The precautionary principle: Is it a threat to toxicological science?

International Journal of Toxicology

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 3-7

  Goldstein, Bernard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMES TEST; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; EVALUATION RESEARCH; GENOTOXICITY; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; NOTE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PUBLICATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SECONDARY PREVENTION; THEORETICAL MODEL; TOXICOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; TOXICOLOGY; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ANIMAL WELFARE; ANIMALS; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; EUROPEAN UNION; HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; POLICY MAKING; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOXICOLOGY; UNCERTAINTY;

EID: 33644693737     PISSN: 10915818     EISSN: 1092874X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10915810500527051     Document Type: Note

References (31)

1. Boobis, A. Personal communication. Presentation at the 25th Anniversary of the National Toxicology Program, Washington, DC, March 2005.
2. Clean Air Act Amendements of 1990. Publ no. 101-549, 104 Stat. 2399 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 42 U.S.C.).
3. Codex Alimentarius Commission, FAO/WHO. 2000. Risk Analysis: 1) Working Principles for Risk Analysis. Additional Comments of the United States. CX/GP 00/3. Rome.
4. Commission of the European Communities. 2000. Communication from the Commission on the Precautionary Principle. Brussels: COM 2000:1.
5. Cranor, C. F. 2003. What could precautionary science be? Research for early warnings and a better future. In Precaution: Environmental science and preventive public policy, ed. J. A. Tickner, 305-320. Washington, DC: Island Press.
6. EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones). 16 January 1998. WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R, Appellate Body Report.
7. EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones). 18 August 1997. WT/DS26//R/USA and, WT/DS48//R/CAN, Panel Report.
8. European Environmental Agency. 2001. Late lessons from early warnings: The precautionary principle 1896-2000. 〈http://reports.eea.eu.int/ environmental_issue_report_2001_22/en/Issue_Report_No_22.pdf〉 (11 April 2003).
9. Foster, K. R., P. Vecchia, and M. H. Repacholi. 2000. Risk management. Science and the precautionary principle. Science 288:979-981.
10. Goldstein, B. D. 1989. The maximally exposed individual: An inappropriate basis for public health decisionmaking. Environ. Forum 6:13-16.
11. Goldstein, B. D. 1999. The precautionary principle and scientific research are not antithetical. Environ. Health Perspect. 107:A594-A595.
12. Goldstein, B. D. 2004. The precautionary principle, toxicological science, and European-US scientific cooperation. Special edition dedicated to Dr. Herbert Remmer. Drug Metab. Rev. 36:487-195.
13. Goldstein, B. D., and R. S. Carruth. 2003a. Implications of the precautionary principle: Is it a threat to science? Eur. Oncol. 2:193-202.
14. Goldstein, B. D., and R. S. Carruth. 2003b. Implications of the precautionary principle to environmental regulation in the United States: Examples from the control of hazardous air pollutants in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Law & Contemporary Problems 66:247-261.
15. Goldstein, B. D., and R. S. Carruth. 2004. The precautionary principle and/or risk assessment in World Trade Organization decisions: A possible role for risk perception. Risk Anal. 24:491-499.
16. Goldstein, B. D., and S. Erdal. 2000. MTBE as a gasoline oxygenate: Lessons for environmental public policy. Ann. Rev. Energy Environ. 25:765-802.
17. 1 (JECFA 47, 2001). 〈http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v47je02.htm〉 ( 17 November 2005).
18. Kriebel, D., J. Tickner, P. Epstein, J. Lemons, R. Levins, E. L. Loechler, M. Quinn, R. Rudel, T. Schettler, and M. Stoto. 2001. The precautionary principle in environmental science. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:871-876.
19. Majone, G. 2002. The precautionary principle and its policy implications. J. Common Market Stud. 40:89-110.
20. Miller, H. I., and G. Conko. 2000. The science of biotechnology meets the politics of global regulation. Issues Sci. Technol. 17:47-54.
21. Newing, H., and S. Harrop. 2000. European Health Regulations and Brazil nuts: Implications for biodiversity conservation and sustainable rural livelihoods in the Amazon. J. Int. Wildl. Law Pol. 3:109-124.
22. Nussbaum, R., P. Hoover, C. Grossman, and F. Nussbaum. 2004. Community-based participatory health survey of Hanford, WA, downwinders: A model for citizen empowerment. Soc. Nat. Resources 17:547-559.
23. Raffensperger, C., and J. Tickner, eds. 1999. Protecting public health and the environment: Implementing the precautionary principle. Washington, DC: Island Press.
24. Rampton, S., and J. Stauber. 2002. Trust us, we're experts: How industry manipulates science and gambles with your future. New York: Penguin Putnam.
25. Registration, Evaluation, and Authorisation of Chemicals. REACH (Registration, Evaluation, and Authorisation of Chemicals). 〈http://ecb. jrc.it/REACH/〉 (18 November 2005).
26. Rogers, M. D. 2000. Guest perspectives: The precautionary principle, a view from Europe. Risk Policy Report 41-43.
27. Rosner, D., and G. Markowitz. 2002. Industry challenges to the principle of prevention in public health: The precautionary principle in historical perspective. Public Health Rep. 117:501-512.
28. Starr, C. 2003. The precautionary principle versus risk analysis. Risk Anal. 23:1-3.
29. Tickner, J. 2002. Guest editorial. Public Health Rep. 117:493-497.
30. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. 15 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Rio de Janeiro; 1992 [cited 2003 Jun 27]. Available from: http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp
31. US Environmental Protection Agency. High production volume (HPV) challenge program. 8 November 2005, 〈http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/volchall. htm〉 (18 November 2005).