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1
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0012852691
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(London), U.S. ed. 16 December
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However, one authority traces its use back to 1854, in the famous incident when John Snow removed the pump handle from a London well, "curing" a cholera epidemic in the neighborhood. D. Gee, Financial Times (London), U.S. ed. 2, 16 December 1999, p. 14.
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(1999)
Financial Times
, vol.2
, pp. 14
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Gee, D.1
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4
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0003957211
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U.N. GA Resolution 37/7
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World Charter for Nature, U.N. GA Resolution 37/7 (1982).
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(1982)
World Charter for Nature
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5
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0343502196
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note
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One wag has suggested that the Precautionary Principle should be applied (presumably in a strong form) to the use of the Precautionary Principle, which would result in no action - a good or bad thing, depending on one's point of view.
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8
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0343375204
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International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), Health Phys. 74, 494 (1998).
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(1998)
Health Phys.
, vol.74
, pp. 494
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11
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0343066270
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note
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Maximum levels of RF exposure to the public from typical cellular base stations are about 1 μW/cm, a factor of about 500 below U.S. regulatory limits at 850 MHz (which generally follow the IEEE C95.1 standard). Cellular base stations transmit at similar power levels as police, fire, and other emergency communications systems and paging systems, and far below those of commercial radio and television broadcasting transmitters.
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14
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0004280080
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Brussels 02 February
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Commission of the European Communities, Communication on the Precautionary Principle, Brussels 02 February 2000. See http://europa.eu.int/comm/off/ com/health_consumer/precaution.htm
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(2000)
Communication on the Precautionary Principle
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15
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0342631989
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note
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The commentary does not have binding status as would a regulation or a directive (which are EU "laws"), but is a general guidance as to the basis of future Commission decisions. Most countries mentioned in this Policy Forum are not part of the EU, and the commentary would have only an indirect impact on them.
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17
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0343066264
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Only limited case law exists on the principle. A recent decision by the European Court of Justice upholds a ban on the export of British beef into EU countries: "[I]n view of the seriousness of the risk [of bovine spongiform encephalopathy] and the urgency of the situation, the Commission did not react in a manifestly inappropriate manner by imposing, on a temporary basis and pending the production of more detailed scientific information, a general ban on exports of bovine [products]." Case E-180/96, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Commission of the European Communities, 5 May 1998. See europa.eu.int/cj/en/jurisp/index.htm
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Only limited case law exists on the principle. A recent decision by the European Court of Justice upholds a ban on the export of British beef into EU countries: "[I]n view of the seriousness of the risk [of bovine spongiform encephalopathy] and the urgency of the situation, the Commission did not react in a manifestly inappropriate manner by imposing, on a temporary basis and pending the production of more detailed scientific information, a general ban on exports of bovine [products]." Case E-180/96, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Commission of the European Communities, 5 May 1998. See europa.eu.int/cj/en/jurisp/index.htm
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18
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0343502180
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Cellular Telephone Company v. Town of Oyster Bay, 166 F.3d 490, 494 (2d Cir. 1999)
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Cellular Telephone Company v. Town of Oyster Bay, 166 F.3d 490, 494 (2d Cir. 1999).
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