Aerial oxidation of primary alcohols and amines catalyzed by Cu(II) complexes of 2,2′-selenobis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol) providing [O,Se,O]-donor atoms

Dalton Transactions

Volumn , Issue 14, 2004, Pages 2092-2101

  Paine, Tapan K ^a   Weyhermüller, Thomas ^a   Wieghardt, Karl ^a   Chaudhuri, Phalguni ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALDEHYDES; AMINES; CATALYSIS; COMPLEXATION; COPPER; ISOTOPES; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; OXIDATION; X RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS;

AMINE OXIDASES; FUNCTIONAL MODELS; LIGANDS;

ALCOHOLS;

2,2' SELENOBIS(4,6 DI TERT BUTYLPHENOL); 2,2'-SELENOBIS(4,6-DI-TERT-BUTYLPHENOL); ALCOHOL DERIVATIVE; AMINE; BENZALDEHYDE; BENZALDEHYDE DERIVATIVE; COPPER; ORGANOSELENIUM DERIVATIVE; OXYGEN; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; SELENIUM;

ARTICLE; CATALYSIS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; MAGNETISM; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; SPECTROSCOPY; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

ALCOHOLS; AMINES; BENZALDEHYDES; CATALYSIS; COPPER; MAGNETICS; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; ORGANOSELENIUM COMPOUNDS; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; OXYGEN; PHENOLS; SELENIUM; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; X-RAY DIFFRACTION;

EID: 3342895064     PISSN: 14779226     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/b403953j     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. For example: (a) J. A. Halfen, B. A. Jazdzewski, S. Mahapatra, L. M. Berreau, E. C. Wilkinson, L. Que, Jr. and W. B. Tolman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8217; (b) Y. Wang and T. D. P. Stack, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 13097; D. Zurita, I. Gautier-Luneau, S. Menage, J. L. Pierre and E. Saint-Aman, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 1997, 2, 46; E. Bill, J. Müller, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 5795 and references therein; (e) M. A. Halcrow, L. M. Lindy Chia, X. Liu, E. J. L. McInnes, L. J. Yellowlees, F. E. Mabbs, I. J. Scowen, M. McPartlin and J. E. Davies, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 1753; (f) S. Itoh, S. Takayama, R. Arakawa, A. Furuta, M. Komatsu, A. Ishida, S. Takamuku and S. Fukuzumi, Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 1407; (g) K. Yamato, T. Inada, M. Doe, A. Ichimura, T. Takui, Y. Kojima, T. Kikunaga, S. Nakamura, N. Yanagihara, T. Onaka and S. Yano, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2000, 73, 903; (h) Y. Shimazaki, S. Huth, A. Odani and O. Yamauchi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 2000, 112, 1666; M. Vaidyanathan and M. Palaniandavar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 2000, 112, 223; (j) L. Benisvy, A. J. Blake, D. Collison, E. S. Davies, C. D. Garner, E. J. L. McInnes, J. McMaster, G. Whittacker and C. Wilson, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1824.
2. For example: (a) J. A. Halfen, B. A. Jazdzewski, S. Mahapatra, L. M. Berreau, E. C. Wilkinson, L. Que, Jr. and W. B. Tolman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8217; (b) Y. Wang and T. D. P. Stack, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 13097; D. Zurita, I. Gautier-Luneau, S. Menage, J. L. Pierre and E. Saint-Aman, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 1997, 2, 46; E. Bill, J. Müller, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 5795 and references therein; (e) M. A. Halcrow, L. M. Lindy Chia, X. Liu, E. J. L. McInnes, L. J. Yellowlees, F. E. Mabbs, I. J. Scowen, M. McPartlin and J. E. Davies, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 1753; (f) S. Itoh, S. Takayama, R. Arakawa, A. Furuta, M. Komatsu, A. Ishida, S. Takamuku and S. Fukuzumi, Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 1407; (g) K. Yamato, T. Inada, M. Doe, A. Ichimura, T. Takui, Y. Kojima, T. Kikunaga, S. Nakamura, N. Yanagihara, T. Onaka and S. Yano, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2000, 73, 903; (h) Y. Shimazaki, S. Huth, A. Odani and O. Yamauchi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 2000, 112, 1666; M. Vaidyanathan and M. Palaniandavar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 2000, 112, 223; (j) L. Benisvy, A. J. Blake, D. Collison, E. S. Davies, C. D. Garner, E. J. L. McInnes, J. McMaster, G. Whittacker and C. Wilson, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1824.
3. For example: (a) J. A. Halfen, B. A. Jazdzewski, S. Mahapatra, L. M. Berreau, E. C. Wilkinson, L. Que, Jr. and W. B. Tolman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8217; (b) Y. Wang and T. D. P. Stack, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 13097; D. Zurita, I. Gautier-Luneau, S. Menage, J. L. Pierre and E. Saint-Aman, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 1997, 2, 46; E. Bill, J. Müller, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 5795 and references therein; (e) M. A. Halcrow, L. M. Lindy Chia, X. Liu, E. J. L. McInnes, L. J. Yellowlees, F. E. Mabbs, I. J. Scowen, M. McPartlin and J. E. Davies, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 1753; (f) S. Itoh, S. Takayama, R. Arakawa, A. Furuta, M. Komatsu, A. Ishida, S. Takamuku and S. Fukuzumi, Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 1407; (g) K. Yamato, T. Inada, M. Doe, A. Ichimura, T. Takui, Y. Kojima, T. Kikunaga, S. Nakamura, N. Yanagihara, T. Onaka and S. Yano, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2000, 73, 903; (h) Y. Shimazaki, S. Huth, A. Odani and O. Yamauchi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 2000, 112, 1666; M. Vaidyanathan and M. Palaniandavar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 2000, 112, 223; (j) L. Benisvy, A. J. Blake, D. Collison, E. S. Davies, C. D. Garner, E. J. L. McInnes, J. McMaster, G. Whittacker and C. Wilson, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1824.
4. For example: (a) J. A. Halfen, B. A. Jazdzewski, S. Mahapatra, L. M. Berreau, E. C. Wilkinson, L. Que, Jr. and W. B. Tolman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8217; (b) Y. Wang and T. D. P. Stack, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 13097; D. Zurita, I. Gautier-Luneau, S. Menage, J. L. Pierre and E. Saint-Aman, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 1997, 2, 46; E. Bill, J. Müller, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 5795 and references therein; (e) M. A. Halcrow, L. M. Lindy Chia, X. Liu, E. J. L. McInnes, L. J. Yellowlees, F. E. Mabbs, I. J. Scowen, M. McPartlin and J. E. Davies, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 1753; (f) S. Itoh, S. Takayama, R. Arakawa, A. Furuta, M. Komatsu, A. Ishida, S. Takamuku and S. Fukuzumi, Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 1407; (g) K. Yamato, T. Inada, M. Doe, A. Ichimura, T. Takui, Y. Kojima, T. Kikunaga, S. Nakamura, N. Yanagihara, T. Onaka and S. Yano, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2000, 73, 903; (h) Y. Shimazaki, S. Huth, A. Odani and O. Yamauchi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 2000, 112, 1666; M. Vaidyanathan and M. Palaniandavar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 2000, 112, 223; (j) L. Benisvy, A. J. Blake, D. Collison, E. S. Davies, C. D. Garner, E. J. L. McInnes, J. McMaster, G. Whittacker and C. Wilson, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1824.
5. For example: (a) J. A. Halfen, B. A. Jazdzewski, S. Mahapatra, L. M. Berreau, E. C. Wilkinson, L. Que, Jr. and W. B. Tolman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8217; (b) Y. Wang and T. D. P. Stack, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 13097; D. Zurita, I. Gautier-Luneau, S. Menage, J. L. Pierre and E. Saint-Aman, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 1997, 2, 46; E. Bill, J. Müller, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 5795 and references therein; (e) M. A. Halcrow, L. M. Lindy Chia, X. Liu, E. J. L. McInnes, L. J. Yellowlees, F. E. Mabbs, I. J. Scowen, M. McPartlin and J. E. Davies, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 1753; (f) S. Itoh, S. Takayama, R. Arakawa, A. Furuta, M. Komatsu, A. Ishida, S. Takamuku and S. Fukuzumi, Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 1407; (g) K. Yamato, T. Inada, M. Doe, A. Ichimura, T. Takui, Y. Kojima, T. Kikunaga, S. Nakamura, N. Yanagihara, T. Onaka and S. Yano, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2000, 73, 903; (h) Y. Shimazaki, S. Huth, A. Odani and O. Yamauchi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 2000, 112, 1666; M. Vaidyanathan and M. Palaniandavar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 2000, 112, 223; (j) L. Benisvy, A. J. Blake, D. Collison, E. S. Davies, C. D. Garner, E. J. L. McInnes, J. McMaster, G. Whittacker and C. Wilson, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1824.
6. For example: (a) J. A. Halfen, B. A. Jazdzewski, S. Mahapatra, L. M. Berreau, E. C. Wilkinson, L. Que, Jr. and W. B. Tolman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8217; (b) Y. Wang and T. D. P. Stack, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 13097; D. Zurita, I. Gautier-Luneau, S. Menage, J. L. Pierre and E. Saint-Aman, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 1997, 2, 46; E. Bill, J. Müller, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 5795 and references therein; (e) M. A. Halcrow, L. M. Lindy Chia, X. Liu, E. J. L. McInnes, L. J. Yellowlees, F. E. Mabbs, I. J. Scowen, M. McPartlin and J. E. Davies, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 1753; (f) S. Itoh, S. Takayama, R. Arakawa, A. Furuta, M. Komatsu, A. Ishida, S. Takamuku and S. Fukuzumi, Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 1407; (g) K. Yamato, T. Inada, M. Doe, A. Ichimura, T. Takui, Y. Kojima, T. Kikunaga, S. Nakamura, N. Yanagihara, T. Onaka and S. Yano, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2000, 73, 903; (h) Y. Shimazaki, S. Huth, A. Odani and O. Yamauchi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 2000, 112, 1666; M. Vaidyanathan and M. Palaniandavar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 2000, 112, 223; (j) L. Benisvy, A. J. Blake, D. Collison, E. S. Davies, C. D. Garner, E. J. L. McInnes, J. McMaster, G. Whittacker and C. Wilson, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1824.
7. For example: (a) J. A. Halfen, B. A. Jazdzewski, S. Mahapatra, L. M. Berreau, E. C. Wilkinson, L. Que, Jr. and W. B. Tolman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8217; (b) Y. Wang and T. D. P. Stack, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 13097; D. Zurita, I. Gautier-Luneau, S. Menage, J. L. Pierre and E. Saint-Aman, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 1997, 2, 46; E. Bill, J. Müller, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 5795 and references therein; (e) M. A. Halcrow, L. M. Lindy Chia, X. Liu, E. J. L. McInnes, L. J. Yellowlees, F. E. Mabbs, I. J. Scowen, M. McPartlin and J. E. Davies, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 1753; (f) S. Itoh, S. Takayama, R. Arakawa, A. Furuta, M. Komatsu, A. Ishida, S. Takamuku and S. Fukuzumi, Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 1407; (g) K. Yamato, T. Inada, M. Doe, A. Ichimura, T. Takui, Y. Kojima, T. Kikunaga, S. Nakamura, N. Yanagihara, T. Onaka and S. Yano, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2000, 73, 903; (h) Y. Shimazaki, S. Huth, A. Odani and O. Yamauchi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 2000, 112, 1666; M. Vaidyanathan and M. Palaniandavar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 2000, 112, 223; (j) L. Benisvy, A. J. Blake, D. Collison, E. S. Davies, C. D. Garner, E. J. L. McInnes, J. McMaster, G. Whittacker and C. Wilson, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1824.
8. For example: (a) J. A. Halfen, B. A. Jazdzewski, S. Mahapatra, L. M. Berreau, E. C. Wilkinson, L. Que, Jr. and W. B. Tolman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8217; (b) Y. Wang and T. D. P. Stack, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 13097; D. Zurita, I. Gautier-Luneau, S. Menage, J. L. Pierre and E. Saint-Aman, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 1997, 2, 46; E. Bill, J. Müller, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 5795 and references therein; (e) M. A. Halcrow, L. M. Lindy Chia, X. Liu, E. J. L. McInnes, L. J. Yellowlees, F. E. Mabbs, I. J. Scowen, M. McPartlin and J. E. Davies, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 1753; (f) S. Itoh, S. Takayama, R. Arakawa, A. Furuta, M. Komatsu, A. Ishida, S. Takamuku and S. Fukuzumi, Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 1407; (g) K. Yamato, T. Inada, M. Doe, A. Ichimura, T. Takui, Y. Kojima, T. Kikunaga, S. Nakamura, N. Yanagihara, T. Onaka and S. Yano, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2000, 73, 903; (h) Y. Shimazaki, S. Huth, A. Odani and O. Yamauchi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 2000, 112, 1666; M. Vaidyanathan and M. Palaniandavar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 2000, 112, 223; (j) L. Benisvy, A. J. Blake, D. Collison, E. S. Davies, C. D. Garner, E. J. L. McInnes, J. McMaster, G. Whittacker and C. Wilson, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1824.
9. For example: (a) J. A. Halfen, B. A. Jazdzewski, S. Mahapatra, L. M. Berreau, E. C. Wilkinson, L. Que, Jr. and W. B. Tolman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8217; (b) Y. Wang and T. D. P. Stack, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 13097; D. Zurita, I. Gautier-Luneau, S. Menage, J. L. Pierre and E. Saint-Aman, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 1997, 2, 46; E. Bill, J. Müller, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 5795 and references therein; (e) M. A. Halcrow, L. M. Lindy Chia, X. Liu, E. J. L. McInnes, L. J. Yellowlees, F. E. Mabbs, I. J. Scowen, M. McPartlin and J. E. Davies, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 1753; (f) S. Itoh, S. Takayama, R. Arakawa, A. Furuta, M. Komatsu, A. Ishida, S. Takamuku and S. Fukuzumi, Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 1407; (g) K. Yamato, T. Inada, M. Doe, A. Ichimura, T. Takui, Y. Kojima, T. Kikunaga, S. Nakamura, N. Yanagihara, T. Onaka and S. Yano, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2000, 73, 903; (h) Y. Shimazaki, S. Huth, A. Odani and O. Yamauchi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 2000, 112, 1666; M. Vaidyanathan and M. Palaniandavar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 2000, 112, 223; (j) L. Benisvy, A. J. Blake, D. Collison, E. S. Davies, C. D. Garner, E. J. L. McInnes, J. McMaster, G. Whittacker and C. Wilson, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1824.
10. For example: (a) J. A. Halfen, B. A. Jazdzewski, S. Mahapatra, L. M. Berreau, E. C. Wilkinson, L. Que, Jr. and W. B. Tolman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8217; (b) Y. Wang and T. D. P. Stack, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 13097; D. Zurita, I. Gautier-Luneau, S. Menage, J. L. Pierre and E. Saint-Aman, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 1997, 2, 46; E. Bill, J. Müller, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 5795 and references therein; (e) M. A. Halcrow, L. M. Lindy Chia, X. Liu, E. J. L. McInnes, L. J. Yellowlees, F. E. Mabbs, I. J. Scowen, M. McPartlin and J. E. Davies, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 1753; (f) S. Itoh, S. Takayama, R. Arakawa, A. Furuta, M. Komatsu, A. Ishida, S. Takamuku and S. Fukuzumi, Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 1407; (g) K. Yamato, T. Inada, M. Doe, A. Ichimura, T. Takui, Y. Kojima, T. Kikunaga, S. Nakamura, N. Yanagihara, T. Onaka and S. Yano, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2000, 73, 903; (h) Y. Shimazaki, S. Huth, A. Odani and O. Yamauchi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 2000, 112, 1666; M. Vaidyanathan and M. Palaniandavar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 2000, 112, 223; (j) L. Benisvy, A. J. Blake, D. Collison, E. S. Davies, C. D. Garner, E. J. L. McInnes, J. McMaster, G. Whittacker and C. Wilson, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1824.
11. Selected examples: (a) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, U. Flörke and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1998, 110, 2217; (b) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1999, 38, 1095; P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, J. Müller, K. Hildenbrand, E. Bill, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 9599; R. Siefert, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 4656; (e) C. N. Verani, E. Bothe, D. Burdinski, T. Weyhermüller, U. Flörke and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2161; (f) T. Weyhermüller, T. K. Paine, E. Bothe, E. Bill and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2002, 337, 344; (g) T. K. Paine, T. Weyhermüller, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chem., 2002, 41, 6538; (h) S. Mukherjee, T. Weyhermüller, E. Bothe, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 863; T. K. Paine, E. Rentschler, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 3167.
12. Selected examples: (a) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, U. Flörke and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1998, 110, 2217; (b) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1999, 38, 1095; P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, J. Müller, K. Hildenbrand, E. Bill, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 9599; R. Siefert, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 4656; (e) C. N. Verani, E. Bothe, D. Burdinski, T. Weyhermüller, U. Flörke and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2161; (f) T. Weyhermüller, T. K. Paine, E. Bothe, E. Bill and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2002, 337, 344; (g) T. K. Paine, T. Weyhermüller, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chem., 2002, 41, 6538; (h) S. Mukherjee, T. Weyhermüller, E. Bothe, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 863; T. K. Paine, E. Rentschler, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 3167.
13. Selected examples: (a) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, U. Flörke and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1998, 110, 2217; (b) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1999, 38, 1095; P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, J. Müller, K. Hildenbrand, E. Bill, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 9599; R. Siefert, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 4656; (e) C. N. Verani, E. Bothe, D. Burdinski, T. Weyhermüller, U. Flörke and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2161; (f) T. Weyhermüller, T. K. Paine, E. Bothe, E. Bill and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2002, 337, 344; (g) T. K. Paine, T. Weyhermüller, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chem., 2002, 41, 6538; (h) S. Mukherjee, T. Weyhermüller, E. Bothe, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 863; T. K. Paine, E. Rentschler, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 3167.
14. Selected examples: (a) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, U. Flörke and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1998, 110, 2217; (b) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1999, 38, 1095; P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, J. Müller, K. Hildenbrand, E. Bill, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 9599; R. Siefert, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 4656; (e) C. N. Verani, E. Bothe, D. Burdinski, T. Weyhermüller, U. Flörke and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2161; (f) T. Weyhermüller, T. K. Paine, E. Bothe, E. Bill and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2002, 337, 344; (g) T. K. Paine, T. Weyhermüller, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chem., 2002, 41, 6538; (h) S. Mukherjee, T. Weyhermüller, E. Bothe, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 863; T. K. Paine, E. Rentschler, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 3167.
15. Selected examples: (a) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, U. Flörke and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1998, 110, 2217; (b) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1999, 38, 1095; P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, J. Müller, K. Hildenbrand, E. Bill, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 9599; R. Siefert, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 4656; (e) C. N. Verani, E. Bothe, D. Burdinski, T. Weyhermüller, U. Flörke and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2161; (f) T. Weyhermüller, T. K. Paine, E. Bothe, E. Bill and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2002, 337, 344; (g) T. K. Paine, T. Weyhermüller, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chem., 2002, 41, 6538; (h) S. Mukherjee, T. Weyhermüller, E. Bothe, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 863; T. K. Paine, E. Rentschler, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 3167.
16. Selected examples: (a) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, U. Flörke and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1998, 110, 2217; (b) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1999, 38, 1095; P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, J. Müller, K. Hildenbrand, E. Bill, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 9599; R. Siefert, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 4656; (e) C. N. Verani, E. Bothe, D. Burdinski, T. Weyhermüller, U. Flörke and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2161; (f) T. Weyhermüller, T. K. Paine, E. Bothe, E. Bill and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2002, 337, 344; (g) T. K. Paine, T. Weyhermüller, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chem., 2002, 41, 6538; (h) S. Mukherjee, T. Weyhermüller, E. Bothe, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 863; T. K. Paine, E. Rentschler, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 3167.
17. Selected examples: (a) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, U. Flörke and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1998, 110, 2217; (b) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1999, 38, 1095; P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, J. Müller, K. Hildenbrand, E. Bill, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 9599; R. Siefert, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 4656; (e) C. N. Verani, E. Bothe, D. Burdinski, T. Weyhermüller, U. Flörke and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2161; (f) T. Weyhermüller, T. K. Paine, E. Bothe, E. Bill and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2002, 337, 344; (g) T. K. Paine, T. Weyhermüller, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chem., 2002, 41, 6538; (h) S. Mukherjee, T. Weyhermüller, E. Bothe, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 863; T. K. Paine, E. Rentschler, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 3167.
18. Selected examples: (a) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, U. Flörke and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1998, 110, 2217; (b) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1999, 38, 1095; P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, J. Müller, K. Hildenbrand, E. Bill, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 9599; R. Siefert, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 4656; (e) C. N. Verani, E. Bothe, D. Burdinski, T. Weyhermüller, U. Flörke and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2161; (f) T. Weyhermüller, T. K. Paine, E. Bothe, E. Bill and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2002, 337, 344; (g) T. K. Paine, T. Weyhermüller, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chem., 2002, 41, 6538; (h) S. Mukherjee, T. Weyhermüller, E. Bothe, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 863; T. K. Paine, E. Rentschler, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 3167.
19. Selected examples: (a) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, U. Flörke and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1998, 110, 2217; (b) P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1999, 38, 1095; P. Chaudhuri, M. Hess, J. Müller, K. Hildenbrand, E. Bill, T. Weyhermüller and K. Wieghardt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 9599; R. Siefert, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 4656; (e) C. N. Verani, E. Bothe, D. Burdinski, T. Weyhermüller, U. Flörke and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2161; (f) T. Weyhermüller, T. K. Paine, E. Bothe, E. Bill and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2002, 337, 344; (g) T. K. Paine, T. Weyhermüller, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chem., 2002, 41, 6538; (h) S. Mukherjee, T. Weyhermüller, E. Bothe, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 863; T. K. Paine, E. Rentschler, T. Weyhermüller and P. Chaudhuri, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 3167.
20. (a) R. H. Holm and E. I. Solomon (Guest Editors), Chem. Rev., 1996, 96, 7;
21. (b) Metal Ions in Biological Systems, ed. H. Sigel and A. Sigel, Marcel-Dekker, New York, 1994, vol. 30;
22. (c) G. T. Babcock, M. Espe, C. Hoganson, N. Lydakis-Simantiris, J. McCracken, W. Shi, S. Styring, C. Tommas and K. Warncke, Acta Chem. Scand., 1997, 51, 533;
23. (d) M. M. Fontecave and J. J. Pierre, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1996, 133, 653;
24. (e) D. P. Goldberg and S. J. Lippard, Adv. Chem. Ser, 1995, 246, 59;
25. (f) J. Stubbe and W. A. van der Donk, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 705;
26. (g) P. Chaudhuri and K. Wieghardt, Progr. Inorg. Chem., 2002, 50, 151.
27. P. F. Knowles and N. Ito, in Perspectives in Bio-inorganic Chemistry, ed. R. W. Hay, J. R. Dilworth and K. B. Nolan, Jai, London, 1994, vol. 2, pp. 207-244.
28. (a)N. Ito, S. E. V. Philips, C. Stevens, Z. B. Ogel, M. J. McPherson, J. N. Keen, K. D. S. Yadav and P. F. Knowles, Nature, 1991, 350, 87;
29. (b) N. Ito, S. E. V. Philips, C. Stevens, K. D. S. Yadav and P. F. Knowles, J. Mol. Biol., 1994, 238, 794.
30. (a) R. M. Wachter, M. P. Montague-Smith and B. P. Branchaud, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 7743;
31. (b) B. P. Branchaud, M. P. Montague-Smith, D. J. Kosman and F. R. McLaren, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 789;
32. (c) M. M. Whittaker and J. W. Whittaker, Biophys. J., 1993, 64, 762;
33. (d) R. M. Wachter and B. P. Branchaud, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 3429.
34. A. Maradufu, G. M. Cree and A. S. Perlin, Can. J. Chem., 1971, 49, 3429.
35. (a) Y. Wang, J. L. DuBois, B. Hedman, K. O. Hodgson and T. D. P. Stack, Science, 1998, 279, 537;
36. (b) S. Itoh, M. Taki, S. Takayama, S. Nagatomo, T. Kitagawa, N. Sakurada, R. Arakawa and S. Fukuzumi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1999, 38, 2774;
37. (c) F. Thomas, G. Gelbon, I. G. Luneau, E. S. Aman and J.-L. Pierre, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 2002, 41, 3047.
38. (a) J. P. Klinman, Chem. Rev., 1996, 96, 2541;
39. (b) M. M. Palcic and J. P. Klinman, Biochemistry, 1983, 22, 5957;
40. (c) J. M. Murray, C. G. Saysell, C. M. Wilmot, W. S. Tambyrajan, J. Jaeger, P. F. Knowles, S. E. V. Phillips and M. J. McPherson, Biochemistry, 1999, 38, 8217.
41. See for example: (a) R. Becket and B. F. Hoskins, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1972, 291; (b) R. J. Butcher, C. J. O'Connor and E. Sinn, Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 537; (c) F. B. Huisbergen, R. W. M. Ten Hoedt, G. C. Verschoor, J. Reedjik and A. L. Spek, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1983, 539; (d) J. P. Costes, F. Dahan and J. P. Laurent, Inorg. Chem., 1986, 25, 413; (e) Y. Angus, R. Louis, B. Metz, C. Bouden, J. P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 3155; (f) P. Chaudhuri, M. Winter,B. P. C. Della Vedova, E. Bill, A. Trautwein, S. Gehring, P. Fleisschhauer, B. Nuber and J. Weiss, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 2148; (g) S. Meenakumari and A. R. Chakravarty, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1992, 2749; (h) D. Christodoulou, C. George and L. K. Keefer, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 937; S. Meenakumari, S. K. Tiwary and A. R. Chakravarty, Inorg. Chem., 1994, 33, 2085.
42. See for example: (a) R. Becket and B. F. Hoskins, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1972, 291; (b) R. J. Butcher, C. J. O'Connor and E. Sinn, Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 537; (c) F. B. Huisbergen, R. W. M. Ten Hoedt, G. C. Verschoor, J. Reedjik and A. L. Spek, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1983, 539; (d) J. P. Costes, F. Dahan and J. P. Laurent, Inorg. Chem., 1986, 25, 413; (e) Y. Angus, R. Louis, B. Metz, C. Bouden, J. P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 3155; (f) P. Chaudhuri, M. Winter,B. P. C. Della Vedova, E. Bill, A. Trautwein, S. Gehring, P. Fleisschhauer, B. Nuber and J. Weiss, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 2148; (g) S. Meenakumari and A. R. Chakravarty, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1992, 2749; (h) D. Christodoulou, C. George and L. K. Keefer, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 937; S. Meenakumari, S. K. Tiwary and A. R. Chakravarty, Inorg. Chem., 1994, 33, 2085.
43. See for example: (a) R. Becket and B. F. Hoskins, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1972, 291; (b) R. J. Butcher, C. J. O'Connor and E. Sinn, Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 537; (c) F. B. Huisbergen, R. W. M. Ten Hoedt, G. C. Verschoor, J. Reedjik and A. L. Spek, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1983, 539; (d) J. P. Costes, F. Dahan and J. P. Laurent, Inorg. Chem., 1986, 25, 413; (e) Y. Angus, R. Louis, B. Metz, C. Bouden, J. P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 3155; (f) P. Chaudhuri, M. Winter,B. P. C. Della Vedova, E. Bill, A. Trautwein, S. Gehring, P. Fleisschhauer, B. Nuber and J. Weiss, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 2148; (g) S. Meenakumari and A. R. Chakravarty, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1992, 2749; (h) D. Christodoulou, C. George and L. K. Keefer, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 937; S. Meenakumari, S. K. Tiwary and A. R. Chakravarty, Inorg. Chem., 1994, 33, 2085.
44. See for example: (a) R. Becket and B. F. Hoskins, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1972, 291; (b) R. J. Butcher, C. J. O'Connor and E. Sinn, Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 537; (c) F. B. Huisbergen, R. W. M. Ten Hoedt, G. C. Verschoor, J. Reedjik and A. L. Spek, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1983, 539; (d) J. P. Costes, F. Dahan and J. P. Laurent, Inorg. Chem., 1986, 25, 413; (e) Y. Angus, R. Louis, B. Metz, C. Bouden, J. P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 3155; (f) P. Chaudhuri, M. Winter,B. P. C. Della Vedova, E. Bill, A. Trautwein, S. Gehring, P. Fleisschhauer, B. Nuber and J. Weiss, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 2148; (g) S. Meenakumari and A. R. Chakravarty, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1992, 2749; (h) D. Christodoulou, C. George and L. K. Keefer, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 937; S. Meenakumari, S. K. Tiwary and A. R. Chakravarty, Inorg. Chem., 1994, 33, 2085.
45. See for example: (a) R. Becket and B. F. Hoskins, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1972, 291; (b) R. J. Butcher, C. J. O'Connor and E. Sinn, Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 537; (c) F. B. Huisbergen, R. W. M. Ten Hoedt, G. C. Verschoor, J. Reedjik and A. L. Spek, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1983, 539; (d) J. P. Costes, F. Dahan and J. P. Laurent, Inorg. Chem., 1986, 25, 413; (e) Y. Angus, R. Louis, B. Metz, C. Bouden, J. P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 3155; (f) P. Chaudhuri, M. Winter,B. P. C. Della Vedova, E. Bill, A. Trautwein, S. Gehring, P. Fleisschhauer, B. Nuber and J. Weiss, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 2148; (g) S. Meenakumari and A. R. Chakravarty, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1992, 2749; (h) D. Christodoulou, C. George and L. K. Keefer, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 937; S. Meenakumari, S. K. Tiwary and A. R. Chakravarty, Inorg. Chem., 1994, 33, 2085.
46. See for example: (a) R. Becket and B. F. Hoskins, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1972, 291; (b) R. J. Butcher, C. J. O'Connor and E. Sinn, Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 537; (c) F. B. Huisbergen, R. W. M. Ten Hoedt, G. C. Verschoor, J. Reedjik and A. L. Spek, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1983, 539; (d) J. P. Costes, F. Dahan and J. P. Laurent, Inorg. Chem., 1986, 25, 413; (e) Y. Angus, R. Louis, B. Metz, C. Bouden, J. P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 3155; (f) P. Chaudhuri, M. Winter,B. P. C. Della Vedova, E. Bill, A. Trautwein, S. Gehring, P. Fleisschhauer, B. Nuber and J. Weiss, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 2148; (g) S. Meenakumari and A. R. Chakravarty, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1992, 2749; (h) D. Christodoulou, C. George and L. K. Keefer, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 937; S. Meenakumari, S. K. Tiwary and A. R. Chakravarty, Inorg. Chem., 1994, 33, 2085.
47. See for example: (a) R. Becket and B. F. Hoskins, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1972, 291; (b) R. J. Butcher, C. J. O'Connor and E. Sinn, Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 537; (c) F. B. Huisbergen, R. W. M. Ten Hoedt, G. C. Verschoor, J. Reedjik and A. L. Spek, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1983, 539; (d) J. P. Costes, F. Dahan and J. P. Laurent, Inorg. Chem., 1986, 25, 413; (e) Y. Angus, R. Louis, B. Metz, C. Bouden, J. P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 3155; (f) P. Chaudhuri, M. Winter,B. P. C. Della Vedova, E. Bill, A. Trautwein, S. Gehring, P. Fleisschhauer, B. Nuber and J. Weiss, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 2148; (g) S. Meenakumari and A. R. Chakravarty, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1992, 2749; (h) D. Christodoulou, C. George and L. K. Keefer, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 937; S. Meenakumari, S. K. Tiwary and A. R. Chakravarty, Inorg. Chem., 1994, 33, 2085.
48. See for example: (a) R. Becket and B. F. Hoskins, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1972, 291; (b) R. J. Butcher, C. J. O'Connor and E. Sinn, Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 537; (c) F. B. Huisbergen, R. W. M. Ten Hoedt, G. C. Verschoor, J. Reedjik and A. L. Spek, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1983, 539; (d) J. P. Costes, F. Dahan and J. P. Laurent, Inorg. Chem., 1986, 25, 413; (e) Y. Angus, R. Louis, B. Metz, C. Bouden, J. P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 3155; (f) P. Chaudhuri, M. Winter,B. P. C. Della Vedova, E. Bill, A. Trautwein, S. Gehring, P. Fleisschhauer, B. Nuber and J. Weiss, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 2148; (g) S. Meenakumari and A. R. Chakravarty, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1992, 2749; (h) D. Christodoulou, C. George and L. K. Keefer, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 937; S. Meenakumari, S. K. Tiwary and A. R. Chakravarty, Inorg. Chem., 1994, 33, 2085.
49. See for example: (a) R. Becket and B. F. Hoskins, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1972, 291; (b) R. J. Butcher, C. J. O'Connor and E. Sinn, Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 537; (c) F. B. Huisbergen, R. W. M. Ten Hoedt, G. C. Verschoor, J. Reedjik and A. L. Spek, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1983, 539; (d) J. P. Costes, F. Dahan and J. P. Laurent, Inorg. Chem., 1986, 25, 413; (e) Y. Angus, R. Louis, B. Metz, C. Bouden, J. P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 3155; (f) P. Chaudhuri, M. Winter,B. P. C. Della Vedova, E. Bill, A. Trautwein, S. Gehring, P. Fleisschhauer, B. Nuber and J. Weiss, Inorg. Chem., 1991, 30, 2148; (g) S. Meenakumari and A. R. Chakravarty, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1992, 2749; (h) D. Christodoulou, C. George and L. K. Keefer, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 937; S. Meenakumari, S. K. Tiwary and A. R. Chakravarty, Inorg. Chem., 1994, 33, 2085.
50. K. D. Karlin, Q.-F. Gan, A. Farooq, S. Liu and J. Zubieta, Inorg. Chem., 1990, 29, 2549.
51. P. Chaudhuri, I. Karpenstein, M. Winter, C. Butzlaff, E. Bill, A. X. Trautwein, U. Flörke and H.-J. Haupt, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1992, 321.
52. (a) D. E. Fenton and H. Osaka, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1993, 1349;
53. (b) H. Adams, N. A. Bailey, M. J. S. Dwyer, D. E. Fenton, P. C. Hellier, P. D. Hempstead and J. M. Latour, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1993, 1207.
54. P. Chaudhuri, in Multicopper Oxidases, ed. A. Messerschmidt, World Scientific, Singapore, 1997, p. 409.
55. S. L. Spiccia, B. Graham, M. T. W. Hearn, G. Lazarev, B. Moubaraki, K. S. Murray and E. R. T. Tiekink, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1997, 4089.
56. B. J. Gaffney and H. J. Silverstone, in EMR of Paramagnetic Molecules, ed. L. J. Berliner and J. Reuben, Plenum Press, New York, 1993, vol. 13.
57. (a) T. Thompson, S.D. Pastor and G. Rihs, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 4163;
58. (b) T. K. Paine, T. Weyhermüller, E. Bothe, K. Wieghardt and P. Chaudhuri, Dalton Trans., 2003, 3136.
59. A. L. Spek, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1999.
60. G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXL-97, Program for Refinement of Crystal Structures, University of Göttingen, Germany, 1997; G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXS-97, Program for Solution of Crystal Structures, University of Göttingen, Germany, 1997.
61. G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXL-97, Program for Refinement of Crystal Structures, University of Göttingen, Germany, 1997; G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXS-97, Program for Solution of Crystal Structures, University of Göttingen, Germany, 1997.