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Volumn 288, Issue 5468, 2000, Pages 979-981

Science and the precautionary principle

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; HEALTH HAZARD; LAW; POLICY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SHORT SURVEY; ARTICLE; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; EUROPEAN UNION; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RADIATION DOSE; RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION; RISK MANAGEMENT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0034640374     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5468.979     Document Type: Short Survey
Times cited : (331)

References (18)
  • 1
    • 0012852691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (London), U.S. ed. 16 December
    • However, one authority traces its use back to 1854, in the famous incident when John Snow removed the pump handle from a London well, "curing" a cholera epidemic in the neighborhood. D. Gee, Financial Times (London), U.S. ed. 2, 16 December 1999, p. 14.
    • (1999) Financial Times , vol.2 , pp. 14
    • Gee, D.1
  • 4
    • 0003957211 scopus 로고
    • U.N. GA Resolution 37/7
    • World Charter for Nature, U.N. GA Resolution 37/7 (1982).
    • (1982) World Charter for Nature
  • 5
    • 0343502196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • One wag has suggested that the Precautionary Principle should be applied (presumably in a strong form) to the use of the Precautionary Principle, which would result in no action - a good or bad thing, depending on one's point of view.
  • 8
    • 0343375204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), Health Phys. 74, 494 (1998).
    • (1998) Health Phys. , vol.74 , pp. 494
  • 11
    • 0343066270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Maximum levels of RF exposure to the public from typical cellular base stations are about 1 μW/cm, a factor of about 500 below U.S. regulatory limits at 850 MHz (which generally follow the IEEE C95.1 standard). Cellular base stations transmit at similar power levels as police, fire, and other emergency communications systems and paging systems, and far below those of commercial radio and television broadcasting transmitters.
  • 14
    • 0004280080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brussels 02 February
    • Commission of the European Communities, Communication on the Precautionary Principle, Brussels 02 February 2000. See http://europa.eu.int/comm/off/ com/health_consumer/precaution.htm
    • (2000) Communication on the Precautionary Principle
  • 15
    • 0342631989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The commentary does not have binding status as would a regulation or a directive (which are EU "laws"), but is a general guidance as to the basis of future Commission decisions. Most countries mentioned in this Policy Forum are not part of the EU, and the commentary would have only an indirect impact on them.
  • 17
    • 0343066264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Only limited case law exists on the principle. A recent decision by the European Court of Justice upholds a ban on the export of British beef into EU countries: "[I]n view of the seriousness of the risk [of bovine spongiform encephalopathy] and the urgency of the situation, the Commission did not react in a manifestly inappropriate manner by imposing, on a temporary basis and pending the production of more detailed scientific information, a general ban on exports of bovine [products]." Case E-180/96, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Commission of the European Communities, 5 May 1998. See europa.eu.int/cj/en/jurisp/index.htm
    • Only limited case law exists on the principle. A recent decision by the European Court of Justice upholds a ban on the export of British beef into EU countries: "[I]n view of the seriousness of the risk [of bovine spongiform encephalopathy] and the urgency of the situation, the Commission did not react in a manifestly inappropriate manner by imposing, on a temporary basis and pending the production of more detailed scientific information, a general ban on exports of bovine [products]." Case E-180/96, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Commission of the European Communities, 5 May 1998. See europa.eu.int/cj/en/jurisp/index.htm
  • 18
    • 0343502180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular Telephone Company v. Town of Oyster Bay, 166 F.3d 490, 494 (2d Cir. 1999)
    • Cellular Telephone Company v. Town of Oyster Bay, 166 F.3d 490, 494 (2d Cir. 1999).


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.