메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 9-37

The effects of habitat fragmentation on extinction risk: Mechanisms and synthesis

Author keywords

Endangered species; Environmental stochasticity; Extinction; Genetic stochasticity; Habitat fragmentation; Metapopulations

Indexed keywords


EID: 33644622848     PISSN: 01253395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (167)
  • 1
    • 0027340050 scopus 로고
    • Chaos reduces species extinction by amplifying local population noise
    • Allen, J.C., Schaffer, W.M. and Rosko, D. 1993. Chaos reduces species extinction by amplifying local population noise. Nature 364: 229-232.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.364 , pp. 229-232
    • Allen, J.C.1    Schaffer, W.M.2    Rosko, D.3
  • 2
    • 84987223380 scopus 로고
    • Genetic drift and the loss of alleles versus heterozygosity
    • Allendorf, F. W. 1986. Genetic drift and the loss of alleles versus heterozygosity. Zoo Biology 5: 181-190.
    • (1986) Zoo Biology , vol.5 , pp. 181-190
    • Allendorf, F.W.1
  • 3
    • 0022208651 scopus 로고
    • Differences in predation pressure in relation to habitat fragmentation: An experiment
    • Andren, H., Angelstam, P., Lindström, E. and Widen, P. 1985. Differences in predation pressure in relation to habitat fragmentation: An experiment. Oikos 45: 273-277.
    • (1985) Oikos , vol.45 , pp. 273-277
    • Andren, H.1    Angelstam, P.2    Lindström, E.3    Widen, P.4
  • 4
    • 0000909713 scopus 로고
    • Competition on a divided and ephemeral resource: A simulation model
    • Atkinson, W.D. and Shorrocks, B. 1981. Competition on a divided and ephemeral resource: a simulation model. J. of Anim. Ecol. 50: 461-471.
    • (1981) J. of Anim. Ecol. , vol.50 , pp. 461-471
    • Atkinson, W.D.1    Shorrocks, B.2
  • 5
    • 0028995012 scopus 로고
    • Effect of migration or inbreeding followed by selection on low founder number populations: Implications for captive breeding programs
    • Backus, V.L., Bryant, E.H., Hughes, C.R. and Meffert, L.M. 1995. Effect of migration or inbreeding followed by selection on low founder number populations: Implications for captive breeding programs. Conservation Biology 9: 1216-1224.
    • (1995) Conservation Biology , vol.9 , pp. 1216-1224
    • Backus, V.L.1    Bryant, E.H.2    Hughes, C.R.3    Meffert, L.M.4
  • 6
    • 0037800391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local population dynamics are important to the conservation of metapopulations in highly fragmented landscapes
    • Baguette, M. and Schtickzelle, N. 2003. Local population dynamics are important to the conservation of metapopulations in highly fragmented landscapes. J. of Applied Ecology 40: 404-412.
    • (2003) J. of Applied Ecology , vol.40 , pp. 404-412
    • Baguette, M.1    Schtickzelle, N.2
  • 8
    • 0028992797 scopus 로고
    • Dispersal of juvenile cougars in fragmented habitat
    • Beier, P. 1995. Dispersal of juvenile cougars in fragmented habitat. J. of Wildlife Management 59: 228-237.
    • (1995) J. of Wildlife Management , vol.59 , pp. 228-237
    • Beier, P.1
  • 9
    • 0031853057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat loss and population decline: A meta-analysis of the patch size effect
    • Bender, D.J., Contreras, T.A. and Fahrig, L. 1998. Habitat loss and population decline: A meta-analysis of the patch size effect. Ecology 79: 517-533.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 517-533
    • Bender, D.J.1    Contreras, T.A.2    Fahrig, L.3
  • 10
    • 0033021406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synchrony and scaling in dynamics of voles and mice in northern Japan
    • Bjømstad, O.N., Stenseth, N.C. and Saitoh, T. 1999. Synchrony and scaling in dynamics of voles and mice in northern Japan. Ecology 80: 622-637.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 622-637
    • Bjømstad, O.N.1    Stenseth, N.C.2    Saitoh, T.3
  • 11
    • 0030963646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nestedness, biogeographic theory, and the design of nature reserves
    • Boecklen, W.J. 1997. Nestedness, biogeographic theory, and the design of nature reserves. Oecologia 112: 123-142.
    • (1997) Oecologia , vol.112 , pp. 123-142
    • Boecklen, W.J.1
  • 12
    • 0025953216 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence patterns of bird species in habitat fragments: Sampling, extinction, and nested species subsets
    • Bolger, D.T., Alberts, A.C. and Soule, M.E. 1991. Occurrence patterns of bird species in habitat fragments: sampling, extinction, and nested species subsets. American Naturalist 137: 155-166.
    • (1991) American Naturalist , vol.137 , pp. 155-166
    • Bolger, D.T.1    Alberts, A.C.2    Soule, M.E.3
  • 14
    • 0037199761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The application of focal species knowledge to landscape design in agricultural lands using the ecological neighbourhood as a template
    • Brooker, L. 2002. The application of focal species knowledge to landscape design in agricultural lands using the ecological neighbourhood as a template. Landscape and Urban Planning 60: 185-210.
    • (2002) Landscape and Urban Planning , vol.60 , pp. 185-210
    • Brooker, L.1
  • 15
    • 0036407010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal and population dynamics of the blue-breasted fairy wren, Malurus pulcherrimus, in fragmented habitat in the Western Australian wheatbelt
    • Brooker, L. and Brooker, M. 2002. Dispersal and population dynamics of the blue-breasted fairy wren, Malurus pulcherrimus, in fragmented habitat in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Wildlife Research 29: 225-233.
    • (2002) Wildlife Research , vol.29 , pp. 225-233
    • Brooker, L.1    Brooker, M.2
  • 16
    • 0001011081 scopus 로고
    • Turnover rates in insular biogeography: Effect of immigration on extinction
    • Brown, J.H. and Kodric-Brown, A. 1977. Turnover rates in insular biogeography: Effect of immigration on extinction. Ecology 58: 445-449.
    • (1977) Ecology , vol.58 , pp. 445-449
    • Brown, J.H.1    Kodric-Brown, A.2
  • 17
    • 0032715936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental tests of captive breeding programs for endangered species
    • Bryant, E.H., Backus, V.L., Clark, M.E. and Reed, D.H. 1999. Experimental tests of captive breeding programs for endangered species. Conservation Biology 13: 1487-1496.
    • (1999) Conservation Biology , vol.13 , pp. 1487-1496
    • Bryant, E.H.1    Backus, V.L.2    Clark, M.E.3    Reed, D.H.4
  • 18
    • 0033055004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution in small steps and rugged landscapes in the RNA virus 6
    • Burch, C.L. and Chao, L. 1999. Evolution in small steps and rugged landscapes in the RNA virus 6. Genetics 151: 921-927.
    • (1999) Genetics , vol.151 , pp. 921-927
    • Burch, C.L.1    Chao, L.2
  • 20
    • 0024898835 scopus 로고
    • Extinction in nature reserves: The effect of fragmentation and the importance of migration between reserve fragments
    • Burkey, T.V. 1989. Extinction in nature reserves: The effect of fragmentation and the importance of migration between reserve fragments. Oikos 55: 75-81.
    • (1989) Oikos , vol.55 , pp. 75-81
    • Burkey, T.V.1
  • 21
    • 0027878634 scopus 로고
    • Edge effects in seed and egg predation at two neotropical rainforest sites
    • Burkey, T.V. 1993. Edge effects in seed and egg predation at two neotropical rainforest sites. Biological Conservation 66: 139-143.
    • (1993) Biological Conservation , vol.66 , pp. 139-143
    • Burkey, T.V.1
  • 22
    • 0028978878 scopus 로고
    • Extinction rates in archipelagoes: Implications for populations in fragmented habitats
    • Burkey, T.V. 1995. Extinction rates in archipelagoes: implications for populations in fragmented habitats. Conservation Biology 9: 527-541.
    • (1995) Conservation Biology , vol.9 , pp. 527-541
    • Burkey, T.V.1
  • 23
    • 0030772558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metapopulation extinction in fragmented landscapes: Using bacteria and protozoa communities as model ecosystems
    • Burkey, T.V. 1997. Metapopulation extinction in fragmented landscapes: using bacteria and protozoa communities as model ecosystems. American Naturalist 150: 568-591.
    • (1997) American Naturalist , vol.150 , pp. 568-591
    • Burkey, T.V.1
  • 24
    • 0033592239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction in fragmented habitats predicted from stochastic birth-death processes with density dependence
    • Burkey, T.V. 1999. Extinction in fragmented habitats predicted from stochastic birth-death processes with density dependence. J. of Theoretical Biology 199:395-406.
    • (1999) J. of Theoretical Biology , vol.199 , pp. 395-406
    • Burkey, T.V.1
  • 26
    • 0036226852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evidence of disrupted dispersal causing decline of an Australian passerine in fragmented habitat
    • Cooper, C.B. and Walters, J.R. 2002. Experimental evidence of disrupted dispersal causing decline of an Australian passerine in fragmented habitat. Conservation Biology 16: 471-478.
    • (2002) Conservation Biology , vol.16 , pp. 471-478
    • Cooper, C.B.1    Walters, J.R.2
  • 27
    • 0033197727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding depression in the wild
    • Crnokrak, P. and Roff, D.A. 1999. Inbreeding depression in the wild. Heredity 83: 260-270.
    • (1999) Heredity , vol.83 , pp. 260-270
    • Crnokrak, P.1    Roff, D.A.2
  • 29
    • 0026314208 scopus 로고
    • Nested faunas and extinction in fragmented habitats
    • Cutler, A. 1991. Nested faunas and extinction in fragmented habitats. Conservation Biology 5: 496-505.
    • (1991) Conservation Biology , vol.5 , pp. 496-505
    • Cutler, A.1
  • 31
    • 0034695526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife - Threats to biodiversity and human health
    • Daszak, P., Cunningham, A.A. and Hyatt, A.D. 2000. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife - threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 287: 443-444.
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 443-444
    • Daszak, P.1    Cunningham, A.A.2    Hyatt, A.D.3
  • 32
    • 0033998658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments
    • Debinski, D.M. and Holt, R.D. 2000. A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments. Conservation Biology 14: 342-355.
    • (2000) Conservation Biology , vol.14 , pp. 342-355
    • Debinski, D.M.1    Holt, R.D.2
  • 33
    • 0028180186 scopus 로고
    • Density dependence in time series observations of natural populations: Estimation and testing
    • Dennis, B. and Taper, M. L. 1994. Density dependence in time series observations of natural populations: estimation and testing. Ecological Monographs 64: 205-224.
    • (1994) Ecological Monographs , vol.64 , pp. 205-224
    • Dennis, B.1    Taper, M.L.2
  • 34
    • 0014380680 scopus 로고
    • Spreading of risk and stabilization of animal numbers
    • den Boer, P.J. 1969. Spreading of risk and stabilization of animal numbers. Acta Biotheoretica. 18:165-194.
    • (1969) Acta Biotheoretica , vol.18 , pp. 165-194
    • Den Boer, P.J.1
  • 35
    • 0002798066 scopus 로고
    • On the survival of populations in a heterogeneous and variable environment
    • den Boer, P.J. 1981. On the survival of populations in a heterogeneous and variable environment. Oecologia 50: 39-53.
    • (1981) Oecologia , vol.50 , pp. 39-53
    • Den Boer, P.J.1
  • 36
    • 0002319791 scopus 로고
    • "Normal" extinctions of isolated populations
    • Nitecki, M.H. (Ed.), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
    • Diamond, J.M. 1984. "Normal" extinctions of isolated populations. In: Nitecki, M.H. (Ed.), Extinctions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 191-245.
    • (1984) Extinctions , pp. 191-245
    • Diamond, J.M.1
  • 37
    • 0038725602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of a plant-flower-visitor network in the high-altitude sub-alpine desert of Tenerife, Canary Islands
    • Dupont, Y.L., Hansen, D.M. and Olesen, J.M. 2003. Structure of a plant-flower-visitor network in the high-altitude sub-alpine desert of Tenerife, Canary Islands. Ecography 26: 301-310.
    • (2003) Ecography , vol.26 , pp. 301-310
    • Dupont, Y.L.1    Hansen, D.M.2    Olesen, J.M.3
  • 38
    • 0033780907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population persistence and offspring fitness in the rare bellflower Campanula cervicaria in relation to population size and habitat quality
    • Eisto, A.K., Kuitunen, M., Lammi, A., Saari, V., Suhonen, J., Syrjasuo, S. and Tikka, P.M. 2000. Population persistence and offspring fitness in the rare bellflower Campanula cervicaria in relation to population size and habitat quality. Conservation Biology 14: 1413-1421.
    • (2000) Conservation Biology , vol.14 , pp. 1413-1421
    • Eisto, A.K.1    Kuitunen, M.2    Lammi, A.3    Saari, V.4    Suhonen, J.5    Syrjasuo, S.6    Tikka, P.M.7
  • 39
    • 0030017289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Punctuated evolution caused by selection of rare beneficial mutations
    • Elena, S.F., Cooper, V.S. and Lenski, R.F. 1996. Punctuated evolution caused by selection of rare beneficial mutations. Science 272: 1802-1804.
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 1802-1804
    • Elena, S.F.1    Cooper, V.S.2    Lenski, R.F.3
  • 40
    • 0034615507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On optimal size and number of reserves for metapopulation persistence
    • Etienne, R.S. and Heesterbeek, J.A.P. 2000. On optimal size and number of reserves for metapopulation persistence. J. of Theoretical Biology 203: 33-50.
    • (2000) J. of Theoretical Biology , vol.203 , pp. 33-50
    • Etienne, R.S.1    Heesterbeek, J.A.P.2
  • 41
    • 0036557552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of habitat fragmentation on the extinction threshold: A synthesis
    • Fahrig, L. 2002. Effect of habitat fragmentation on the extinction threshold: A synthesis. Ecological Applications 12: 346-353.
    • (2002) Ecological Applications , vol.12 , pp. 346-353
    • Fahrig, L.1
  • 42
    • 0022172314 scopus 로고
    • Habitat patch connectivity and population survival
    • Fahrig, L. and Merriam, G. 1985. Habitat patch connectivity and population survival. Ecology 66: 1762-1768.
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 1762-1768
    • Fahrig, L.1    Merriam, G.2
  • 43
    • 0020371188 scopus 로고
    • Island ecology: Reduced hummingbird diversity and the pollination biology of plants, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
    • Feinsinger, P., Wolfe, J.A. and Swarm, L.E. 1982. Island ecology: reduced hummingbird diversity and the pollination biology of plants, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. Ecology 63(2): 494-506.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , Issue.2 , pp. 494-506
    • Feinsinger, P.1    Wolfe, J.A.2    Swarm, L.E.3
  • 44
    • 0033772630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding and outbreeding depression in natural populations of Chamaecrista fasciculate
    • Fenster, C.B. and Galloway, L.F. 2000. Inbreeding and outbreeding depression in natural populations of Chamaecrista fasciculate. Conservation Biology 14: 1406-1412.
    • (2000) Conservation Biology , vol.14 , pp. 1406-1412
    • Fenster, C.B.1    Galloway, L.F.2
  • 45
    • 0026565823 scopus 로고
    • Rates and causes of mortality in a fragmented population of Iberian lynx (Felis pardina)
    • Ferreras, P., Aldama, J.J., Beltran, J.F. and Delibes, M. 1992. Rates and causes of mortality in a fragmented population of Iberian lynx (Felis pardina). Biological Conservation 61: 197-202.
    • (1992) Biological Conservation , vol.61 , pp. 197-202
    • Ferreras, P.1    Aldama, J.J.2    Beltran, J.F.3    Delibes, M.4
  • 46
    • 0024879311 scopus 로고
    • Extreme event risk analysis for age-structured populations
    • Ferson, S., Ginzburg, L. and Silvers, A.A. 1989. Extreme event risk analysis for age-structured populations. Ecological Modelling 47: 175-187.
    • (1989) Ecological Modelling , vol.47 , pp. 175-187
    • Ferson, S.1    Ginzburg, L.2    Silvers, A.A.3
  • 47
    • 0024915243 scopus 로고
    • Spatial structure and population extinction: A study with Drosophila flies
    • Forney, K.A. and Gilpin, M.E. 1989. Spatial structure and population extinction: A study with Drosophila flies. Conservation Biology 3:45-51.
    • (1989) Conservation Biology , vol.3 , pp. 45-51
    • Forney, K.A.1    Gilpin, M.E.2
  • 48
    • 0742270782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of the focal species approach for biodiversity conservation in the temperate agricultural zones of Australia
    • Freudenberger, D. and Brooker, L. 2004. Development of the focal species approach for biodiversity conservation in the temperate agricultural zones of Australia. Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 253-274.
    • (2004) Biodiversity and Conservation , vol.13 , pp. 253-274
    • Freudenberger, D.1    Brooker, L.2
  • 49
    • 0027008079 scopus 로고
    • Survival of small populations under demographic stochasticity
    • Gabriel, W. and Bürger, R. 1992. Survival of small populations under demographic stochasticity. Theoretical Population Biology 41: 4-71.
    • (1992) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.41 , pp. 4-71
    • Gabriel, W.1    Bürger, R.2
  • 50
    • 0036900961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the effects of road mortality on turtle populations
    • Gibbs, J.P. and Shriver, W.G. 2002. Estimating the effects of road mortality on turtle populations. Conservation Biology 16: 1647-1652.
    • (2002) Conservation Biology , vol.16 , pp. 1647-1652
    • Gibbs, J.P.1    Shriver, W.G.2
  • 51
    • 0000840798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primates in a fragmented landscape: Six species in central Amazonia
    • R.O. Beirregaard Jr., C. Gascon, T.E. Lovejoy, and R. Mesquita, editors. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA
    • Gilbert, K.A. and Setz, E.Z.F. 2001. Primates in a fragmented landscape: six species in central Amazonia. Pages 262-270 in R.O. Beirregaard Jr., C. Gascon, T.E. Lovejoy, and R. Mesquita, editors. Lessons from Amazonia: ecology and conservation of a fragmented forest. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.
    • (2001) Lessons from Amazonia: Ecology and Conservation of a Fragmented Forest , pp. 262-270
    • Gilbert, K.A.1    Setz, E.Z.F.2
  • 52
    • 0035970874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costs and benefits of high mutation rates: Adpative evolution of bacteria in the mouse gut
    • Giraud, A., Matic, I., Tenallion, O., Clara, A., Radman, M., Fons, M. and Taddei, F. 2001. Costs and benefits of high mutation rates: Adpative evolution of bacteria in the mouse gut. Science 291: 2606-2608.
    • (2001) Science , vol.291 , pp. 2606-2608
    • Giraud, A.1    Matic, I.2    Tenallion, O.3    Clara, A.4    Radman, M.5    Fons, M.6    Taddei, F.7
  • 53
    • 0036321817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterotroph species extinction, abundance and biomass dynamics in an experimentally fragmented microecosystem
    • Gonzalez, A. and Chaneton, E.J. 2002. Heterotroph species extinction, abundance and biomass dynamics in an experimentally fragmented microecosystem. J. of Anim. Ecol. 71: 594-602.
    • (2002) J. of Anim. Ecol. , vol.71 , pp. 594-602
    • Gonzalez, A.1    Chaneton, E.J.2
  • 54
    • 0032566576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-population dynamics, abundance, and distribution in a microecosystem
    • Gonzalez, A., Lawton, J.H., Gilbert, F.S., Blackburn, T.M. and Evans-Freke, I. 1998. Meta-population dynamics, abundance, and distribution in a microecosystem. Science 281: 2045-2047.
    • (1998) Science , vol.281 , pp. 2045-2047
    • Gonzalez, A.1    Lawton, J.H.2    Gilbert, F.S.3    Blackburn, T.M.4    Evans-Freke, I.5
  • 55
    • 0001468028 scopus 로고
    • Consideration of stochastic demography in the design and management of biological reserves
    • Goodman, D. 1987. Consideration of stochastic demography in the design and management of biological reserves. Natural Resources Modeling 1:205-234.
    • (1987) Natural Resources Modeling , vol.1 , pp. 205-234
    • Goodman, D.1
  • 56
    • 0033945193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elasticity analysis for density-dependent populations in stochastic environments
    • Grant, A. and Benton, T.G. 2000. Elasticity analysis for density-dependent populations in stochastic environments. Ecology 81: 680-693.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 680-693
    • Grant, A.1    Benton, T.G.2
  • 57
    • 0031418824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Meta) population dynamics of infectious diseases
    • Grenfell, B. and Harwood, J. 1997. (Meta) population dynamics of infectious diseases. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12: 395-399.
    • (1997) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.12 , pp. 395-399
    • Grenfell, B.1    Harwood, J.2
  • 59
    • 0028181294 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and extinction patterns within a northern metapopulation of the pool frog, Rana lessonae
    • Gulve, P.S. 1994. Distribution and extinction patterns within a northern metapopulation of the pool frog, Rana lessonae. Ecology 75: 1357-1367.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1357-1367
    • Gulve, P.S.1
  • 61
    • 0027870943 scopus 로고
    • Spatial synchrony in the dynamics of moth and aphid populations
    • Hanski, I.A. and Woiwod, I.P. 1993. Spatial synchrony in the dynamics of moth and aphid populations. J. of Anim. Ecol. 62: 656-668.
    • (1993) J. of Anim. Ecol. , vol.62 , pp. 656-668
    • Hanski, I.A.1    Woiwod, I.P.2
  • 62
    • 0024223696 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of the bay checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha bayensis: Evidence for a metapopulation model
    • Harrison, S., Murphy, D.D. and Ehrlich, P.R. 1988. Distribution of the bay checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha bayensis: evidence for a metapopulation model. The American Naturalist 132: 360-382.
    • (1988) The American Naturalist , vol.132 , pp. 360-382
    • Harrison, S.1    Murphy, D.D.2    Ehrlich, P.R.3
  • 63
    • 34547852616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling extinction: Density-dependent changes in the variance of population growth rates
    • in press
    • Heering, T.E., and Reed, D.H. 2005. Modeling extinction: Density-dependent changes in the variance of population growth rates. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences, in press.
    • (2005) Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences
    • Heering, T.E.1    Reed, D.H.2
  • 64
    • 0742323211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of density regulation in extinction processes and population viability analysis
    • Henle, K., Sarre, S. and Wiegand, K. 2004. The role of density regulation in extinction processes and population viability analysis. Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 9-52.
    • (2004) Biodiversity and Conservation , vol.13 , pp. 9-52
    • Henle, K.1    Sarre, S.2    Wiegand, K.3
  • 65
    • 0028179792 scopus 로고
    • Conservation corridors and contagious disease: A cautionary note
    • Hess, G.R. 1994. Conservation corridors and contagious disease: a cautionary note. Conservation Biology 8: 256-262.
    • (1994) Conservation Biology , vol.8 , pp. 256-262
    • Hess, G.R.1
  • 67
    • 0000692244 scopus 로고
    • Should nature reserves be large or small?
    • Higgs, A.J. and Usher, M.B. 1980. Should nature reserves be large or small? Nature 285:568-569.
    • (1980) Nature , vol.285 , pp. 568-569
    • Higgs, A.J.1    Usher, M.B.2
  • 68
    • 84880026161 scopus 로고
    • Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism
    • Holling, C.S. 1959. Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. Canadian Journal of Entomology 91: 385-398.
    • (1959) Canadian Journal of Entomology , vol.91 , pp. 385-398
    • Holling, C.S.1
  • 69
    • 0000809487 scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies on predation: Dispersion factors and predator-prey oscillations
    • Huffaker, C.B. 1958. Experimental studies on predation: Dispersion factors and predator-prey oscillations. Hilgardia 27: 343-383.
    • (1958) Hilgardia , vol.27 , pp. 343-383
    • Huffaker, C.B.1
  • 70
    • 0035970061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitness effects of advantageous mutations in evolving Escherichia coli populations
    • Imhof, M. and Schlötterer, C. 2001. Fitness effects of advantageous mutations in evolving Escherichia coli populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98: 1113-1117.
    • (2001) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , vol.98 , pp. 1113-1117
    • Imhof, M.1    Schlötterer, C.2
  • 71
    • 84989457294 scopus 로고
    • Pollination in Dianthus deltoides (Caryophyllaceae): Effects of habitat fragmentation on visitation and seed set
    • Jennersten, O. 1988. Pollination in Dianthus deltoides (Caryophyllaceae): effects of habitat fragmentation on visitation and seed set. Conservation Biology 2: 359-366.
    • (1988) Conservation Biology , vol.2 , pp. 359-366
    • Jennersten, O.1
  • 72
    • 0032767238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of reduced Trillium recruitment along edges of old-growth forest fragments
    • Jules, E.S. and Rathcke, B.J. 1999. Mechanisms of reduced Trillium recruitment along edges of old-growth forest fragments. Conservation Biology 13: 784-793.
    • (1999) Conservation Biology , vol.13 , pp. 784-793
    • Jules, E.S.1    Rathcke, B.J.2
  • 73
    • 0039528584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organization and diversity of tropical bat communities through space and time
    • Kalko, E.K.V. 1998. Organization and diversity of tropical bat communities through space and time. Zoology: Analysis of Complex Systems 101: 281-297.
    • (1998) Zoology: Analysis of Complex Systems , vol.101 , pp. 281-297
    • Kalko, E.K.V.1
  • 77
    • 0001039597 scopus 로고
    • The size of water masses containing plankton blooms
    • Kierstead, H. and Slobodkin, L.B. 1953. The size of water masses containing plankton blooms. J. of Marine Research 12: 141-147.
    • (1953) J. of Marine Research , vol.12 , pp. 141-147
    • Kierstead, H.1    Slobodkin, L.B.2
  • 79
    • 0027011006 scopus 로고
    • Geometric factors and metapopulation dynamics of the bush cricket, Metrioptera bicolor Philippi (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
    • Kindvall, O. and Ahlen, I. 1992. Geometric factors and metapopulation dynamics of the bush cricket, Metrioptera bicolor Philippi (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Conservation Biology 6(4): 520-529.
    • (1992) Conservation Biology , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 520-529
    • Kindvall, O.1    Ahlen, I.2
  • 80
    • 0024896916 scopus 로고
    • Effects of forest fragmentation on dung and carrion beetle communities in central Amazonia
    • Klein, B.C. 1989. Effects of forest fragmentation on dung and carrion beetle communities in central Amazonia. Ecology 70: 1715-1725.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 1715-1725
    • Klein, B.C.1
  • 81
    • 0034795285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial autocorrelation and local disappearances in wintering North American birds
    • Koenig, W.D. 2001. Spatial autocorrelation and local disappearances in wintering North American birds. Ecology 82: 2636-2644.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 2636-2644
    • Koenig, W.D.1
  • 82
    • 0033854531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest fragmentation truncates a food chain based on an old-growth forest bracket fungus
    • Komonen, A., Penttilä, R., Lindgren, M. and Hanski, I. A. 2000. Forest fragmentation truncates a food chain based on an old-growth forest bracket fungus. Oikos 90: 119-126.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.90 , pp. 119-126
    • Komonen, A.1    Penttilä, R.2    Lindgren, M.3    Hanski, I.A.4
  • 83
    • 0037566312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds in deciduous forests in Japan
    • Kurosawa, R. and Askins, R. 2003. Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds in deciduous forests in Japan. Conservation Biology 17: 695-707.
    • (2003) Conservation Biology , vol.17 , pp. 695-707
    • Kurosawa, R.1    Askins, R.2
  • 84
    • 0030752536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Focal species: A multi-species umbrella for nature conservation
    • Lambeck, R.J. 1997. Focal species: a multi-species umbrella for nature conservation. Conservation Biology 11:849-856.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , pp. 849-856
    • Lambeck, R.J.1
  • 85
    • 0027331845 scopus 로고
    • Risks of population extinction from demographic and environmental stochasticity and random catastrophes
    • Lande, R. 1993. Risks of population extinction from demographic and environmental stochasticity and random catastrophes. The American Naturalist 142:911-927.
    • (1993) The American Naturalist , vol.142 , pp. 911-927
    • Lande, R.1
  • 86
    • 0036123352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating density dependence from population time series using demographic theory and life-history data
    • Lande, R., Engen, S., Saether, B.-E., Filli, F., Matthysen, E. and Weimerskirch, H. 2002. Estimating density dependence from population time series using demographic theory and life-history data. The American Naturalist 159: 321-337.
    • (2002) The American Naturalist , vol.159 , pp. 321-337
    • Lande, R.1    Engen, S.2    Saether, B.-E.3    Filli, F.4    Matthysen, E.5    Weimerskirch, H.6
  • 88
    • 0019412796 scopus 로고
    • The average lifetime of a population in a varying environment
    • Leigh, E.G. 1981. The average lifetime of a population in a varying environment. Journal of Theoretical Biology 90: 213-239.
    • (1981) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.90 , pp. 213-239
    • Leigh, E.G.1
  • 89
    • 0000679330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction thresholds and disrupted plant-pollinator interactions in fragmented plant populations
    • Lennartsson, T. 2002. Extinction thresholds and disrupted plant-pollinator interactions in fragmented plant populations. Ecology 83: 3060-3072.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 3060-3072
    • Lennartsson, T.1
  • 90
    • 0033863466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing a simulation model for population viability analysis
    • Lindenmayer, D.B., Lacy, R.C. and Pope, M.L. 2000. Testing a simulation model for population viability analysis. Ecological Applications 10: 580-597.
    • (2000) Ecological Applications , vol.10 , pp. 580-597
    • Lindenmayer, D.B.1    Lacy, R.C.2    Pope, M.L.3
  • 91
    • 84914947397 scopus 로고
    • The risk of extinction: Ranking management options for Leadbeater's possum using population viability analysis
    • Lindenmayer, D.B. and Possingham, H.P. 1994. The risk of extinction: ranking management options for Leadbeater's possum using population viability analysis. Report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency.
    • (1994) Report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency
    • Lindenmayer, D.B.1    Possingham, H.P.2
  • 92
    • 0030304544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale synchrony in the dynamics of capercaillie, black grouse and hazel grouse populations in Finland
    • Lindström, J., Ranta, E. and Linden, H. 1996. Large-scale synchrony in the dynamics of capercaillie, black grouse and hazel grouse populations in Finland. Oikos 76: 221-227.
    • (1996) Oikos , vol.76 , pp. 221-227
    • Lindström, J.1    Ranta, E.2    Linden, H.3
  • 93
    • 0001296854 scopus 로고
    • Plant-humming-bird interactions: Effects of island size and degree of specialization on pollination
    • Linhart, Y.B. and Feinsinger, P. 1980. Plant-humming-bird interactions: Effects of island size and degree of specialization on pollination. Journal of Ecology 68: 761-788.
    • (1980) Journal of Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 761-788
    • Linhart, Y.B.1    Feinsinger, P.2
  • 94
    • 0002894168 scopus 로고
    • Ecological dynamics of tropical forest fragments
    • Sutton, S.L., Whitmore, T.C., Chadwick, A.C. (Eds.). Blackwell, Oxford
    • Lovejoy, T.E., Bierregaard, R.O., Rankin, J.M. and Schubart, H.O.R. 1983. Ecological dynamics of tropical forest fragments. In: Sutton, S.L., Whitmore, T.C., Chadwick, A.C. (Eds.), Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 377-384.
    • (1983) Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management , pp. 377-384
    • Lovejoy, T.E.1    Bierregaard, R.O.2    Rankin, J.M.3    Schubart, H.O.R.4
  • 97
    • 0037208420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the reproductive success and survival of the rufous treecreeper (Climacteris rufa) between a fragmented and unfragmented landscape
    • Luck, G.W. 2003. Differences in the reproductive success and survival of the rufous treecreeper (Climacteris rufa) between a fragmented and unfragmented landscape. Biological Conservation 109: 1-14.
    • (2003) Biological Conservation , vol.109 , pp. 1-14
    • Luck, G.W.1
  • 98
    • 1542280700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation status and distribution of the Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti) and other large mammals in a forest complex in northeastern Thailand
    • Lyman, A.J., Kreetiyutanont, K., and Mather, R. Conservation status and distribution of the Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti) and other large mammals in a forest complex in northeastern Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 49: 61-75.
    • Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society , vol.49 , pp. 61-75
    • Lyman, A.J.1    Kreetiyutanont, K.2    Mather, R.3
  • 100
    • 0030302619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships among grizzly bears, roads, and habitat in the Swan Mountains, Montana
    • Mace, R.D., Waller, J.S., Manley, T.L., Lyon, L.J. and Zuuring, H. 1996. Relationships among grizzly bears, roads, and habitat in the Swan Mountains, Montana. Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 1395-1404.
    • (1996) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.33 , pp. 1395-1404
    • Mace, R.D.1    Waller, J.S.2    Manley, T.L.3    Lyon, L.J.4    Zuuring, H.5
  • 101
    • 0021598943 scopus 로고
    • Animal habitat isolation by roads and agricultural fields
    • Mader, H. -J. 1984. Animal habitat isolation by roads and agricultural fields. Biological Conservation 29: 81-96.
    • (1984) Biological Conservation , vol.29 , pp. 81-96
    • Mader, H.J.1
  • 102
    • 0033523906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoration of an inbred adder population
    • Madsen, T., Shine, R., Olsson, M. and Wittzell, H. 1999. Restoration of an inbred adder population. Nature 402: 34-35.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.402 , pp. 34-35
    • Madsen, T.1    Shine, R.2    Olsson, M.3    Wittzell, H.4
  • 103
    • 0028165156 scopus 로고
    • Edge effects in central Amazonian forest fragments
    • Malcolm, J.R. 1994. Edge effects in central Amazonian forest fragments. Ecology 75: 2438-2445.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 2438-2445
    • Malcolm, J.R.1
  • 104
    • 0001111675 scopus 로고
    • Species-area slopes and coefficients: A cautionary note on their interpretation
    • Martin, T.E. 1981. Species-area slopes and coefficients: a cautionary note on their interpretation. The American Naturalist 118: 823-837.
    • (1981) The American Naturalist , vol.118 , pp. 823-837
    • Martin, T.E.1
  • 105
    • 0017185443 scopus 로고
    • Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics
    • May, R.M. 1976. Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature 261: 459-467.
    • (1976) Nature , vol.261 , pp. 459-467
    • May, R.M.1
  • 106
    • 0000336301 scopus 로고
    • Bifurcations and dynamic complexity in simple ecological models
    • May, R.M. and Oster, G.F. 1976. Bifurcations and dynamic complexity in simple ecological models. The American Naturalist 110: 573-599.
    • (1976) The American Naturalist , vol.110 , pp. 573-599
    • May, R.M.1    Oster, G.F.2
  • 107
    • 0033054135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incorporating metapopulation dynamics of greater gliders into reserve design in disturbed landscapes
    • McCarthy, M.A. and Lindenmayer, D.B. 1999. Incorporating metapopulation dynamics of greater gliders into reserve design in disturbed landscapes. Ecology 80: 651-667.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 651-667
    • McCarthy, M.A.1    Lindenmayer, D.B.2
  • 108
    • 0033982033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatially-correlated extinction in a metapopulation model of Leadbeater's possum
    • McCarthy, M.A. and Lindenmayer, D.B. 2000. Spatially-correlated extinction in a metapopulation model of Leadbeater's possum. Biodiversity and Conservation 9: 47-63.
    • (2000) Biodiversity and Conservation , vol.9 , pp. 47-63
    • McCarthy, M.A.1    Lindenmayer, D.B.2
  • 109
    • 0001964479 scopus 로고
    • Effects of forest fragmentation on New- And Old-World bird communities: Empirical observations and theoretical implications
    • Verner, J., Morrison, M., Ralph, C.J. (Eds.). University of Wisconsin Press, Madison
    • McLellan, C.H., Dobson, A.P., Wilcove, D.S. and Lynch, J.F. 1986. Effects of forest fragmentation on New- and Old-World bird communities: Empirical observations and theoretical implications. In: Verner, J., Morrison, M., Ralph, C.J. (Eds.), Modeling Habitat Relationships of Terrestrial Vertebrates. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp. 305-313.
    • (1986) Modeling Habitat Relationships of Terrestrial Vertebrates , pp. 305-313
    • McLellan, C.H.1    Dobson, A.P.2    Wilcove, D.S.3    Lynch, J.F.4
  • 111
    • 0002685177 scopus 로고
    • Conservation and confusion: Wrong species, wrong scale, wrong conclusion
    • Murphy, D.D. 1989. Conservation and confusion: Wrong species, wrong scale, wrong conclusion. Conservation Biology 3: 82-84.
    • (1989) Conservation Biology , vol.3 , pp. 82-84
    • Murphy, D.D.1
  • 112
    • 0034900428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evidence for the beneficial effects of gene flow in recently isolated populations
    • Newman, D. and Tallmon, D.A. 2001. Experimental evidence for the beneficial effects of gene flow in recently isolated populations. Conservation Biology 15: 1054-1063.
    • (2001) Conservation Biology , vol.15 , pp. 1054-1063
    • Newman, D.1    Tallmon, D.A.2
  • 113
    • 0022828524 scopus 로고
    • Are bird communities in small biotope patches random samples from communities in large patches?
    • Nilsson, S.G. 1986. Are bird communities in small biotope patches random samples from communities in large patches? Biological Conservation 38: 179-204.
    • (1986) Biological Conservation , vol.38 , pp. 179-204
    • Nilsson, S.G.1
  • 116
    • 0036408798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term persistence of species and the SLOSS problem
    • Ovaskainen, O. 2002. Long-term persistence of species and the SLOSS problem. Journal of Theoretical Biology 218: 419-433.
    • (2002) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.218 , pp. 419-433
    • Ovaskainen, O.1
  • 117
    • 0033856348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial synchrony in populations of birds: Effects of habitat, population trend, and spatial scale
    • Paradis, E., Baillie, S.R., Sutherland, W.J. and Gregory, R.D. 2000. Spatial synchrony in populations of birds: Effects of habitat, population trend, and spatial scale. Ecology 81: 2112-2125.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 2112-2125
    • Paradis, E.1    Baillie, S.R.2    Sutherland, W.J.3    Gregory, R.D.4
  • 118
    • 0036278942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fragmentation and wildlife in montane evergreen forests, northern Thailand
    • Pattanavibool, A. and Dearden, P. 2002. Fragmentation and wildlife in montane evergreen forests, northern Thailand. Biological Conservation 107: 155-164.
    • (2002) Biological Conservation , vol.107 , pp. 155-164
    • Pattanavibool, A.1    Dearden, P.2
  • 119
    • 0000053793 scopus 로고
    • Mammalian extinction and biogeography in the Southern Rocky Mountains
    • Nitecki, M.H. (Ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago
    • Patterson, B.D. 1984. Mammalian extinction and biogeography in the Southern Rocky Mountains. In: Nitecki, M.H. (Ed.), Extinctions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 247-293.
    • (1984) Extinctions , pp. 247-293
    • Patterson, B.D.1
  • 120
    • 84989432217 scopus 로고
    • The principle of nested subsets and its implication for biological conservation
    • Patterson, B.D. 1987. The principle of nested subsets and its implication for biological conservation. Conservation Biology 1: 323-334.
    • (1987) Conservation Biology , vol.1 , pp. 323-334
    • Patterson, B.D.1
  • 121
    • 0025600189 scopus 로고
    • On the temporal development of nested subset patterns of species composition
    • Patterson, B.D. 1990. On the temporal development of nested subset patterns of species composition. Oikos 59: 330-342.
    • (1990) Oikos , vol.59 , pp. 330-342
    • Patterson, B.D.1
  • 122
    • 0022844413 scopus 로고
    • Nested subsets and the structure of insular mammalian faunas and archipelagoes
    • Patterson, B.D. and Atmar, W. 1986. Nested subsets and the structure of insular mammalian faunas and archipelagoes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 28: 65-82.
    • (1986) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.28 , pp. 65-82
    • Patterson, B.D.1    Atmar, W.2
  • 123
  • 124
    • 0027805493 scopus 로고
    • A framework for the improved management of threatened species based on population viability analysis (PVA)
    • Possingham, H.P., Lindenmayer, D.B. and Norton, T.W. 1993. A framework for the improved management of threatened species based on population viability analysis (PVA). Pacific Conservation Biology 1: 39-45.
    • (1993) Pacific Conservation Biology , vol.1 , pp. 39-45
    • Possingham, H.P.1    Lindenmayer, D.B.2    Norton, T.W.3
  • 125
    • 0000159231 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of male euglossine bees in Amazonian forest fragments
    • Powell, A.H. and Powell, G.V.N. 1987. Population dynamics of male euglossine bees in Amazonian forest fragments. Biotropica 19: 176-179.
    • (1987) Biotropica , vol.19 , pp. 176-179
    • Powell, A.H.1    Powell, G.V.N.2
  • 126
    • 0024874941 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the distribution and abundance of a cryptic species, Dipodomys Stephensi (Rodentia: Heteromyidae), and implications for management
    • Price, M.V. and Endo, PR. 1989. Estimating the distribution and abundance of a cryptic species, Dipodomys Stephensi (Rodentia: Heteromyidae), and implications for management. Conservation Biology 3(3): 293-301.
    • (1989) Conservation Biology , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 293-301
    • Price, M.V.1    Endo, P.R.2
  • 128
    • 13444284761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction risk in fragmented habitats
    • Reed, D.H. 2004a. Extinction risk in fragmented habitats. Animal Conservation 7: 181-191.
    • (2004) Animal Conservation , vol.7 , pp. 181-191
    • Reed, D.H.1
  • 129
    • 16244409274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between population size and population fitness
    • Reed, D.H. 2005. The relationship between population size and population fitness. Conservation Biology 19: 563-568.
    • (2005) Conservation Biology , vol.19 , pp. 563-568
    • Reed, D.H.1
  • 130
    • 0037329527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between fitness and genetic diversity
    • Reed, D.H. and Frankham, R. 2003. Correlation between fitness and genetic diversity. Conservation Biology 17: 230-237.
    • (2003) Conservation Biology , vol.17 , pp. 230-237
    • Reed, D.H.1    Frankham, R.2
  • 131
    • 14044255985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The frequency and magnitude of catastrophic die-offs in populations of vertebrates
    • Reed, D.H., O'Grady, J.J., Ballou, J.D. and Frankham, R. 2003b. The frequency and magnitude of catastrophic die-offs in populations of vertebrates. Animal Conservation 6: 109-114.
    • (2003) Animal Conservation , vol.6 , pp. 109-114
    • Reed, D.H.1    O'Grady, J.J.2    Ballou, J.D.3    Frankham, R.4
  • 132
    • 0038348575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates
    • Reed, D.H., O'Grady, J.J., Brook, B.W., Ballou, J.D. and Frankham, R., 2003a. Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates. Biological Conservation 113: 23-34.
    • (2003) Biological Conservation , vol.113 , pp. 23-34
    • Reed, D.H.1    O'Grady, J.J.2    Brook, B.W.3    Ballou, J.D.4    Frankham, R.5
  • 133
    • 0033994303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding depression and genetic rescue in a plant metapopulation
    • Richards, C.M. 2000. Inbreeding depression and genetic rescue in a plant metapopulation. The American Naturalist 155: 383-394.
    • (2000) The American Naturalist , vol.155 , pp. 383-394
    • Richards, C.M.1
  • 136
    • 0028974699 scopus 로고
    • Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of migratory birds
    • Robinson, S.K., Thompson, F.R., Donovan, T.M., Whitehead, D.R. and Faaborg, J. 1995. Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of migratory birds. Science 267: 1987-1988.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 1987-1988
    • Robinson, S.K.1    Thompson, F.R.2    Donovan, T.M.3    Whitehead, D.R.4    Faaborg, J.5
  • 137
    • 0037332828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population fragmentation and extinction in the Iberian lynx
    • Rodriguez, A. and Delibes, M. 2003. Population fragmentation and extinction in the Iberian lynx. Biological Conservation 109: 321-331.
    • (2003) Biological Conservation , vol.109 , pp. 321-331
    • Rodriguez, A.1    Delibes, M.2
  • 139
  • 140
    • 0003132566 scopus 로고
    • Minimum viable populations: Coping with uncertainty
    • Soul?, M.E. (Ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Shaffer, M. 1987. Minimum viable populations: coping with uncertainty. In: Soul?, M.E. (Ed.), Viable Populations for Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 69-86.
    • (1987) Viable Populations for Conservation , pp. 69-86
    • Shaffer, M.1
  • 141
    • 0001292192 scopus 로고
    • Population size and extinction: A note on determining critical population size
    • Shaffer, M.L. and Samson, F.B. 1985. Population size and extinction: a note on determining critical population size. The American Naturalist 125: 144-152.
    • (1985) The American Naturalist , vol.125 , pp. 144-152
    • Shaffer, M.L.1    Samson, F.B.2
  • 142
    • 37049183144 scopus 로고
    • Island biogeography theory: Theory and conservation practice
    • Simberloff, D.S. and Abele, L.G. 1976. Island biogeography theory: Theory and conservation practice. Science 191: 285-286.
    • (1976) Science , vol.191 , pp. 285-286
    • Simberloff, D.S.1    Abele, L.G.2
  • 143
    • 0020375763 scopus 로고
    • Refuge design and island biogeographic theory: Effects of fragmentation
    • Simberloff, D.S. and Abele, L.G. 1982. Refuge design and island biogeographic theory: Effects of fragmentation. The American Naturalist 120: 41-50.
    • (1982) The American Naturalist , vol.120 , pp. 41-50
    • Simberloff, D.S.1    Abele, L.G.2
  • 144
    • 0026301232 scopus 로고
    • Extinction and isolation gradients in metapopulations: The case of the pool frog (Rana lessonae)
    • Sjögren, P. 1991. Extinction and isolation gradients in metapopulations: the case of the pool frog (Rana lessonae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 42: 135-147.
    • (1991) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.42 , pp. 135-147
    • Sjögren, P.1
  • 145
    • 0001762558 scopus 로고
    • The distribution and dispersal of pikas: Consequences of insular population structure
    • Smith, A.T. 1974. The distribution and dispersal of pikas: consequences of insular population structure. Ecology 55: 1112-1119.
    • (1974) Ecology , vol.55 , pp. 1112-1119
    • Smith, A.T.1
  • 146
    • 0032443779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape analysis of tiger distribution and habitat quality in Nepal
    • Smith, J.D., Ahearn, S.C. and McDougal, C. 1998. Landscape analysis of tiger distribution and habitat quality in Nepal. Conservation Biology 12: 1338-1346.
    • (1998) Conservation Biology , vol.12 , pp. 1338-1346
    • Smith, J.D.1    Ahearn, S.C.2    McDougal, C.3
  • 147
    • 0023490425 scopus 로고
    • Island and mainland pollination ecology of Centrosema virgianum and Opuntia stricta
    • Spears, E.E. 1987. Island and mainland pollination ecology of Centrosema virgianum and Opuntia stricta. Journal of Ecology 75: 351-362.
    • (1987) Journal of Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 351-362
    • Spears, E.E.1
  • 148
    • 84995137542 scopus 로고
    • Modeling problems in conservation genetics using captive Drosophila Populations: Improvement of re-productive fitness sue to immigration of one individual into small partially inbred populations
    • Spielman, D. and Frankham, R. 1992. Modeling problems in conservation genetics using captive Drosophila Populations: improvement of re-productive fitness sue to immigration of one individual into small partially inbred populations. Zoo Biology 11:343-351.
    • (1992) Zoo Biology , vol.11 , pp. 343-351
    • Spielman, D.1    Frankham, R.2
  • 149
    • 0030422789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal patterns of small-rodent population dynamics at a regional scale
    • Steen, H., Ims, R.A. and Sonerud, G.A. 1996. Spatial and temporal patterns of small-rodent population dynamics at a regional scale. Ecology 77: 2365-2372.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 2365-2372
    • Steen, H.1    Ims, R.A.2    Sonerud, G.A.3
  • 150
    • 0029773825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial synchrony and asynchrony in butterfly population dynamics
    • Sutcliffe, O.L., Thomas, C.D. and Moss, D. 1996. Spatial synchrony and asynchrony in butterfly population dynamics. J. of Anim. Ecol. 65: 85-95.
    • (1996) J. of Anim. Ecol. , vol.65 , pp. 85-95
    • Sutcliffe, O.L.1    Thomas, C.D.2    Moss, D.3
  • 151
    • 0028177085 scopus 로고
    • Rarity and species/area relationships of vascular plants in deciduous woods, western Norway - Applications to nature reserve selection
    • Sætersdal, M. 1994. Rarity and species/area relationships of vascular plants in deciduous woods, western Norway - applications to nature reserve selection. Ecography 17: 23-38.
    • (1994) Ecography , vol.17 , pp. 23-38
    • Sætersdal, M.1
  • 152
    • 0025956371 scopus 로고
    • Abundance and food-searching intensity of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) in fragmented forests
    • Telleria, J.L., Santos, T. and Alcantara, M. 1991. Abundance and food-searching intensity of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) in fragmented forests. J. of Mammalogy 72: 183-187.
    • (1991) J. of Mammalogy , vol.72 , pp. 183-187
    • Telleria, J.L.1    Santos, T.2    Alcantara, M.3
  • 153
    • 0035826813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disrupting evolutionary processes: The effect of habitat fragmentation on collared lizards in the Missouri Ozarks
    • Templeton, A.R., Robertson, R.J., Brisson, J. and Strasburg, J. 2001. Disrupting evolutionary processes: The effect of habitat fragmentation on collared lizards in the Missouri Ozarks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98: 5426-5432.
    • (2001) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.98 , pp. 5426-5432
    • Templeton, A.R.1    Robertson, R.J.2    Brisson, J.3    Strasburg, J.4
  • 154
    • 0000569185 scopus 로고
    • The big things that run the world
    • Terborgh, J. 1988. The big things that run the world. Conservation Biology 2(4): 402-403.
    • (1988) Conservation Biology , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 402-403
    • Terborgh, J.1
  • 155
    • 0036883841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral responses of bobcats and coyotes to habitat fragmentation and corridors in an urban environment
    • Tigas, L.A., Van Vuren, D.H. and Sauvajot, R.M. 2002. Behavioral responses of bobcats and coyotes to habitat fragmentation and corridors in an urban environment. Biological Conservation 108: 299-306.
    • (2002) Biological Conservation , vol.108 , pp. 299-306
    • Tigas, L.A.1    Van Vuren, D.H.2    Sauvajot, R.M.3
  • 156
    • 0020891983 scopus 로고
    • Abundance and diversity of orb spiders on 106 Bahamian islands: Biogeography at an intermediate trophic level
    • Toft, C.A. and Schoener, T.W. 1983. Abundance and diversity of orb spiders on 106 Bahamian islands: biogeography at an intermediate trophic level. Oikos 41: 411-426.
    • (1983) Oikos , vol.41 , pp. 411-426
    • Toft, C.A.1    Schoener, T.W.2
  • 157
    • 0032408410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation of vascular plants in single large and several small mires: Species richness, rarity and taxonomic diversity
    • Virolainen, K.M., Suomi, T., Suhonen, J. and Kuitunen, M. 1998. Conservation of vascular plants in single large and several small mires: species richness, rarity and taxonomic diversity. J. of Appl. Ecol. 35: 700-707.
    • (1998) J. of Appl. Ecol. , vol.35 , pp. 700-707
    • Virolainen, K.M.1    Suomi, T.2    Suhonen, J.3    Kuitunen, M.4
  • 158
    • 0036898481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synchronous variation and long-term trends in two populations of black rat snakes
    • Weatherhead, P.J., Blouin-Demers, G. and Prior, K.A. 2002. Synchronous variation and long-term trends in two populations of black rat snakes. Conservation Biology 16: 1602-1608.
    • (2002) Conservation Biology , vol.16 , pp. 1602-1608
    • Weatherhead, P.J.1    Blouin-Demers, G.2    Prior, K.A.3
  • 159
    • 0000454807 scopus 로고
    • Movement s by birds and small mammals between a wood and adjoining farmland habitat
    • Wegner, J.F. and Merriam, G. 1979. Movement s by birds and small mammals between a wood and adjoining farmland habitat. J. of Appl. Ecol. 16: 349-357.
    • (1979) J. of Appl. Ecol. , vol.16 , pp. 349-357
    • Wegner, J.F.1    Merriam, G.2
  • 161
    • 0011434161 scopus 로고
    • Habitat fragmentation and wildlife populations: The importance of time, autecology, and landscape structure
    • th IUGB Congress, Trondheim 1989, pp. 381-391.
    • (1990) th IUGB Congress, Trondheim , vol.1989 , pp. 381-391
    • Wiens, J.A.1
  • 162
    • 0022217592 scopus 로고
    • Conservation strategy: The effects of fragmentation on extinction
    • Wilcox, B.A. and Murphy, D.D. 1985. Conservation strategy: The effects of fragmentation on extinction. The American Naturalist 125: 879-887.
    • (1985) The American Naturalist , vol.125 , pp. 879-887
    • Wilcox, B.A.1    Murphy, D.D.2
  • 163
    • 0024944043 scopus 로고
    • Population estimates of fruit bats (Pteroput mariannus) in the Mariana islands
    • Wiles, G.J., Lemke, T.O. and Payne, N.H. 1989. Population estimates of fruit bats (Pteroput mariannus) in the Mariana islands. Conservation Biology 3(1): 66-76.
    • (1989) Conservation Biology , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 66-76
    • Wiles, G.J.1    Lemke, T.O.2    Payne, N.H.3
  • 164
    • 0001979093 scopus 로고
    • Applied biogeography
    • Cody M.L., Diamond J.M. (Eds.). Harvard. University Press, Cambridge, MA
    • Wilson, E.O. and Willis, E.O. 1975. Applied biogeography. In: Cody M.L., Diamond J.M. (Eds.), Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Harvard. University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 522-534.
    • (1975) Ecology and Evolution of Communities , pp. 522-534
    • Wilson, E.O.1    Willis, E.O.2
  • 165
    • 0031955417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative analysis of nested subset patterns of species composition
    • Wright, D.H., Patterson, B.D., Mikkelson, G., Cutler, J.H. and Atmar, W. 1998. A comparative analysis of nested subset patterns of species composition. Oecologial 113: 1-20.
    • (1998) Oecologial , vol.113 , pp. 1-20
    • Wright, D.H.1    Patterson, B.D.2    Mikkelson, G.3    Cutler, J.H.4    Atmar, W.5
  • 166
    • 0020899747 scopus 로고
    • Stochastic extinction and reserve size: A focal species approach
    • Wright, J.P. and Hubbell, S.P. 1983. Stochastic extinction and reserve size: A focal species approach. Oikos 41: 466-476.
    • (1983) Oikos , vol.41 , pp. 466-476
    • Wright, J.P.1    Hubbell, S.P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.