Golf injuries: A review of the literature

Sports Medicine

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 171-187

  McHardy, Andrew ^a   Pollard, Henry ^a,b   Luo, Kehui ^a  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Macquarie Injury Management Group   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACK; BIOMECHANICS; DISABILITY; ELBOW INJURY; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EYE INJURY; HAND INJURY; HEAD INJURY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; KNEE INJURY; LIMB INJURY; NECK INJURY; PHYSICAL CAPACITY; REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX RATIO; SHOULDER INJURY; SPINE INJURY; SPORT INJURY; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STRESS FRACTURE; WRIST INJURY;

ARM INJURIES; BACK INJURIES; BIOMECHANICS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; FEMALE; GOLF; HAND INJURIES; HUMANS; KNEE INJURIES; MALE;

EID: 32644445813     PISSN: 01121642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200636020-00006     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Gosheger G, Liem D, Ludwig K, et al. Injuries and overuse syndromes in golf. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31 (3): 438-43
2. McCarroll JR, Retting AC, Shelbourne KD. Injuries in the amateur golfer. Phys Sportsmed 1990; 18 (3): 122-6
3. Batt ME. A survey of golf injuries in amateur golfers. Br J Sports Med 1992; 26 (1): 63-5
4. McCarroll JR, Gioe TJ. Professional golfers and the price they pay. Phys Sportsmed 1982; 10 (7): 64-70
5. Australian Golf Union. AGU affiliated clubs membership statistics. Melbourne (VIC): Australian Golf Union, 2003 May
6. Men's Handicap Indexes. USGA handicap department [online]. Available from URL: http://www.usga.org/handicap/articles/text/mens-hcap.html [Accessed 2003 Dec 20]
7. Women's Handicap Indexes. USGA handicap department [online]. Available from URL: http://www.usga.org/handicap/articles/text/womens-hcap.html [Accessed 2003 Dec 20]
8. Nicholas JJ, Reidy M, Oleske DM. An epidemiologic survey of injury in golfers. J Sports Rehab 1998; 7: 112-21
9. Theriault G, Lacoste E, Gaboury M, et al. Golf injury characteristics: a survey of 528 golfers [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28 (5): S65
10. Burdorf A, Van Der Steenhoven GA, Tromp-Klaren EG. A one-year prospective study on back pain among novice golfers. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24 (5): 659-64
11. Sugaya H, Tschiya A, Moriya H, et al. Low-back injury in elite and professional golfers an epidemiologic and radiographic study. In: Farrally MR, Cochran AJ, editor. Science and golf III: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1998 Jul 20-24; St Andrews. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1998: 83-91
12. McNicholas MJ, Nielsen A, Knill-Jones RP. Golf injuries in Scotland. In: Farrally MR, Cochran AJ, editors. Science and golf III: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1998 Jul 20-24; St Andrews. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1998: 65-72
13. Finch C, Sherman C, James T. The epidemiology of golf injuries in Victoria, Australia: evidence from sports medicine clinics and emergency department presentations. In: Farrally MR, Cochran AJ, editors. Science and golf III: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1998 Jul 20-24; St Andrews. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1998: 73-82
14. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Participation in sport and physical activity. Canberra (ACT): Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002. Doc. no. 4177.0
15. New Zealand Golf. NZ Golf affiliated clubs membership statistics. Wellington: New Zealand Golf, 2003 May
16. European statistics for the year 2003. European Golf Association [online]. Available from URL: http://www.ega-golf.ch/statisticseurope.php [Accessed 2003 Sep 12]
17. USA golf statistics. Jupiter (FL): National Golf Federation, 2003 Dec
18. Wilks J, Jones D. Golf-related injuries seen at hospital emergency departments. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1996; 28 (2): 43-5
19. Barclay S, Todd C, Finlay I, et al. Not another questionnaire! Maximizing the response rate, predicting non-response and assessing non-response bias in postal questionnaire studies of GPs. Fam Pract 2002; 19 (1): 105-11
20. Greenberg RS, Daniels SR, Flanders WD, et al. Medical epidemiology. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill Companies Edition, 2001: 116
21. Dawson B, Trapp RG. Basic and clinical biostatistics. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill Companies Edition, 2001: 304
22. Gabbe BJ, Finch CF, Bennell KL, et al. How valid is a self reported 12 month sports injury history? Br J Sports Med 2003; 37 (6): 545-7
23. Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall Health, 2000: 403
24. Recreation: golf injuries. Harv Health Lett 2000 Jul; 25 (9): 4-5
25. Hosea TM, Gatt CJ, Galli NA, et al. Biomechanical analysis of the golfer's back. In: Cochran AJ, editor. Science and golf I: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1990 Jul 9-13; St Andrews. London: E&FN Spon, 1990: 43-8
26. Metz JP. Managing golf injuries: technique and equipment changes that aid treatment. Phys Sportsmed 1999; 27 (7): 41-56
27. Stover CN, Wiren G, Topaz SR. Modern golf swing and stress syndromes. Phys Sportsmed 1976; 4 (9): 42-7
28. Mackey S. The golf swing and facet syndrome. Chiro Sports Med 1995; 9 (1): 10-3
29. McHardy A, Pollard H. Lower back pain in golfers: a review. J Chiro Med 2005; 3 (4): 135-43
30. Mundt DJ, Kelsey JL, Golden AL, et al. An epidemiologic study of sports and weight lifting as possible risk factors for herniated lumbar and cervical discs. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21 (6): 854-7
31. Leigh RJ, Young DB. Back pain among junior golfers In: Farrally MR, Cochran AJ, editors. Science and golf III: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1998 Jul 20-24; St Andrews. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1998: 92-6
32. Ekin JA, Sinaki M. Vertebral compression fractures sustained during golfing: report of three cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1993 Jun; 68 (6): 566-70
33. Chao EY, Tamai K, Cahalan TD, et al. Biomechanics of the golf swing as related to club handle design. Biomech Sport 1987; 6: 107-11
34. Cahalan TD, Cooney III WP, Tamai K, et al. Biomechanics of the golf swing in players with pathologic conditions of the forearm, wrist, and hand. Am J Sports Med 1991 May-Jun; 19 (3): 288-93
35. Golfers' wrist. BMJ 1977 Dec 24-31; 2 (6103): 1622
36. Skolnick AA. 'Golfer's wrist' can be a tough break to diagnose. JAMA 1998; 279 (8): 571-2
37. Torisu T. Fracture of the hook of the hamate by a golfswing. Clin Orthop 1972 Mar-Apr; 83: 91-4
38. Guha AR, Marynissen H. Stress fracture of the hook of the hamate. Br J Sports Med 2002 Jun; 36 (3): 224-5
39. Aldridge JM, Mallon WJ. Hook of the hamate fractures in competitive golfers: results of treatment by excision of the fractured hook of the hamate. Orthopedics 2003 Jul; 26 (7): 717-9
40. Walsh JJ, Bishop AT. Diagnosis and management of hamate hook fractures. Hand Clin 2000 Aug; 16 (3): 397-403
41. Maffulli N, Wong J, Almekinders LC. Types and epidemiology of tendinopathy. Clin Sports Med 2003 Oct; 22 (4): 675-92
42. Clancy Jr WG, Hagan SV. Tendinitis in golf. Clin Sports Med 1996 Jan; 15 (1): 27-35
43. Murray PM, Cooney WP. Golf-induced injuries of the wrist. Clin Sports Med 1996 Jan; 15 (1): 85-109
44. Hsu WC, Chen WH, Oware A, et al. Unusual entrapment neuropathy in a golf player. Neurology 2002 Aug 27; 59 (4): 646-7
45. Oka Y, Handa A. Recurrent dislocation of the ECU tendon in a golf player: release of the extensor retinaculum and partial resection of the ulno-dorsal ridge of the ulnar head. Hand Surg 2001 Dec; 6 (2): 227-30
46. Mueller LP, Mueller LA, Degreif J. Hypothenar hammer syndrome in a golf player: a case report. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28 (5): 741-5
47. McHardy A, Pollard H. Case report: unusual cause of wrist pain in a golfer. Br J Sports Med 2004 Dec; 38 (6): e34
48. Stockard AR. Elbow injuries in golf. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2001; 101 (9): 509-16
49. Glazebrook MA, Curwin S, Islam MN, et al. Medial epicondylitis: an electromyographic analysis and an investigation of intervention strategies. Am J Sports Med 1994 Sep-Oct; 22 (5): 674-9
50. Loftice J, Fleisig GS, Zheng N, et al. Biomechanics of the elbow in sports. Clin Sports Med 2004 Oct; 23 (4): 519-30
51. Hill JA. Epidemiologic perspective on shoulder injuries. Clin Sports Med 1983 Jul; 2 (2): 241-6
52. Kim DH, Millett PJ, Warner JJ, et al. Shoulder injuries in golf. Am J Sports Med 2004 Jul-Aug; 32 (5): 1324-30
53. Mitchell K, Banks S, Morgan D, et al. Shoulder motions during the golf swing in male amateur golfers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003 Apr; 33 (4): 196-203
54. Mallon WJ, Colosimo AJ. Acromioclavicular joint injury in competitive golfers. J South Orthop Assoc 1995 Winter; 4 (4): 277-82
55. Hovis WD, Dean MT, Mallon WJ, et al. Posterior instability of the shoulder with secondary impingement in elite golfers. Am J Sports Med 2002 Nov-Dec; 30 (6): 886-90
56. Bell R, Acus R, Noe D. A study of acromioclavicular forces. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1993; 2 Suppl. 1-2: s24
57. Jobe FW, Pink MM. Shoulder pain in golf. Clin Sports Med 1996 Jan; 15 (1): 55-63
58. Jensen KL, Rockwood CA. Shoulder arthroplasty in recreational golfers. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1998; 7: 362-7
59. Gatt Jr CJ, Pavol MJ, Parker RD, et al. Three-dimensional knee joint kinetics during a golf swing: influences of skill level and footwear. Am J Sports Med 1998 Mar-Apr; 26 (2): 285-94
60. Mallon WJ, Callaghan JJ. Total joint replacement in active golfers. J South Orthop Assoc 1994 Winter; 3 (4): 295-8
61. Mallon WJ, Callaghan JJ. Total knee arthroplasty in active golfers. J Arthroplasty 1993 Jun; 8 (3): 299-306
62. Isaacs CL, Schreiber FC. Patellar osteochondral fracture: the unforeseen hazard of golf. Am J Sports Med 1992 Sep-Oct; 20 (5): 613-4
63. McCarroll JR. Fracture of the patella during a golf swing following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: a case report. Am J Sports Med 1983 Jan-Feb; 11 (1): 26-7
64. Brennan PO. Golf related head injuries in children. BMJ 1991 Jul 6; 303 (6793): 54
65. Guttman C. Basketball, hockey top list of sports-related eye injury. Opthalmol Times 2000 May 1; 25 (9): 63
66. Mitchell RG. Nursing care study: an accident on the golf course. Nurs Times 1980 Jun 19: 76 (25): 1088-90
67. Burnstine MA, Elner VM. Golf-related ocular injuries. Am J Ophthalmol 1996 Apr; 121 (4): 437-8
68. Roth DB, Warman R. Optic nerve avulsion from a golfing injury. Am J Opthalmol 1999; 128 (5): 657-8
69. Jayasundera T, Franzco B, Joondeph B. Golf-related ocular injuries. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2003; 31: 110-3
70. McGuffie AC, Fitzpatrick MO, Hall D. Golf related head injuries in children: the little tigers. Scott Med J 1998 Oct; 43 (5): 139-40
71. Macgregor DM. Golf related head injuries in children. Emerg Med J 2002 Nov; 19 (6): 576-7
72. Pollack JS, Mieler WF, Mittra RA. Golf-related ocular injuries. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 1997 Jun; 8 (3): 15-8
73. Mieler WF, Nanda SK, Wolf MD, et al. Golf-related ocular injuries. Arch Ophthalmol 1995 Nov; 113 (11): 1410-3
74. Tung MY, Hong A, Chan C. Golf buggy related head injuries. Singapore Med J 2000 Oct; 41 (10): 504-5
75. Barr A, Baines PS, Desai P, et al. Ocular sports injuries: the current picture. Br J Sports Med 2000; 34: 456-8
76. Flugelman M, Halon DA, Goldblatt H. Golf syncope. Lancet 1987 Jul 4; II (8549): 47
77. Sharp D. Lightning strikes. Lancet 2002 Aug 3; 360 (9330): 354
78. Cherington M. Lightning injuries in sports: situations to avoid. Sports Med 2001; 31 (4): 301-8
79. Lee Trevino biography [online]. Available from URL: http://www. golfeurope.com/almanac/players/trevino.htm [Accessed 2004 Jan 21]
80. Cherington M, Yarnell PR, London SF. Neurologic complications of lightning injuries. West J Med 1995 May; 162 (5): 413-7
81. Epperly TD, Stewart JR. The physical effects of lightning injury. J Fam Pract 1989 Sep; 29 (3): 267-72
82. Murase Y, Kamei S, Hoshikawa T. Heart rate and metabolic responses to participation in golf. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1989 Sep; 29 (3): 269-72
83. Magnusson G. Golf: exercise for fitness and health. Science and golf III: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf; 1998 Jul 20-24; St Andrews. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1998: 51-7
84. Stauch M, Liu Y, Giesler M, et al. Physical activity level during a round of golf on a hilly course. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1999 Dec; 39 (4): 321-7
85. Lindsay DM, Horton JF, et al. A review of injury characteristics, aging factors and prevention programmes for the older golfer. Sports Med 2000 Aug; 30 (2): 89-103
86. American College of Sports Medicine. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: 992-1008
87. Parkkari J, Natri A, Kannus P, et al. A controlled trial of the health benefits of regular walking on a golf course. Am J Med 2000 Aug 1; 109 (2): 102-8
88. Dobrosielski DA, Brubaker PH, Berry MJ, et al. The metabolic demand of golf in patients with heart disease and in healthy adults. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2002 Mar-Apr; 22 (2): 96-104
89. Unverdorben M, Kolb M, Bauer I, et al. Cardiovascular load of competitive golf in cardiac patients and healthy controls. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000 Oct; 32 (10): 1674-8
90. Knapp TP, Garrett WE. Stress fractures: general concepts. Clin Sports Med 1997 Apr; 16 (2): 339-56
91. Maitra RS, Johnson DL. Stress fractures: clinical history and physical examination. Clin Sports Med 1997 Apr; 16 (2): 259-74
92. Ha KI, Hahn SH, Chung MY, et al. A clinical study of stress fractures in sports activities. Orthopedics 1991 Oct; 14 (10): 1089-95
93. Lin HC, Chou CS, Hsu TC. Stress fractures of the ribs in amateur golf players. Chin Med J (Taipei) 1994 Jul; 54 (1): 33-7
94. Lord MJ, Ha KI, Song KS. Stress fractures of the ribs in golfers. Am J Sports Med 1996 Jan-Feb; 24 (1): 118-22
95. Read MT. Case report- stress fracture of the rib in a golfer. Br J Sports Med 1994 Sep; 28 (3): 206-7
96. Koskinen SK, Mattila KT, Alanen AM, et al. Stress fracture of the ulnar diaphysis in a recreational golfer. Clin J Sport Med 1997 Jan; 7 (1): 63-5
97. Gregori AC. Tibial stress fractures in two professional golfers. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1994 Jan; 76 (1): 157-8
98. Barbaix EJ. Stress fracture of the sternum in a golf player. Int J Sports Med 1996 May; 17 (4): 303-4