felker GM, Shaw LK, O'Connor CM. A standardized definition of ischemic cardiomyopathy for use in clinical research. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 210-8.
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.39 , pp. 210-218
    • Felker, G.M.1    Shaw, L.K.2    O'Connor, C.M.3
  • 135
    • 0032514658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of heart rate variability and mortality in chronic heart failure: Results of the United Kingdom heart failure evaluation and assessment of risk trial (UK-heart)
    • Nolan J, Batin PD, Andrews R, et al. Prospective study of heart rate variability and mortality in chronic heart failure: results of the United Kingdom heart failure evaluation and assessment of risk trial (UK-heart). Circulation 1998; 98: 1510-6.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , pp. 1510-1516
    • Nolan, J.1    Batin, P.D.2    Andrews, R.3
  • 136
    • 0037417842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term heart rate variability strongly predicts sudden cardiac death in chronic heart failure patients
    • La Rovere MT, Pinna GD, Maestri R, et al. Short-term heart rate variability strongly predicts sudden cardiac death in chronic heart failure patients. Circulation 2003; 107: 565-70.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 565-570
    • La Rovere, M.T.1    Pinna, G.D.2    Maestri, R.3
  • 137
    • 0036189288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilatory response to exercise improves risk stratification in patients with chronic heart failure and intermediate functional capacity
    • Corra U, Mezzani A, Bosimini E, Scapellato F, Imparato A, Giannuzzi P. Ventilatory response to exercise improves risk stratification in patients with chronic heart failure and intermediate functional capacity. Am Heart J 2002; 143: 418-26.
    • (2002) Am Heart J , vol.143 , pp. 418-426
    • Corra, U.1    Mezzani, A.2    Bosimini, E.3    Scapellato, F.4    Imparato, A.5    Giannuzzi, P.6
  • 138
    • 0027211889 scopus 로고
    • Ejection fraction, peak exercise oxygen consumption, cardiothoracic ratio, ventricular arrhythmias, and plasma norepinephrine as determinants of prognosis in heart failure
    • The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group
    • Cohn JN, Johnson GR, Shabetai R, et al. Ejection fraction, peak exercise oxygen consumption, cardiothoracic ratio, ventricular arrhythmias, and plasma norepinephrine as determinants of prognosis in heart failure. The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation 1993; 87 (Suppl): VI5-VI16.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.87 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Cohn, J.N.1    Johnson, G.R.2    Shabetai, R.3
  • 139
    • 0025088737 scopus 로고
    • Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality
    • CONSENSUS Trial Study Group
    • Swedberg K, Eneroth P, Kjekshus J, Wilhelmsen L. Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality. CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Circulation 1990; 82: 1730-6.
    • (1990) Circulation , vol.82 , pp. 1730-1736
    • Swedberg, K.1    Eneroth, P.2    Kjekshus, J.3    Wilhelmsen, L.4
  • 140
    • 0038187584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Left ventricular remodeling and ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction
    • St John Sutton M, Lee D, Rouleau JL, et al. Left ventricular remodeling and ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003; 107: 2577-82.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 2577-2582
    • St John Sutton, M.1    Lee, D.2    Rouleau, J.L.3
  • 141
    • 0036736461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic significance of mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction
    • Koelling TM, Aaronson KD, Cody RJ, et al. Prognostic significance of mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Am Heart J 2002; 144: 524-9.
    • (2002) Am Heart J , vol.144 , pp. 524-529
    • Koelling, T.M.1    Aaronson, K.D.2    Cody, R.J.3
  • 142
    • 0034893375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic impact of diabetes mellitus in patients with heart failure according to the etiology of left ventricular systolic dysfunction
    • Dries DL, Sweitzer NK, Drazner MH, Stevenson LW, Gersh BJ. Prognostic impact of diabetes mellitus in patients with heart failure according to the etiology of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 421-8.
    • (2001) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.38 , pp. 421-428
    • Dries, D.L.1    Sweitzer, N.K.2    Drazner, M.H.3    Stevenson, L.W.4    Gersh, B.J.5
  • 143
    • 0037965969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term survival in patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure: Relation to preserved and reduced left ventricular systolic function
    • Gustafsson F, Torp-Pedersen C, Brendorp B, et al. Long-term survival in patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure: relation to preserved and reduced left ventricular systolic function. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 863-70.
    • (2003) Eur Heart J , vol.24 , pp. 863-870
    • Gustafsson, F.1    Torp-Pedersen, C.2    Brendorp, B.3
  • 144
    • 0027443521 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of mortality and morbidity with a 6-minute walk test in patients with left ventricular dysfunction
    • SOLVD Investigators
    • Bittner V, Weiner DH, Yusuf S, et al. Prediction of mortality and morbidity with a 6-minute walk test in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. JAMA 1993; 270: 1702-7.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.270 , pp. 1702-1707
    • Bittner, V.1    Weiner, D.H.2    Yusuf, S.3
  • 145
    • 0032525865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproducibility of the six minute walking test in patients with chronic congestive heart failure: Practical implications
    • Opasich C, Pinna GD, Mazza A, et al. Reproducibility of the six minute walking test in patients with chronic congestive heart failure: practical implications. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81: 1497-500.
    • (1998) Am J Cardiol , vol.81 , pp. 1497-1500
    • Opasich, C.1    Pinna, G.D.2    Mazza, A.3
  • 146
    • 4244194992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of candidacy for mechanical circulatory support: Importance of clinical indices
    • Gronda E, Mangiavacchi M, Frigerio M, et al. Determination of candidacy for mechanical circulatory support: importance of clinical indices. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000; 19: S83-S88.
    • (2000) J Heart Lung Transplant , vol.19
    • Gronda, E.1    Mangiavacchi, M.2    Frigerio, M.3
  • 147
    • 0037471843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic importance of weight loss in chronic heart failure and the effect of treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: An observational study
    • Anker SD, Negassa A, Coats AJ, et al. Prognostic importance of weight loss in chronic heart failure and the effect of treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: an observational study. Lancet 2003; 361: 1077-83.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , pp. 1077-1083
    • Anker, S.D.1    Negassa, A.2    Coats, A.J.3
  • 148
    • 0030950627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and prospective validation of a clinical index to predict survival in ambulatory patients referred for cardiac transplant evaluation
    • Aaronson KD, Schwartz JS, Chen TM, et al. Development and prospective validation of a clinical index to predict survival in ambulatory patients referred for cardiac transplant evaluation. Circulation 1997; 95: 2660-7.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.95 , pp. 2660-2667
    • Aaronson, K.D.1    Schwartz, J.S.2    Chen, T.M.3
  • 149
    • 0034163914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prognostic implications of renal insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction
    • Dries DL, Exner DV, Domanski MJ, et al. The prognostic implications of renal insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 681-9.
    • (2000) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.35 , pp. 681-689
    • Dries, D.L.1    Exner, D.V.2    Domanski, M.J.3
  • 150
    • 0035916265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced ventilatory response to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved exercise tolerance: Marker of abnormal cardiorespiratory reflex control and predictor of poor prognosis
    • Ponikowski P, Francis DP, Piepoli MF, et al. Enhanced ventilatory response to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved exercise tolerance: marker of abnormal cardiorespiratory reflex control and predictor of poor prognosis. Circulation 2001; 103: 967-72.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.103 , pp. 967-972
    • Ponikowski, P.1    Francis, D.P.2    Piepoli, M.F.3
  • 151
    • 0038714311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Periodic breathing during incremental exercise predicts mortality in patients with chronic heart failure evaluated for cardiac transplantation
    • Leite JJ, Mansur AJ, de Freitas HF, et al. Periodic breathing during incremental exercise predicts mortality in patients with chronic heart failure evaluated for cardiac transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 2175-81.
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.41 , pp. 2175-2181
    • Leite, J.J.1    Mansur, A.J.2    De Freitas, H.F.3
  • 152
    • 0031028393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loading manipulations improve the prognostic value of Doppler evaluation of mitral flow in patients with chronic heart failure
    • Pozzoli M, Traversi E, Cioffi G, Stenner R, Sanarico M, Tavazzi L. Loading manipulations improve the prognostic value of Doppler evaluation of mitral flow in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 1997; 95: 1222-30.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.95 , pp. 1222-1230
    • Pozzoli, M.1    Traversi, E.2    Cioffi, G.3    Stenner, R.4    Sanarico, M.5    Tavazzi, L.6
  • 153
    • 0031049418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistence of restrictive left ventricular filling pattern in dilated cardiomyopathy: An ominous prognostic sign
    • Pinamonti B, Zecchin M, Di Lenarda A, Gregori D, Sinagra G, Camerini F. Persistence of restrictive left ventricular filling pattern in dilated cardiomyopathy: an ominous prognostic sign. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 604-12.
    • (1997) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.29 , pp. 604-612
    • Pinamonti, B.1    Zecchin, M.2    Di Lenarda, A.3    Gregori, D.4    Sinagra, G.5    Camerini, F.6
  • 154
    • 0037024202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anemia is associated with worse symptoms, greater impairment in functional capacity and a significant increase in mortality in patients with advanced heart failure
    • Horwich TB, Fonarow GC, Hamilton MA, MacLellan WR, Borenstein J. Anemia is associated with worse symptoms, greater impairment in functional capacity and a significant increase in mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 1780-6.
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.39 , pp. 1780-1786
    • Horwich, T.B.1    Fonarow, G.C.2    Hamilton, M.A.3    MacLellan, W.R.4    Borenstein, J.5
  • 155
    • 0035165175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent and additive prognostic value of right ventricular systolic function and pulmonary artery pressure in patients with chronic heart failure
    • Ghio S, Gavazzi A, Campana C, et al. Independent and additive prognostic value of right ventricular systolic function and pulmonary artery pressure in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 183-8.
    • (2001) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.37 , pp. 183-188
    • Ghio, S.1    Gavazzi, A.2    Campana, C.3
  • 156
    • 0020584426 scopus 로고
    • Right ventricular ejection fraction: An indicator of increased mortality in patients with congestive heart failure associated with coronary artery disease
    • Polak JF, Holman BL, Wynne J, Colucci WS. Right ventricular ejection fraction: an indicator of increased mortality in patients with congestive heart failure associated with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983; 2: 217-24.
    • (1983) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.2 , pp. 217-224
    • Polak, J.F.1    Holman, B.L.2    Wynne, J.3    Colucci, W.S.4
  • 157
    • 0037638743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Troponin as a risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients without acute coronary syndromes
    • Ammann P, Maggiorini M, Bertel O, et al. Troponin as a risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients without acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 2004-9.
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.41 , pp. 2004-2009
    • Ammann, P.1    Maggiorini, M.2    Bertel, O.3
  • 158
    • 0037352139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It cannot be cardiac failure because the heart is not enlarged on the chest X-ray
    • Petrie MC, McMurray JV. It cannot be cardiac failure because the heart is not enlarged on the chest X-ray. Eur J Heart Fail 2003; 5: 117-9.
    • (2003) Eur J Heart Fail , vol.5 , pp. 117-119
    • Petrie, M.C.1    McMurray, J.V.2
  • 159
    • 0037461111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uric acid and survival in chronic heart failure: Validation and application in metabolic, functional, and hemodynamic staging
    • Anker SD, Doehner W, Rauchhaus M, et al. Uric acid and survival in chronic heart failure: validation and application in metabolic, functional, and hemodynamic staging. Circulation 2003; 107: 1991-7.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 1991-1997
    • Anker, S.D.1    Doehner, W.2    Rauchhaus, M.3
  • 160
    • 0025770138 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure
    • Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 303-10.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.325 , pp. 303-310
    • Cohn, J.N.1    Johnson, G.2    Ziesche, S.3
  • 161
    • 0025913812 scopus 로고
    • Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure
    • The SOLVD Investigators
    • The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 293-302.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.325 , pp. 293-302
  • 162
    • 0033534085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure
    • ATLAS Study Group
    • Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation 1999; 100: 2312-8.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.100 , pp. 2312-2318
    • Packer, M.1    Poole-Wilson, P.A.2    Armstrong, P.W.3
  • 163
    • 0034744446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ADEPT: Addition of the AT1 receptor antagonist eprosartan to ACE-inhibitor therapy in chronic heart failure trial: Hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects
    • Murdoch DR, McDonagh TA, Farmer R, Morton JJ, McMurray JJ, Dargie HJ. ADEPT: Addition of the AT1 receptor antagonist eprosartan to ACE-inhibitor therapy in chronic heart failure trial: hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects. Am Heart J 2001; 141: 800-7.
    • (2001) Am Heart J , vol.141 , pp. 800-807
    • Murdoch, D.R.1    McDonagh, T.A.2    Farmer, R.3    Morton, J.J.4    McMurray, J.J.5    Dargie, H.J.6
  • 164
    • 0034612118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: Randomised trial - The Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II
    • Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R, et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial - the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 2000; 355: 1582-7.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 1582-1587
    • Pitt, B.1    Poole-Wilson, P.A.2    Segal, R.3
  • 165
    • 0037160968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): A randomised trial against atenolol
    • Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 995-1003.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 995-1003
    • Dahlof, B.1    Devereux, R.B.2    Kjeldsen, S.E.3
  • 166
    • 0343484917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of the efficacy and safety of irbesartan in combination with conventional therapy, including ACE-inhibitors, in heart failure
    • Irbesartan Heart Failure Group
    • Tonkon M. A study of the efficacy and safety of irbesartan in combination with conventional therapy, including ACE-inhibitors, in heart failure. Irbesartan Heart Failure Group. Int J Clin Pract 2000; 54: 11-4.
    • (2000) Int J Clin Pract , vol.54 , pp. 11-14
    • Tonkon, M.1
  • 167
    • 0035131633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the replacement of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril by the angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan in patients with congestive heart failure
    • for the Replacement of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition (REPLACE) Investigators
    • Dunselman PH, for the Replacement of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition (REPLACE) Investigators. Effects of the replacement of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril by the angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan in patients with congestive heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2001; 77: 131-8.
    • (2001) Int J Cardiol , vol.77 , pp. 131-138
    • Dunselman, P.H.1
  • 168
    • 16844364826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure
    • Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1539-49.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.352 , pp. 1539-1549
    • Cleland, J.G.1    Daubert, J.C.2    Erdmann, E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.